ED Operation of Network Protection System Evolution 2021

Operation of Distribution Network
Traditional and evolved approach of grid operation
Luigi D’Orazio
Network Operation Unit
e-distribuzione S.p.A.
Distribution Network Operation
Distribution network  circuit breaker cycle operation
Generally the circuit breaker are set with an operation cycle that foresees 3 closure: First
called “Rapid”, second called “First slow” a Third and, only for overhead lines a Fouth
CP
RG RG RG
RL
RR
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
RG
2
Distribution network  circuit breaker cycle operation
Typical circuit breaker cycle operation
1° fast recl. 1° slow recl. 2° slow recl. 3° slow recl.

Circuit breaker
Close
Open
time
0,6s 30s 70s 70s
Initially the delay time of rapid closure was 0,3 second, in the second time, 90s this time was
set of 0,4 s until 2010 when was decided to set 0,6 s to increase the probably to self extinction
of the arc during the single phase to ground fault.
3
First Evolution of Distribution network – Network Automation
The indexes adopted to measure the continuity of supply, depends by the number of customers outages. So, ENEL develop
a particular network automation that, taking into account the neutral grounding method allow to select the fault section of
network rapidly.
In particular ENEL implement on the network two particular method of automation:
a. FNC (Funzione Neutro Compensato)  particular technique to select the earth fault on the network grounded
with impedance. This technique foresees the installation of fault detectors and Remote terminal Units directly into the
MV/LV substations to detect the fault and maneuver the disconnectors, using the chronometric coordination.
b. FRG (Funzione Ricerca Guasto)  particular technique that allow to select the earth fault on the network with
insulated neutral or grounded with resistor and the multiphase faults per each kind of network. This technique
foresees the installation of fault detectors and Remote terminal Units directly into the MV/LV substations to detect the
fault and maneuver the disconnectors, in coordination with the circuit breaker installed at the beginning of the MV
line.
c. ICS (Interruttore di Cabina Secondaria)  with this technique is possible to select the earth fault and short
circuits avoiding the intervention of the circuit breaker installed at the beginning of line. The use of circuit
breaker along the MV lines foresees the installation of a breaker into the MV/LV substations that has to be equipped
with fault detector. The fault detectors has to be set in coordination with all other protection systems present on the line.
4
First Evolution of Distribution network – Network Automation FNC
The FNC automation foresees the chronometrical coordination between the disconnectors installed
along the MV line and the circuit breaker, to select the earth faults.
20” 13” 7” 2” Border

disconnector
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
Automatic opening of Switches with a delay

increasing from the end to the beginning of the line
5
First Evolution of Distribution network – Network Automation FNC
Time graph to summarize the coordination for FNC automation
Fault automatic switch opening in MV/LV automatic switch opening in automatic switch opening in
t=0 substation MV/LV substation MV/LV substation
(1st level: earth fault in last section or (2nd level: earth fault in third (3rd level: earth fault in second
in branches) section) section)
1st breaker 2nd breaker 3rd breaker

0,30 reclosing in 0,30 reclosing in reclosing in 0,30
HV/MV HV/MV HV/MV
substation substation substation
0,4s 30s TN=70s
~
6s
12s 1st breaker opening in HV/MV Last trip (no more reclosing actions) in
substation HV/MV substation
18s
20s (earth fault in first section) (earth fault in first section)
6
First Evolution of Distribution network – Network Automation FRG
The FRG automation foresees the coordination between the disconnectors installed along the line and the
circuit breaker at the beginning of the MV feeder. After the rapid closure operated by the circuit breaker, if
the the fault is not vanished the circuit breaker opens again and during the waiting for the 2° closure
(generally 30 seconds) the disconnectors openinig themselves.
CP
RG RG RG
RR
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
RG
7
The FRG automation foresees the coordination between the disconnectors installed along the line and the
circuit breaker at the beginning of the MV feeder. After the rapid closure operated by the circuit breaker, if
the the fault is not vanished the circuit breaker opens again and during the waiting for the 2° closure
(generally 30 seconds) the disconnectors openinig themselves.
CP
FD FD FD
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
FD
Automatic opening of Switches
8
CP
CS1
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
2nd slow reclosure
9
CP
CS1
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
Automatic
reclosure
10
CP IniAp IniAp
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
Automatic reclosure
11
CP
IniAp IniAp IniAp
CS1
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
Automatic reclosure
12
CP
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
RG
Automatic reclosure
13
Spontaneus
message to
Control centre
CP
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
BL
14
CP
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
BL
3a slow reclosure
automatic opening
15
First Evolution of Distribution network – Network Automation ICS
The automation of MV line by means ICS allows to select all the faults that occurring on the part of
network following the circuit breaker.
CP
CS1 CSC
RG RR
RL
16
First Evolution of Distribution network – Network Automation ICS
In case of use of a circuit breaker along the MV line (ICS automation) thermal verification is need to
preserve the integrity of the feeder, in particular for:
a. the cable regarding the coordination to select the short circuits;

b. the shield of cable regarding the coordination to select the cross country faults;
Circuit breaker in
CP
RR
RL substation
CS1 CSC
RG Cricuit breaker in
substation 2
In order to calculate the maximum value of specific energy sustainable by cable shields, total time of cycle of
operation of circuit breaker has to be considered. Operative cycle of circuit breaker upstream of cable line is realized
by one rapid closure more two slow closure, conventionally 0,96 s (0,25 + 0,07 + 0,25 + 0,07 + 0,25 + 0,07).
17
First Evolution of Distribution network – Improving of continuity of
supply - DURATION
Minutes of interruption
(Long) SAIDI
180
160
140
120
100
80 159
60
128
103
91
40
73
63
49,6 48,5 49,6 48,2 45,1 42,2 44,7
20 40,7 38,9 44,7 36,7 43,2
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Years
18
First Evolution of Distribution network – Improving of
continuity of supply - NUMBER
Number of interruption
(Momentary + Long) SAIFI
6
4,89 4,97
2 4,15
3,66 3,58 3,53
3,35 3,36 3,16 3,3
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Years
19
Second Evolution of Distribution network – Network
automation
SMART FAULT SELECTION
Definitive opening of circuit

breaker in case of non transient
fault
Rapid clousure
SFS - proposal
INT ICS
CP
ICS ICS Comando chiusura

Comando apertura OdM di confine su
dorsale
Selection of the part of network within two automatized nodes

Second Evolution of Distribution network – Network automation

HV HV grid
grid
HV/MV HV/MV
station station
TR TR
HUB
Protezioni Protezioni
A3 A3
Substations
FAULT
RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM
Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

21

HV HV grid
grid
HV/MV HV/MV
station station
TR TR
HUB
A3 A3
Substations

22

HV HV grid
grid
HV/MV HV/MV
station station
TR TR
HUB
A3 A3
Substations

23

HV HV grid
grid
HV/MV HV/MV
station station
TR TR
HUB
A3 A3
Substations

24

HV HV grid
grid
HV/MV HV/MV
station station
TR TR
HUB
A3 A3
Substations

25

HV HV grid
grid
HV/MV HV/MV
station station
TR TR
HUB
A3 A3
Substations

26
Second Evolution of Distribution network – Improving of
continuity of supply in terms of duration and number
The Index per each configuration can be calculated with following math expressions:
Continuity of supply index (number or Continuity of supply index (number or

duration) calculated for closed-ring scheme duration) calculated for radial scheme per
per each single line each single line
27
Second Evolution of Distribution network –
Experimentation of some new network automation
technique: Rapid FNC/FRG/ICS
To select the earth fault rapidly and avoid to stress the earth plants of substations, ENEL is
testing a “Rapid” FNC using the circuit breakers into the MV/LV substations instead of switch
(disconnectors).
Earth fault
5” Border
4” 3” < 2” disconnector
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
Automatic opening of Circuit Breaker with a delay

increasing from the end to the beginning of the line 28
Second Evolution of Distribution network –
Experimentation of some new network automation
technique: Rapid FNC/FRG/ICS
In addition circuit breaker installed on the middle of line, it will be able to select the
multiphase faults in ICS automation with complete operation cycle (RR + RL) and in
coordination with the CS3 installed into CS3 in FRG technique.
Short circuit
ICS Border
disconnector
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
Automatic opening of Circuit Breaker installed at the middle of MV feeder.

The circuit breaker will operate the Rapid closure and 1 st slow closure in
coordination with switch installed in CS3.
29
Step 2: Devices for Network Monitoring
MV Field Devices – Indoor solution
Modular MV Switchboard RTU - UP
Line Line Line TR

Module Module Module Batt. 24 V
Module 230 Vca +
Charger
Vo Vo
61
Elettronics GSM/DCS
Iomo Module
I4 257
Io
I12
Connectors
Fault
Detector
MV cables
Cables for remote control
30
Output
Input:
TOmo – omopolar current
TA4,12 – phase currents Input
V4,8,12 – phase voltages
Output:
T51 – max current
T67 – directional earth fault
TPV – voltage presence
31
MV Motorized Switchboard Remote Terminal Unit - UP
Modular MV Switchboard RTU - UP
Line Line Line TR

Module Module Module Batt. 24 V
Module 230 Vca +
RGDAT Charger
Vo
Elettronics GSM/DCS
Iomo Module
I4
I12
MV Cables R S T Connectors
RGDAT
MV cables
OMOPOLAR
VOLTAGE
SENSORS Cables for remote
TOROIDAL
TRANSFORMERS
control
PHASE TOROIDAL
TRANSFORMERS
32
Global Infrastructure and Networks
Italy 1° DSO (85%)

Colombia2° DSO Brasil 2° DSO (26%) 227 TWh distributed
(22%)
14 TWh distributed
energy
79 TWh distributed energy energy
17 Mn customers
3 Mn customers
Peru 2° DSO
32 Mn customers
(20%)
8 TWh distributed
energy Spain 1° DSO
1.4 Mn customers (42%)
Chile2° DSO 109 TWh distributed
(33%)
energy
16 TWh distributed Romania2° DSO
Argentina 2° DSO (17%)
12 Mn clienti (36%)
energy
15 TWh distributed
1.8 Mn customers 19 TWh distributed energy
energy
2.5 Mn customers
2.9 Mn customers
Totale 73 Mn Customers
63,000 Impegnati
1 M substations for all Enel Grids worldwide
*market share in termini di client finali
Infrastructure and Networks Italy
Organization
• Central Functions (O&M, Network

Development, Network Commercial
Operations, Network Technologies, HSE and
Q)
• 6 Areas (North-west, Nord, Central-Nord,
Adriatical, Lazio-Sicily, South)
• 28 O&M Control Centers
• 1 O&M Control Room
• 57 Local Districts 3
4
Italy Network's Control and Monitoring
Como
Brescia Udine
Milano
Novara
Verona HV • 2,300 HV/MV Substations
Torino Modena
Mestre HV
150 • • 2,300 HV/MV
1,300 Substations
HV customers
Bologna 150
kV • • 1,300
125 HV
HV customers
DGs – 1,7 GW
Genova
Firenze kV
132 • 170 HV DGs – 5,1 GW
Ancona
Livorno Perugia 132
kV
L'Aquila kV • 455,000 MV/LV Substations
Viterbo
Roma Campobasso MV • • 455,000
354.000 km lines
MV/LV (53%
Substations
Cagliari
Latina MVkV
15 • 354.000 km lines (53%
overhead)
Potenza Bari
Napoli
Salerno
15
20kV
kV • overhead)
100,000 MV customers
Lecce
20 V • • 111,000 MV customers
25,700 MV DGs – 19,5 GW
• 25,500 MV DGs– 19,5 GW
Catanzaro
Palermo
• 797,000 km lines (66%
LV
Catania
LV V overhead)
• 790,000 km lines (66%
230
230 • overhead)
32 million customers
28 O&M Control Centers  Control - 400VV • • 32709,000
million customers
400 V LV DGs – 7,1 GW
Operation & Monitoring • 702,000 LV DGs – 7,5 GW
One national Control Room in Rome 
National Monitoring
Control Room  Roma
• Real-time monitoring Italy‘s Network (national level)
➢ Monitoring of events in normal conditions,

emergency or crisis conditions, according to the
current emergency plan.
➢ Geo-referenced in real time of faults with

impact on the HV-MV-LV networks
➢ Interface with Institutions and Civil authorities

during the emergencies and risk condition on
the Transmission and Generation Systems.
➢ Forecast and Now casting of Weather

conditions as critical events such as:
Earthquake, Floods, Snow, etc.
➢ Calculation of service quality indicators such as:

SAIFI, SAIDI
Global monitoring of countries with ENEL presence as DSO
Control Centers
28 Control Centers in • Monitoring and coordination of the Operation in real time at
local level:
Italy
➢ Analyzing signals and alarms from remote control and
<Scada> systems
➢ Maneuvers on the HV-MV-LV network, for Preventive and

corrective activities, in order to do maintenance or
restore the service
➢ Real-time control of all Primary Substations.

ScattoP 67
CP
CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC
➢ Managing of incoming calls for outages reporting
➢ Weather conditions on the interest area
➢ Interface with Institutions and Civil authorities during

the emergencies and risk condition on the Transmission
and Generation network.
➢ Reports to the Rome’s National Control Room

Network’s Performance
24/7
Control
Primary Substation Secondary Substation
(SCADA) 
STUX /STM / STB
Allows the maneuver's
Monitoring • 35% Remote Control with remote control
• 100% Remote Control
• 450,000 MV/LV devices on network,
• 2,300 HV/MV/MV
• 258,000+ Remote and monitoring of the
control Devices network’s status of
GD LV Feeders HV/MV/LV.
• 734,800+ Prosumers • 17,000+ LV Breakers
• 27 GW capacity Manages and monitors
SCADA/DMS (STM-STUX-STB) the automatic, remote
and manual activities
in case of failure or
preventive activities
28 CO ▪ 18 HV and MV on the network.
▪ 10 MV
▪ 28 BT
Weather Forecast
24/7
1
• PROTEZIONE Civile • SIRF Tag
Primary source of
4 forecasting until 72 h
Website before
2
Continuos
Feedback and Mitigate
monitoring
Weather variables with
3 possible negative
Planning impact or outages on
the networks.
The task force in a
preventive way,
• Meteo-web - EPSON
before the events
Control Room- CO
SSG’S  Social Media  Web Channels
24/7
Social Channels
Digital Channels
24 h 7 @ Direct communication with update

and information in real time about the network
Status, as Registers of User’s requirements.
Operational Coordination - Institutional Communication
Externals
• Terna «TSO»
• Coordination of Risk condition of the TSO
• Defense plan of the electric system
• RIGEDI.
• BME.
• EAC.
• RICALO.
• PESSE.
• Coordination with Civil Protection :

• Potential risk related with weather forecast.
• Manage relation for crisis events
• Coordination with Autostrade/Anas - Civil Authorities (MISE-Presidenti Regioni

– Sindaci):
• Potential risk related with Regions, population, Traffic and highways at national 4
3
level
THANKS
First Evolution of Distribution network – Quality of
Service
At the end of 90s the Italian Electrical Market changed deeply. It was created the Energy
Authority and it introduced a Regulation System to improve the Quality of Service
evaluated through the indexes of continuity of supply.
At now each DSO is monitored by through the two following indexes:
a. SAIDI  System Average Interruption Duration Index

b. SAIFI  System Average Interruption Frequency Index
On the following slides are shown the rules like calculate the SAIDI and SAIFI. The method of
calculation and the parameters that determine the final value of the indexes, had
conditioned strongly the strategy of development and operation of network.
45
First Evolution of Distribution network – Classification of
interruption
The electrical interruptions, like defined on the EN 50160 standard, can be classified by
means them duration. It is possible recognize three kind of interruptions:
a. Long  T > 3 minutes;

b. Short  1 second < T ≤ 3 minutes;
c. Transient  T ≤ 1 second.
The system (network) is interrupted when the value of voltage applied to the components is
lower than 5 % of the reference value.
Taking
Taking into
into account
account the
the
standardized
standardized definitions
definitions was
was
determined
determined the
the rules
rules like
like
evaluate the
evaluate the SAIDI
SAIDI and
and SAIFI.
SAIFI.
46
First Evolution of Distribution network – SAIDI
calculation
SAIDI is calculated through the following algorithm:
where all the outages contribute to the summation Σ(Ni*Ri), being Ri the i-th outage duration
and Ni the number of affected customers.
Note that a single fault event generally originates several addenda of the summation
because various groups of customers are affected by different outage durations; thus, each
group of customers experiencing the same outage duration must be considered in the
algorithm separately. NT is the total number of customers in the system for which the index is
calculated.
The SAIDI can be calculated either as aggregate of all voltage levels or only at selected
The
The SAIDI
SAIDI
voltage is expressed
levels.is expressed inin minutes
minutes per
per customers
customers per per year
year
47
First Evolution of Distribution network – SAIFI
calculation
SAIFI is calculated as:
where λi is the number of interruption per the same group of customer, Νi is the total
amount of customers experiencing the same number of interruptions. They are divided
to NT that represent the total amount of customers in the system for which the index
is calculated.
The SAIFI
The SAIFI is
is measured
measured in
in units
units of
of interruptions
interruptions per
per customer
customer per
per
year
year
48
First Evolution of Distribution network – new
grounding system
Two Petersen Coil installed into the HV/MV substation (fixed + tunable +
parallel resistor)
49
First Evolution of Distribution network – new
grounding system
Two Petersen Coil installed into the HV/MV substation (fixed coil +
neutral former).
TFN
Fixed coil
50

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Operation of Distribution Network

Traditional and evolved approach of grid operation

Typical circuit breaker cycle operation

1° fast recl. 1° slow recl. 2° slow recl. 3° slow recl.

In particular ENEL implement on the network two particular method of automation:

20” 13” 7” 2” Border

Automatic opening of Switches with a delay

Time graph to summarize the coordination for FNC automation

1st breaker 2nd breaker 3rd breaker

0,4s 30s TN=70s

Automatic opening of Switches

2nd slow reclosure

CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC

CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC

CS1 CS2 CS3 CSC

a. the cable regarding the coordination to select the short circuits;

SMART FAULT SELECTION

Definitive opening of circuit

ICS ICS Comando chiusura

Selection of the part of network within two automatized nodes

SMART FAULT SELECTION

RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM

Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

SMART FAULT SELECTION

RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM

Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

SMART FAULT SELECTION

RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM

Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

SMART FAULT SELECTION

RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM

Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

SMART FAULT SELECTION

RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM

Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

SMART FAULT SELECTION

RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM RGDM

Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers Customers

Continuity of supply index (number or Continuity of supply index (number or

Automatic opening of Circuit Breaker with a delay

Automatic opening of Circuit Breaker installed at the middle of MV feeder.

Modular MV Switchboard RTU - UP

Line Line Line TR

Cables for remote control

MV Motorized Switchboard Remote Terminal Unit - UP

Modular MV Switchboard RTU - UP

Line Line Line TR

Italy 1° DSO (85%)

• Central Functions (O&M, Network

➢ Monitoring of events in normal conditions,

➢ Geo-referenced in real time of faults with

➢ Interface with Institutions and Civil authorities

➢ Forecast and Now casting of Weather

➢ Calculation of service quality indicators such as:

➢ Maneuvers on the HV-MV-LV network, for Preventive and

➢ Real-time control of all Primary Substations.

➢ Weather conditions on the interest area

➢ Interface with Institutions and Civil authorities during

➢ Reports to the Rome’s National Control Room

24 h 7 @ Direct communication with update

• Coordination with Civil Protection :

• Coordination with Autostrade/Anas - Civil Authorities (MISE-Presidenti Regioni