Types of Communication Strategies

Communication Strategies
- mutual attempt of interlocutors (speakers)to agree on a meaning in
difficult situations
- there are seven types of strategies

1. Topic Nomination
 the act of suggesting or initiating a topic to be discussed
2. Restriction
 speaker limits the message/ control of information
3. Turn-taking
 speaker roles are passed from one person to the other
4. Topic Control
 someone controls the flow of the conversation
5. Topic Shifting
 occurs when a speaker moves the topic
 Disjunctive topic shift- changes an old topic to a new one
 Stepwise topic shift- new topic comes from the old topic
6. Repair
 refers to putting efforts at resuming interrupted
communication.
7. Topic Termination
 speaker ends the conversation
Types of Speeches (delivery)
On the Spot Speech Prepared Speeches
- Impromptu - Manuscript
-Memorized
- Extemporaneous
Impromptu
the speaker is given no time to prepare for the speech; he or she is given a
topic and must immediately begin speaking on it. This speaking style
involves thinking on one's feet and being able to plan the flow of the speech
as the speaker is giving it.
Prepared Speeches
The most common type of speech is a prepared speech.
For a prepared speech, the speaker has been
- given the topic in advance,
- had time to do background research on it,
- and has practiced delivering the speech.
preparation does not necessarily mean memorizing every word.
Extemporaneous
- An extemporaneous speech is often delivered with the aid of note
cards to help the speaker remember key points and content order.
Memorized
- recited from memory without the aid of scripts or cue cards
Manuscript
- the entire speech written out for reference. The speaker reads the
speech verbatim from a prepared written text containing the entire
speech. An example of this type of speech would be a presidential
address or a commencement address.
Speakers delivering an extemporaneous speech prepare well by having an
outline to practice in advance, giving full attention to all the facets of the
speech—content, arrangement, and delivery.
How do you extemporize?
Use a keyword outline.
Arrangement & delivery refers to presentation cues such as: “pause,”
“transition,” or “talk slowly.”
Because a keyword outline uses only limited words, it helps you speak
extemporaneously because you aren’t tied to specific wording.
SAMPLE OUTLINE