Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I

DANICA HANNAH MAE L. TUMACDER GE STS

BSED 2B
MWF 4-5 PM

I. ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a list of five interesting scientific questions. Is each one testable?

i. Are we really the only humans living in this world? Or the universe rather.
ii. What is the comparison of a human skin protected with an SPF 50+++
sunscreen and a human skin that isn’t protected with a sunscreen when they
both exposed to solar radiation? How will they skin react?
iii. What is an environmental friendly fertilizer that will make the plants grow and
will not cause harm?
iv. What is the effectiveness of the Covid Vaccines to the immune system of the
people who are vaccinated?
v. What is the effect of the amount of water given to a tomato plant on the water
content of tomatoes?

Based from the given scientific questions above, each questions are
testable and to be able to determine whether that scientific question is testable or
not is that it raises a question about something that can be tested and detected
(phenomena) by experiments. In other words, collecting facts is the best way to
resolve a testable query. If the question does not necessitate data collection (both
qualitative and quantitative observations), it is not "testable."

2. A scientist was studying the effects of oil contamination on ocean seaweed. He

thought that oil runoff from storm drains would keep seaweed from growing
normally, so he decided to do an experiment. He filled two aquarium tanks of equal
size with water and monitored the dissolved oxygen and temperature in each to be
sure that they were equal. He introduced some motor oil into one tank and then
measured the growth of seaweed in each tank. In the tank with no oil, the average
growth was 2.57 cm. The average growth of the seaweed in the tank with oil was
2.37 cm. Based on this experiment:

a. What was the question that the scientist started with?

What effects does oil contamination have on ocean seaweed?

b. What was his hypothesis?

Oil runoff from storm drains would keep seaweed from growing normally of
equal size of water and monitored the dissolved oxygen and temperature as
compared to the one that has introduced some motor oil because there will less
intrusion to the seaweed.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I

c. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the

experimental control(s).

Independent Variable (IV)

The one that is being manipulated in the given situation above is the oil
contamination therefore, the independent variable is the Oil Contamination.

Dependent Variable (DV)

Dependent Variable depends on the Independent Variable therefore, the
dependent variable here is the Average Growth of Ocean Seaweed.

Experimental Controls
While the independent variable is the one that can be manipulated or changed
and dependent variable is the outcome of the experiment or what changes as a result
of the experiment is that Experimental Controls are the ones that must remain the
same. On the given situation above, the experimental controls are two aquarium tanks
filled with equal size of water and monitored dissolved oxygen and temperature in
each to be sure that they were equal.

d. What did the data show?

During the experiment, the data is in a form of quantitative because it
measured the average growth of ocean seaweed that has oil and the one that don’t
have oil. The data clearly shows that oil contamination in water has an effect on the
growth of ocean seaweed. The average growth of the tank that has no oil was 2.57 and
the tank that has been contaminated with motor oil average with 2.37. Therefore,
ocean seaweed that isn’t contaminated with oil can grow naturally and in fact it grew .
20 more centimeters than the one that has been contaminated.

e. Can he be certain of his conclusion? How can he make his conclusion

firmer?
After the experiment, scientist realized that oil runoff from storm drains would
keep seaweed from growing normally and could grow .20 cm taller than the one that
has been oil contaminated. The seaweeds from the tank with no oil are taller and not
harmful to the environment. Hence, the scientist would definitely adapt the oil runoff
technique for future purposes. The scientist will carry on with this experiment to see
the other effects of oil contamination to ocean seaweed aside from its growth.

II. EVALUATION

A. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Directions:
Each statement below is about science. Some statements are True and some are False.
On the line in front of each statement, write “T” if it is true and “F” if false. Then briefly
write a sentence to support your answer below each statement.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I
F 1. Science is a system of beliefs

Science is based on or derived from observation of the natural world ad rather it is a

process and methodology for seeking an objective reality.

Schweitzer, J., 2021. Science Is Not Religion. HuffPost. Retrieved From:

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/science-is-not-religion_b_3870282#:~:text=Science
%20is%20not%20a%20%E2%80%9Cbelief,for%20seeking%20an%20objective
%20reality.&text=Unlike%20scientific%20claims%2C%20beliefs%20cannot,set%20of
%20beliefs%20to%20another.
F 2. Most scientists are men because males are better at scientific thinking.

There is no evidence that men are inherently better at science. Although women are
still underrepresented in some fields, women like Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin, Barbara
McClintock, Dian Fossey, Dorothy Crawfoot Hodgkin, Lise Meitner, and many others stand
among the giants of modern science

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

T 3. Scientists rely heavily on imagination to carry out their work.

The creative imagination has always been an important part of science. They
brainstorm or imagine how their experiments would work or look.

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

F 4. Scientists are totally objective in their work.

Scientists, like all humans, are attached to their work and look for evidence to support
their favored or promising ideas, sometimes overlooking and even rejecting ideas that are
contrary to their own beliefs.

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I
F 5. The scientific method is the accepted guide for conducting research.

This may be accepted in schools because teachers let their students use this method,
but although scientific papers seem to follow the scientific method, they are reconstructed to
account for key elements of the study. The actual sequence of events for any investigation
varies considerably and may take many wrong turns, encountering many dead ends.

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

F 6. Experiments are carried out to prove cause-and-effect relationships.

One of the main strengths of experimental research is that it can often determine a
cause and effect relationship between two variables. Although experimental research can
often answer the causality questions that are left unclear by correlational studies, this is not
always the case, sometimes experiments may not be possible or ethical.  Additionally, because
experimental research relies on controlled, artificial environments, it can at times be difficult
to generalize to real world situations, depending on the experiment’s design and sample size.
If this is the case, the experiment is said to have poor external validity, meaning that the
situation the participants were exposed to bears little resemblance to any real-life situation.

Curation and Revision. Provided by: Boundless.com. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-

ShareAlike Retrieved From: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-

psychology/chapter/analyzing-and-interpreting-data/

F 7. All scientific ideas are discovered and tested by controlled experiments.

Not all of the support for theories comes from experimentation. Science advances
from many types of investigative evidence, which are subject to scrutiny and argumentation
by the scientific community. Historical and observational methods of study are very much a
part of authentic science.

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

F 8. A hypothesis is an educated guess.

 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I
To answer a question, a hypothesis will be formed. This is an educated guess
regarding the question’s answer. Educated is highlighted because no good hypothesis can be
developed without research into the problem. However, scientists usually possess a
considerable amount of knowledge about a phenomenon before they form a hypothesis to be
tested. “In the scientific world, the hypothesis typically is formulated only after hours of
observation, days of calculating and studying, and sometimes years of research into the
phenomena of interest” (Galus 2003).

Lewis, G., 2021. The Nature of Science and The Science Method. [online] Geosociety.org.

Retrieved From: https://www.geosociety.org/documents/gsa/geoteachers/NatureScience.

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

F 9. A theory becomes a law when it is supported by a great deal of scientific

evidence.

Laws and theories serve different roles in science – therefore, students should note
that theories do not become laws even with additional evidence same as through with laws do
not become theories because. A law is used to describe a phenomenon or pattern in nature.
Laws hold true under most conditions, but can be modified or discredited. A theory is used to
explain a phenomenon. Theories pertain to complex events that were initiated many years in
the past, occur over long periods of time, relate to very small entities, or exist at great
distances from us.
Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

https://www.nsta.org/nstas-official-positions/nature-science

T 10. Scientific ideas are tentative and can be modified or disproved, but never
proved.

In science, ideas can never be completely proved or completely disproved. Instead,

science accepts or rejects ideas based on supporting and refuting evidence, and may revise
those conclusions if warranted by new evidence or perspectives. While scientific theories are
shored up by considerable evidence, they all are considered provisional and subject to change
or rejection. Theories are inferred explanations and science is a way of knowing that does not
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I
represent absolute truth. This way of thinking removes science from being an all-knowing
human enterprise.
Ecklund, E.H., and C.P. Scheitle. 2007. Religion among academic scientists: Distinctions,

disciplines, and demographics. Social Problems 54(2):289-307. Retrieved From:

https://www.nsta.org/nstas-official-positions/nature-science

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

T 11. Technology preceded science in the history of civilization.

Civilizations were making tools for survival long before the understandings of these
devices were reasoned out. Technology invents devices and systems to aid in human survival
and to improve life. Science provides a better fundamental understanding of nature. However,
today science and technology are closely associated, whereby technology supports the
advancement of science and science supports the progress of technology. In some cases
science precedes technology, while in other instances technology precedes science.

Chiappetta E. & Koballa T. (2004). The Science Teacher. 40 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington

VA. National Science Teaching Association Retrieved From:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9542&rep=rep1&type=pdf

F 12. In time, science can solve most of society’s problems.

Science is concerned with accumulating and understanding observations of the

physical world. That understanding alone solves no problems. In this sense, science really
solves no problems at all. Problems are only solved when people take the knowledge (or tool,
or pill, or whatever) provided by science and use it. In fact, many of humanity's biggest
problems are caused by lack of action, and not lack of knowledge.

Retrieved From: https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/09/25/how-can-science-solve-all-of-

our problems/#:~:text=Science%20is%20concerned%20with
%20accumulating,understanding%20alone%20solves%20no%20problems.&text=In
%20this%20sense%2C%20science%20really,by%20science%20and%20use%20it

B. ESSAY: Answer the following questions:

1. How did society shape science and how did science shape society? (5points)
As our world is fast changing and knowledge are growing, it isn’t only the society that
shape science. When science introduced in our society, technology were introduced as
well. However, research and technology somehow doesn't arise without society. It is
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I
society that enables for developments and innovations to occur. It is up to society to
determine how science and technology can be used. Nonetheless, society needs both
science and technology to thrive. National and local progress now relies so much on
science and technology in the area of industry, health care, national and local security as
well as the environmental protection.

Science often influences culture, and instances of this continue to emphasize how
science can influence how people live their lives. This involves shaping how society sees
and handle mental health issues. Science's expected effects are always positive, but there
are also unintentional consequences.

To sum this up, society can’t function without science as well as science can’t work
without the society because it is the society that makes control of science and science &
technology are the ones that meets the demand of the society. In addition, we the students,
should be the society's leaders, not just to make them mindful of how science and
technology shape society, but also to educate them how they can help maintain the
balance between the advantages and risks of science and technology.

2. Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among
people has contributed to the growth of our economy? (5 points)
Science is a method of learning about the universe. Technology, as a medium, a
substance, and an organization, allows individuals to participate in the creation of new
knowledge as well as use evidence to accomplish desired outcomes. Access to science
whether using or generating knowledge requires some experience with the enterprise and
practice of science; this is referred to as science literacy. Considering the current state of
our society, I personally agree that science literacy among people has contributed to the
growth of our economy because scientific literacy enables people to explore at
opportunities to improve the future rather than embrace it as it is. Researches, innovation
on technology, medication, better and more effective transportation, pharmaceuticals, and
so on are examples. Especially nowadays that we are facing this pandemic. Although we
don’t have a stable economy is that scientists and expertise has been getting smarter as a
result of higher education. They innovate vaccines that is effective to avoid Corona Virus
and with this, rich people as well as developed countries will sell or buy these vaccines
around other countries not only for their safety but also for their economic growth.
Another example is that as more people gain knowledge of information technology, more
small and medium-sized enterprises emerge with new goods, contributing to economic
development.

3. How can science influence government policies? (5 points)

Today, countries are divided into developed and developing countries, with the main
distinction being dependent on the environment and the development of science and
technology. Countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand are prime examples of
this. They were once known as countries with weak laws, a lack of control, and little
innovation, but with the proper application of science and technology in an appropriate
way, they are now known as countries with leading advances around the world.

What I am pointing here is that we must begin with the assumption that a government
does what is beneficial for its citizens because a sensible government is governed by
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
ACTIVITY MODULE I
responsible citizens who can respond to and analyze the information provided by science
and see how it can be used to address that problem. Let’s take a look at our situation right
now. There’s a lot of discoveries of vaccines that is the solution to this pandemic and
that’s because of science and technology itself. Technology, for example, has resulted in
the discovery of a variety of vaccines and disease preventatives. A government that
responsibly implements this information to policy will significantly ensure the lives and
well-being of its citizens.
The role that science and technology has played in improving the life and conditions
of people in the world is vivid. Because the Philippines is a developing country, the status
of science and technology in our country is still low when compared with countries like
Japan and China. There is a great need therefore to enact more laws and strengthen
existing ones to improve science and technology including research and development in
the country. To sum up, the major influence of science in government policies has a
major impact on the development and advancement of the nation because with science
and technology, we will be able to improve the health and prosperity of the inhabitants of
the Philippines and to contribute and accelerate scientific, technological, agricultural,
commercial and industrial progress as well as we will have a sustainable development.

4. How do political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of
scientific culture, science activities, and science literacy? (5 points)
When some community or cultural group believes that Faith can clarify something,
science culture takes precedence. When policymakers try to bend toward legislative goals
based on personal beliefs, scientific practices lose. When a cultural or political group
forces "reality" into a culture that are not validated by proof and still say, science literacy
is rejected.

5. How do social and human issues influence science? (5 points)

Social and human problems have a major impact on science in the way that the
implementation of scientific knowledge aids in the satisfaction of many fundamental
human needs and desires, as well as the improvement of living conditions. Human
conditions provide the foundation for scientific study. Desires, anxieties, scarcity, and the
like cause research and thorough inquiry in an effort to solve human problems. That is
why there are a lot of people chooses medical or science field because they are the ones
who are scouting and discovering more opportunities for assisting poor people with
medicine, improved agricultural practices, and how education can be used to provide jobs
for the poor. Social and human issues uses science as a tool to research and make
experiments on how to solve these problems such as mental and emotional issues as well
as our social problems like high rate of unemployment and the most common poverty.