Electrical Substation and Transmission line Design

Substation
 An electrical substation is an assembly of switchgear components used to
direct the flow of electrical energy in a power system

 Switchgear is the general term used to define switching (and/or

interrupting), protective, regulating and metering devices, including all
associated controls and interconnections, as well as accessories used for
generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy
 Substation
 Types of Substation
 Step-up substation
 Primary Grid Substation
 Distribution Substation
 Bulk Supply and Industrial Substation
 Mining Substation
 Rural Substation
 Substation
 Components of a Substation
 Section of busbar or busbars
 Switching devices (Circuit breakers, Fuses, Disconnecting Switches or Isolators)
 Instrument transformers (Current and Voltage Transformers)
 Power Transformers (for voltage transformation)
 Protective devices (Lightning arresters, earthing grids, surge diverters, etc.)
 Voltage regulating devices (Shunt and series capacitors, voltage regulators)
 Telecontrol systems
 Auxilliaries (DC supply backups, fire fighting equipment, overhead cranes, etc)
 Substation
 Components of a Substation
 Section of busbar or busbars
 Switching devices (Circuit breakers, Fuses, Disconnecting Switches or Isolators)
 Instrument transformers (Current and Voltage Transformers)
 Power Transformers (for voltage transformation)
 Protective devices (Lightning arresters, earthing grids, surge diverters, etc.)
 Voltage regulating devices (Shunt and series capacitors, voltage regulators)
 Telecontrol systems
 Auxilliaries (DC supply backups, fire fighting equipment, overhead cranes, etc)
 Substation
 Voltage Regulating Devices
 Automatic on-load tap-changers on transformers

 Voltage regulators

 Line-drop compensation (also known as voltage compounding)

 Power factor correction equipment such as synchronous motors, shunt and

series capacitors
 Substation
 Telecontrol Systems
 Telecontrol systems enable real-time information to be obtained from the
supply system and permit remote-control operation of various switching
equipment.
 The information collected via the telecontrol system can easily be
processed and stored in data banks and then later used as the basis for
network design studies.
 Public and utility-owned telephone networks, radio links, power line carrier
(PLC) systems as well as optical fibre arrays now offer alternative data
transmission paths.
 Substation Layout and Operation

 Substation layout consists essentially in arranging a number of switchgear

components in an ordered pattern governed by their function and by rules
of spatial relationship, and connecting them together electrically in
accordance with a pre-determined diagram: : the busbar system
 Substation Layout and Operation
 The principles of substation layout are influenced by specific considerations
resulting from its situation
 Spatial relationships of equipment
 Maintenance zoning
 Electrical separations
 Limits imposed by the nature of the site
 Type of substation - whether indoor or outdoor type
 Aesthetic considerations
 Planning authority requirements
 Substation Layout and Operation
 Spatial Relationships of Equipment

 Earth clearance: between live parts and earthed structures, walls, screens and
ground

 Phase clearance: between live parts of different phases

 Isolating distance: between terminals of an isolator or connections thereto; also

applies between connections to the terminals of a CB

 Section clearance: between live parts and the limits of a maintenance zone (work
section)
 Substation Layout and Operation
 Maintenance Zoning

 One of the most important aspects of substation layout is the zoning of

equipment for maintenance. It is necessary at the outset to have a clear
idea of how the various items of equipment are to be grouped, how they are
to be isolated and physically separated from neighbouring live equipment
and how safe access to them is to be achieved
 Substation Layout and Operation
 Electrical Separations

 Examples of electrical separations needed in a substation layout:

 Between the terminals of the busbar isolator(s) or their connections

 Between the terminals of the CB or their connections

 Between the terminals of the feeder isolator or their connections

 Substation Layout and Operation
 Site Limitations

 Factors:
 Limited ground area or a peculiarly shaped site, often imposed by built-up
areas

 Restrictions on the position and direction of line entries

 Need to integrate the substation with other projects such as power stations,
or buildings housing low-voltage switchgear or other equipment.