Electricity and Magnetism

(PH108)

Lecture - 18

MAGNETOSTATICS

Spring - 2018
✤ Recap
q
Current density J=
At
dρ  
Equation of continuity + ∇. J = 0
dt

Lorentz force law F~mag = Q(~v ⇥ B)

~

Charges flow throughout a volume

Z ZZ Z
F~mag = ~ F~mag =
(~v ⇥ B)⇢d⌧ = J~v ⇥
((~ ~~
⇥ B)d⌧
B)⇢d⌧ = (J~ ⇥
Biot-Savart Law

Ampere’s Law
Magnetic Vector Potential

Ampere’s Law

Multipole Expansion for Vector Potential

Monopole Dipole

Quadrupole
 Magnetic dipole moment

Magnetic filed due to dipole

Torque due to magnetic filed

Change in magnetic moment

of atom due to external
uniform field
✤ Magnetization

In the presence of a magnetic field, matter becomes magnetized.

We have discussed two mechanisms that account for this magnetic

polarization:
(1) paramagnetism
(2) diamagnetism

Magnetic polarization is a vector quantity

M = magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.
M is called the magnetization

What is field due to magnetization?

✤ The field of a magnetized object

What we know?
Magnetic dipole moment per unit volume, M
Vector potential of a single dipole m
✤ The field of a magnetized object

What we know?
Magnetic dipole moment per unit volume, M
Vector potential of a single dipole m

In the magnetized object, each volume element d𝜏’ carries a dipole moment
M d𝜏’, so the total vector potential is
✤ The field of a magnetized object

What we know?
Magnetic dipole moment per unit volume, M
Vector potential of a single dipole m

In the magnetized object, each volume element d𝜏’ carries a dipole moment
M d𝜏’, so the total vector potential is

Using the identity

✤ The field of a magnetized object

What we know?
Magnetic dipole moment per unit volume, M
Vector potential of a single dipole m

In the magnetized object, each volume element d𝜏’ carries a dipole moment
M d𝜏’, so the total vector potential is

Using the identity

We get
Integrating by parts
Integrating by parts
Integrating by parts

potential of a volume current potential of a surface current

Integrating by parts

potential of a volume current potential of a surface current

normal
unit vector
Integrating by parts

potential of a volume current potential of a surface current

normal
unit vector
Therefore,
Integrating by parts

potential of a volume current potential of a surface current

normal
unit vector
Therefore,

Potential of a potential of a Potential of a

magnetized = volume + surface current
object current on the boundary
✤ Bound Currents
Consider a thin slab of uniformly magnetized material, with the
dipoles represented by tiny current loops.
✤ Bound Currents
Consider a thin slab of uniformly magnetized material, with the
dipoles represented by tiny current loops.
✤ Bound Currents
Consider a thin slab of uniformly magnetized material, with the
dipoles represented by tiny current loops.

All the "internal" currents cancel.

Only at the edge there is no adjacent loop to do the canceling.
A single ribbon of current I flowing around the boundary.
✤ Bound Currents
Consider a thin slab of uniformly magnetized material, with the
dipoles represented by tiny current loops.

All the "internal" currents cancel.

Only at the edge there is no adjacent loop to do the canceling.
A single ribbon of current I flowing around the boundary.

Consider each loop

Area a
Thickness t
✤ Bound Currents
Consider a thin slab of uniformly magnetized material, with the
dipoles represented by tiny current loops.

All the "internal" currents cancel.

Only at the edge there is no adjacent loop to do the canceling.
A single ribbon of current I flowing around the boundary.

Consider each loop Dipole moment m=Mat

Area a m=Ia
Thickness t Therefore, I=Mt
So the surface current is
So the surface current is

Using the outward-drawn unit vector

So the surface current is

Using the outward-drawn unit vector

Internal
currents
cancel "bound" current
So the surface current is

Using the outward-drawn unit vector

Internal
currents
cancel "bound" current

What about ?
So the surface current is

Using the outward-drawn unit vector

Internal
currents
cancel "bound" current

What about ?
So the surface current is

Using the outward-drawn unit vector

Internal
currents
cancel "bound" current

What about ?

Conservative law : verified

✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel

Two pieces of magnetized

material
with unequal magnetization
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized

material
with unequal magnetization
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized The corresponding volume current density is

material
with unequal magnetization
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized The corresponding volume current density is

material
with unequal magnetization
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized The corresponding volume current density is

material
with unequal magnetization

A nonuniform magnetization in the y

direction would contribute an amount
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized The corresponding volume current density is

material
with unequal magnetization

A nonuniform magnetization in the y

direction would contribute an amount
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized The corresponding volume current density is

material
with unequal magnetization

A nonuniform magnetization in the y

direction would contribute an amount

In general,
✤ Bound Currents magnetization in nonuniform magnetic field
The internal currents no longer cancel
On the surface where they join, there is a net
current in the x direction, given by

Two pieces of magnetized The corresponding volume current density is

material
with unequal magnetization

A nonuniform magnetization in the y

direction would contribute an amount

In general,
Conservative law:
verified
Example:
An infinitely long circular cylinder carries a uniform magnetization M parallel to
its axis. Find the magnetic field (due to M) inside and outside the cylinder.
Example:
An infinitely long circular cylinder carries a uniform magnetization M parallel to
its axis. Find the magnetic field (due to M) inside and outside the cylinder.
Example:
An infinitely long circular cylinder carries a uniform magnetization M parallel to
its axis. Find the magnetic field (due to M) inside and outside the cylinder.

Field outside is zero (like solenoid), and inside it is given by

Example:

A long circular cylinder of radius R carries a magnetization

where k is a constant, s is the distance from the axis, and is the usual azimuthal
unit vector. Find the magnetic field due to M, for points inside and outside the
cylinder.
Example:

A long circular cylinder of radius R carries a magnetization

where k is a constant, s is the distance from the axis, and is the usual azimuthal
unit vector. Find the magnetic field due to M, for points inside and outside the
cylinder.
Example:

A long circular cylinder of radius R carries a magnetization

where k is a constant, s is the distance from the axis, and is the usual azimuthal
unit vector. Find the magnetic field due to M, for points inside and outside the
cylinder.
Example:

A long circular cylinder of radius R carries a magnetization

where k is a constant, s is the distance from the axis, and is the usual azimuthal
unit vector. Find the magnetic field due to M, for points inside and outside the
cylinder.
Example:

A long circular cylinder of radius R carries a magnetization

where k is a constant, s is the distance from the axis, and is the usual azimuthal
unit vector. Find the magnetic field due to M, for points inside and outside the
cylinder.

Observe that, bound current flows up the cylinder, and returns down the surface.
Field Inside:
Using Ampere’s Law
Field Inside:
Using Ampere’s Law
Field Inside:
Using Ampere’s Law

Field Outside:

therefore
Example:
An iron rod of length L and square cross section (side a) is given a uniform
longitudinal magnetization M, and then bent around into a circle with a narrow
gap (width w), as shown in figure. Find the magnetic field at the center the gap,
of

assuming
Example:
An iron rod of length L and square cross section (side a) is given a uniform
longitudinal magnetization M, and then bent around into a circle with a narrow
gap (width w), as shown in figure. Find the magnetic field at the center the gap,
of

assuming

field inside a complete ring would be

Example:
An iron rod of length L and square cross section (side a) is given a uniform
longitudinal magnetization M, and then bent around into a circle with a narrow
gap (width w), as shown in figure. Find the magnetic field at the center the gap,
of

assuming

field inside a complete ring would be

field at the center of a square loop is

Example:
An iron rod of length L and square cross section (side a) is given a uniform
longitudinal magnetization M, and then bent around into a circle with a narrow
gap (width w), as shown in figure. Find the magnetic field at the center the gap,
of

assuming

field inside a complete ring would be

field at the center of a square loop is

Example:
An iron rod of length L and square cross section (side a) is given a uniform
longitudinal magnetization M, and then bent around into a circle with a narrow
gap (width w), as shown in figure. Find the magnetic field at the center the gap,
of

assuming

field inside a complete ring would be

field at the center of a square loop is

Using
Using
 Using

Net field in the gap is given by

✤ The Magnetic Field Inside Matter