Singular point :

The point z = z0 is called a singular point or singularity of f(z) if

f(z) is not analytic at zo.
Example 1:

The function f(z) = has singularity at zo = -1.

EXAMPLE 2:

The function f(z) = has two singular points at z0 = -ἱ, ἱ.

Solution:

f(z) = =

Cauchy’s Integral Formula’s

If f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve ‘c’ and zo
is any singular point within simple closed curve ‘c’ then

and , n = 1, 2, ...
Note 1: If the singular point lies outside from the simple
closed curve ‘c’ then we use Cauchy’s theorem.

Note 2: If the singular point lies inside and on simple close

curve ‘c’ then we use Cauchy’s Integral formula.
Example: Use Cauchy’s integral formula to evaluate the
following integrals:

(i)

Solution:

, where center = (a, b) and radius

= r.
This is the equation of circle whose center at origin (0, 0) and
radius r = 1.
Here f(z) = is a singular point which
lies outside the circle.
Then we apply Cauchy’s theorem.

Ans.

(ii)

Solution:
This is the equation of circle whose center at origin (0, 0) and
radius r = 2

Here is a singular point which lies on the circle.

So we apply Cauchy’s Integral formula

Here

Now equation (1) becomes

i
 Answer.

, where c is

Solution:
∵

=12
This is the equation of circle whose center at (1, 0) and radius r
= 1.
Here = is a singular point which lies
inside the circle.
So we apply Cauchy’s Integral formula

f( )= f(

Now eq (1) becomes

Answer.
 where ‘c’ is

Solution:

x2 +(y-1)2 = 12

This shows the circle equation having centre at (0, 1) and

r =1.

Here z0 = i is a singular point which lies inside the circle.

Apply Cauchy’s integral formula

Here f(z) =
f(z) = = > f ’(z) = 2z

(z0) = (i) = =

Answer.

(v)

Solution:
=> =>

x2 +(y+1

This shows the equation of circle having centre (0, -1) and
radius r = 3.
 =

1= (z-2) A + Bz
Put z = 0 then
(0-2) A + 0=1

A=
Put z = 2 then
1= 0A +2B

B=

Put the values of A and B in equation(2)

= { I1 – I2} (3)

I1

Here is a singular point which lies inside the

circle.
Use Cauchy’s integral formula
f(z0) =

Here f(z) = 2z+5 => f(z0)=f(0) = 2(0) +5=5

5=

I1

I2 =

Here is a singular point which lies inside the

circle.
Here f(z) = 2z+5 => f(z0)=f(2) = 2(2) +5 =9

9=

I2 = 18

Put the values of I1 and I2 in eq(3), we have

 Answer

Second Method:

From equation (1), we have

Here

By Cauchy’s Integral formula, we have

I1 = 9πi
From equation (1), we have

Here

By Cauchy’s Integral formula, we have

Put the values of I1 and I2 in equation (1)

Ans.