MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

FLUID PROPERTIES SURFACE TENSION
FLUID: Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to The membrane of ‘skin’ or ‘thin-film’ that seems to form on the free surface of a
shearing forces fluid that is due to the intermolecular cohesive forces.
● IDEAL FLUID
- Assumed to have no viscosity
- Incompressible
- Have uniform velocity when flowing
- No friction between moving layers of fluid
- No eddy currents or turbulence
● REAL FLUID
- Exhibit infinite viscosities
- Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
- Compressible
- Experiences friction and turbulence in flow Force along the interface
σ=
Length of interface
• NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
- Water or Air 1. A fishing spider is known to float in water surface. A vertical force of 4.8 x
10-4 N is transmitted from each leg. Assuming the end part of the leg is in
• NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS contact with water surface horizontally, what is the minimum contact length
- Pseudoplastic Fluids to stay afloat? Angle of contact between the water and the legs is 75
- Dilatant Fluids degrees. Use surface tension = 0.0728 N/m.
- Bingham Fluids
CAPILLARY ACTION
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMMON FLUIDS
Substance Specific Gravity (SG) Rise or fall of liquid in small conduits (Example: void spaces between soil, thin-
Air 0.001204 bore tubes) that is due to the combined effect of adhesion and surface tension.
Ethyl Alcohol 0.79 It depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the
Gasoline 0.68 adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
Mercury 13.6 4σ cos θ
Sea Water 1.025 h=
γD
Water (at 4° C) 1.0
Data listed above are specific gravities of substances at 20 °C and 1 ATM unless stated otherwise. where:
h – capillary action (rise or fall) ɣ – Unit Weight
IDEAL GAS LAW σ – surface tension D – Pipe diameter
PV = mRT θ – contact angle
P
DensityAir = 2. A plastic straw from a juice has a radius of 3 mm. The surface tension of the
RT
where: juice at 20°C is equal to 0.075 N/m. Contact angle is 10°. Determine the
P - absolute pressure T - absolute temperature capillary rise in the tube. Use unit weight 9850 N/m3.
V - volume R - gas constant 3. Mercury stands in a glass tube of 4.0 mm diameter at a height of 25.0 mm.
m - amount of substance (Normal Air R= 287 J/kg °K)
(Glass-Mercury, θ = 130°). What is the true static height? The surface
Absolute Temperature: tension of mercury is 0.46 N/m.
SI: Tabs = [ T (°C) + 273] Kelvin
English: Tabs = [ T (°F) + 460] Ranking 4. If the 2-mm thick oil (SG = 0.85) film is in between two glass identical plates,
what is the expected rise of oil inside the plates if the surface tension is 0.650
Absolute Pressure: N/m and the contact angle is between oil and glass is 30 degrees.
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
PRESSURE IN A DROPLET OF LIQUID OR AN AIR BUBBLE
1. The specific weight of a certain liquid is 8.40 kN/m3. What is the density,
Droplet (Liquid surrounded by Gas) & Air Bubble (Gas surrounded by Liquid):
specific volume and specific gravity?
4σ
2. Liquid X weighs 19.5 lbs for a volume of one-fifth cubic foot. Calculate its ΔP =
d
specific weight, density and specific gravity. Soap Bubble (Thin Film of Liquid enclosing a Gas and surrounded by Gas):
3. Approximate the density of air in Baguio when the temperature dip to 9.4 °C, 8σ
assuming an atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa. ΔP =
d
4. Six kilogram of hydrogen is confined in a fuel tank with a volume of 15,000 where:
L at 25 °C. What is the pressure if R is 4.115 kJ/kg - K? Neglect any possible ∆P – excess pressure d – droplet or bubble diameter
change in state σ – surface tension

5. Droplets of size 2 mm diameter was produced from a shower. Determine the

excess pressure exists in the interior of these droplets considering that water
is at 40 °C. Assume σ = 0.0752 N/m at 0 (zero) degrees Celsius.
6. A person with very interesting skill can produce bubbles from the mouth.
Assuming σ = 0.0732 N/, what is the excess pressure of a bubble 3 mm in
radius?
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

VISCOSITY
Viscosity is a property of a fluid that quantifies the ratio of shear stress to rate of
deformation (strain rate) of a fluid particle. It is property of a fluid which
determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces.

Absolute Viscosity (also called Dynamic Viscosity)

𝜏
𝜇=
𝑈 ⁄𝑦
Kinematic Viscosity
𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
where:
𝜇 – Absolute Viscosity 𝜈 – Kinematic Viscosity
𝜏 – Shear Stress 𝜌 – Density
𝑈⁄𝑦 – Strain Rate

1. Benzene at 20 degrees has a viscosity of 0.000651 Pa-sec. What shear

stress is required to deform this fluid at a strain rate of 7500 s-1?
2. A shaft 50.0 mm in diameter is being pushed at a speed of 300 mm/s through
a bearing sleeve 50.2 mm in diameter and 200 mm long. The clearance,
assumed uniform, is filled with oil at 20 °C with 𝑣= 0.005 m2/s and SG = 0.90.
Use 1000 kg/m3 as density of water. Find the force exerted by the oil on the
shaft.
3. A square block weighing 1.5 kN and 300 mm on an edge slides down an
incline plane (25⁰ from the horizontal) on a film of 4.0 µm thick. Assuming a
linear velocity profile in the oil, what is the terminal speed of the block?
(Viscosity of oil is 7 mPa-s)