Pe CH4

POWER
POWER ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
DC-DC CONVERTERS
Learning Objectives
¾To learn the switching technique for
dc-dc conversion and types of dc-dc
converters
¾To study the operation of dc-dc
converters
¾To understand the performance
parameters of dc-dc converters.
¾To learn the techniques of analysis
and design of dc-dc converters
Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Buck Converter
3. Boost Converter
4. Buck-Boost Converter
5. Čuk Converter
6. Two Quadrant Converters
7. Full Bridge Converter
8. Summary
Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 3
INTRODUCTION
¾Step-down (Buck) converter: where the
output voltage of the converter is lower
than the input voltage.
¾Step-up (Boost) converter: where the
output voltage is higher than the input
voltage.
¾Step-down/step-up (Buck-Boost)
converter.

BUCK CONVERTER
• Voltage step-down and current step-up
converter.
1- Continuous conduction mode (CCM)
Is
Vs
S
+ Vo ON OFF ON
+
Vs D Vo Io ton
-
- T
Io
Is
Mode 1 ton T
Mode 2
Typical converter topology and waveforms
Vs
Vo ON OFF ON
ton
Io
ton T Va = Vs = kVs
Is
T
ton T Va ton
k= = = ton f
Vs Vs T
Duty ratio (0-1)
Va or
turn ratio of equivalent
T transformer
ton
Constant frequency operation
Va = F (ton , f ) Variable frequency operation
Va = F (ton , f s ) Is a linear function
ton is the on pulse width.
Controlling ton is known as PWM control
fs is the switching frequency.
PWM control is more popular
1 kT Rms value of
V0 rms =
T ∫0
v02dt = kVs output voltage
1 kT 1 kT v02 Vs2 Input

Pi =
T ∫ 0
v0 idt =
T ∫ 0 R
dt = k
R
power
Vs Vs R Effective input
Ri = = = resistance seen from
I a kVs / R k the source
+
V kV Vs Ri
Ia = a = s -
R R
• Neglecting power losses in the circuit
elements:
Vs I s = Va I a
I a Vs 1
= = Ia ≥ Is
I s Va k
Step-up
action in
current
Example
f = 5 kHz ( switching frequency )
Vs = 12 V ; Va = 5 V ; ton = ?
Solution 1 1
T = = = 0.2 ms
f 5
ton 5
Va = Vs = k Vs = 12k = 5 ⇒ k = = 0.417
T 12
ton = 0.417 × 0.2 = 0.0834 ms
(Study also example 5.1)

Low Current Ripple
Vs
Is V1 L Io
V1 ON OFF ON
S
ton T
Vs +
-
D Va +_ I0max
I0min ΔI
Continuous conduction
di
Mode 1 L 0 = Vs − Va Is
dt
di0
Mode 2 L = −Va
dt
Va
ΔI = (T − ton )
1 ⎡ ton L
T
⎤
T ⎢⎣ ∫0 ∫ton ⎥⎦
Ia = i L dt + i L dt Peak-to-peak
ripple current
Io
Iomax
ΔI
Iomin
ton T
Va V
ΔI = T (1 − k ) = s Tk (1 − k )
L L
Independent of the magnitude of load current

It’s a function of ton and T, and L

Low Voltage Ripple (Page 187)
Vs
Is V1 L Io
V1 ON OFF ON
S
Vs +
D C Vo R iL ΔI
-
ic charge ΔI discharge
Assumptions:
• voltage ripple ΔVo is a small io
percentage of dc voltage Vo
• ripple current through inductor ΔV0
flows into filter capacitor and not Vo
R.
kT T
The average capacitor charge current, which

flows into for ton/2 + toff/2=T/2 is
ΔI
IC =
4
The capacitor charge ΔQc is
T ΔIT
ΔQc = I C =
2 8
The capacitor voltage variation is ΔV0
ΔQc ΔIT
ΔV0 = ΔVc = =
C 8C
Remember
ΔQc ΔIT V0T
ΔV0 = = ΔI = (1 − k )
C 8C L
1
f = ΔV0 T2 π 2 ⎡ fC ⎤
2
T = (1 − k ) = ⎢ ⎥ (1 − k )
V0 8LC 2 ⎣ f ⎦
1
fC = Independent of load resistance R and
2π LC
load current Io
Low value of fC/f will provide low voltage

ripple.
Vs (1 − k )k
ΔV0 = ΔVc =
8 LCf 2
Vs
The condition for critical V1 ON OFF ON
continuous inductor current
ΔI
and capacitor voltage is IL
satisfied when: ΔI Δ V0
IL = v0
2 kT T
V0T 2kVs
ΔI = (1 − k ) = 2 I L = 2 I a =
LC R
(1 − k ) R Critical
LC = inductance
2f
Vs
If VC is the average capacitor V1 ON OFF ON
voltage, the ripple voltage
ΔI
ΔVC =2Va: IL
Va (1 − k )
Δ V0
Va
2
= 2Va kT T
8 LCC f
(1 − k ) Critical
CC = capacitor
16 Lf 2
Example: Finding the values of LC

filter for the Buck Converter
¾ Vs=12V. The required average output voltage
is Va=5V at R=500Ω and the peak-to-peak
output ripple voltage is 20mV. The switching
frequency is 25kHz. If the peak-to-peak ripple
current of inductor is limited to 0.8A,
determine:
a) Duty cycle, k
b) Filter inductance, L
c) Filter capacitor, C
d) Critical values of L and C.

Solution
Vs = 12V, ΔVC = 20mV, ΔI = 0.8A, f = 25kHz,Va = 5V
Va 5
a) k = = = 0.4167 = 41.67%
Vs 12
V0T
b) ΔI = (1 − k )
L
V0 5(1 − 0.4167 )
⇒L= (1 − k ) = = 145.83μH
fΔI 25000 × 0.8
ΔIT
c) ΔV0 =
8C
ΔI 0.8
⇒C = = −3
8 fΔV0 8 × 25 × 10 × 20 × 10
3
= 200μF
d) 1− k (1 − 0.4167)
LC = R= × 500 = 5.83mH
2f 2 × 25000
1− k (1 − 0.4167)
CC = = = 0.4μF
16 × 5.83 × 10 × (25000)
2 −3 2
16 Lf
Is V1 L Io
Switch Stress S
+
Vs D C Vo R
-
Peak voltage stress on the switch:
Vsw max = Vs − V1min = Vs

Peak current stress through the switch:
1 Vs
I sw max = I a + ΔI max = I a +
2 8 fL
k=0.5
2- Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)
Vs − Va V
i0 ΔI = τ1 = a τ 2
ΔI L L
0 ton T
τ1 τ2 τ3
Va τ1 k
= =
Vs τ 1 + τ 2 1 − k3
τ1 τ3
k= , k3 = and τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 = T
T T
Va VT VT k
ΔI = τ 2 = a (1 − k3 − k ) = s (1 − k3 − k )
L L L 1 − k3

ΔI
i0 Ia 1 τ1 + τ 2
Ia = ΔI
2 T
0 T 1 T −τ3
τ1 τ2 τ3 = ΔI
2 T
1
= ΔI (1 − k3 )
2
VsT
Ia = k (1 − k3 − k )
2L
Example
A dc-dc converter converts a source of 48V to
12V. The converter components are R=10Ω,
L=5mH, and f=40kHz. Plot the output voltage and
current waveforms and determine:
1. The mode of operation.

2. The amount of current ripple.
3. The filter capacitor value if the voltage ripple is
to be less than 1% of the output voltage.
4. The inductor for which the converter would just
enter in the discontinuous conduction mode.

1- mode of operation
Va ΔI VsTs
k= ; = k (1 − k ) = 0.0225 A;
Vs 2 2L
Va 12 ΔI
Ia = = = 1.2 A >> ⇒ CCM
R 10 2
2- current ripple
VaT
ΔI = (1 − k ) = 0.045A
L
3- filter capacitor for ΔV0/V0=1%
2
ΔV0 π2 ⎡ fc ⎤
= 0.01 = ⎢ 40,000 ⎥ (1 − 0.25) ⇒ f c = 2.079kHz
V0 2 ⎣ ⎦
1 1
fC = ⇒ C= = 1.17 μF
2π LC 4π f c L
2 2
4- Critical filter inductance for DCM

VsT
DCM ⇒ LC = k (1 − k ) = 0.094mH
2Ia
(Study also example 5.5 )

Features of a buck converter
Advantages Limitations
• It requires only one • Input current is normally
transistor discontinuous and a
smoothing input filter is
• Is simple
required.
• Has high efficiency
• It provides one polarity of
(greater than 90%)
output voltage and
• di/dt of the load current unidirectional output
is limited by inductor current.
• It requires a protection
circuit in case of possible
short circuit across the
diode path.
BOOST CONVERTER
• Voltage step-up and current step-down
converter.
is L Vs
io
VL ON OFF ON
S
C + ton (V -V ) T
s o
Vs + D Vo
- -
is ΔI
Continuous conduction
Mode 1
io
Mode 2
Typical converter circuit and waveforms

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters
is L io
S Average voltage across inductor is 0
+
Vs + D Vo
- -
Vs ton + (Vs − V0 )(T − ton ) = 0
diL
Mode 1 L = Vs
dt ton V0 1
Mode 2
diL k= ; =
L = (Vs − V0 ) Ts Vs 1 − k
dt
I 0 Vs
Vs I s = V0 I 0 = = 1− k
I s V0
NOTE:
Forward voltage transfer ratio Vo/Vs
V0 1 can be ideally infinity for k=1, however,
= the parasitic capacitance across open
Vs 1 − k
switch would bring it down.
Vo/Vs
1 k

Low Current Ripple
is L io
S
+
Vs + D Vo
- -
Vs Vs
Mode 1
di
L L = Vs
ΔI L = ton = k
dt L fL
diL 1
Mode 2 L = (Vs − V0 ) f =
dt
T
Low Voltage Ripple

is L V1 io Assumptions:
¾ voltage ripple ΔVo is a
S
small percentage of dc
C
Vs + D Vo R voltage Vo
-
¾ ripple current through
diode flows into filter
capacitor and not R.
V0 ΔV0 ΔQc I 0ton ΔV0 kf C

Capacitor ΔV0 = = =
discharges
through the C C V0 f
load
ton T I 0k V0 k
= = 1
fC R fC fC =
Low value of fC/f will provide low RC
voltage ripple.
Switch Stress
Vsw max = V0

1 Vs
I sw max = I 0 + ΔI L max = I 0 +
2 2 fL
k=1
2- Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)

ΔI Average voltage across inductor is 0
is Vsτ 1 + (Vs − V0 )τ 2 = 0
0 Ts
τ1 τ2 τ3 V0 τ 1 + τ 2 1 − k3
= =
Vs τ2 1 − k − k3
τ1 τ3
k= , k3 = and τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 = T
T T
VT 1 τ 2 VsT
ΔI = s k I0 = ΔI = k (1 − k − k3 )
L 2 T 2L
Load current average value
3- Condition for continuous inductor current
ΔI
Average inductor current I L = = Ia
2
ΔI V V Vs Vs
IL = = s k = Ia = a k=
2 2 fLC R 2 fLC (1 − k ) R
Ia ΔI
k (1 − k ) R
Limit for LC =
Continuous 2f
conduction
4- Condition for continuous capacitor

voltage
ΔV0
Average capacitor voltage V0 =
2
ΔV0 I 0k
V0 V0 = = I0R
2 fCC
Limit for
Continuous
conduction
k
CC =
2 fR
(Study example 5.6 )

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTERS
• Voltage step-up and step-down converter.
Vs
vL
is S io
ton -V0 T
ΔI
iL C
+ Vo iL
- L R
is
i0

Vs
vL VL = Vs ton + (− V0 )(T − ton ) = 0
ton -V0 T
ΔI
iL V0 k I0 1 − k
= =
is
Vs 1 − k Is k
Voltage step-up action: k>0.5
i0 Voltage step-down action: k<0.5
Vs V
ΔI L = ton = s k
is S io
L fL
+
-
iL L C Vo R

Switch Stress
Vsw max = Vs + V0
1 Vs
I sw max = I 0 + ΔI L max = I 0 +
2 2 fL
3- Condition for continuous inductor current

ΔI Vk
Average inductor current I L = I a = = s (Eq. 5.85)
2 2 fL
ΔI kVs Va Vs kVs
IL = = = Ia = k=
2 2 fLC R 2 fLC (1 − k ) R
Ia ΔI
(1 − k ) R
Limit for LC =
Continuous 2f
conduction

4- Condition for continuous capacitor
voltage
ΔV0 ΔVc Iak
Average capacitor voltage V0 = = =
2 2 2 fC
(Eq. 5.87)
ΔV0 Iak
V0 V0 = = Ia R
2 fCC
Limit for
Continuous
conduction
k
CC =
2 fR
(Study example 5.7 )
Comparison of Voltage ratio

3
Notice that only the buck
converter shows a linear
relationship between the
2
control (duty ratio) and
Voltage Ratio
output voltage. Buck-Boost
Boost
The buck-boost can 1
reduce or increase the
Buck
voltage ratio with unit
gain for a duty ratio of 0
50%. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Duty Ratio
ČUK CONVERTERS
• Voltage step-up and step-down converter. Dual
of buck-boost converter.
is io
L1 L2
C
Co R
Vs
+
-
S D Vo
is io
+ -
VC
Is Vs S Vo Io
D
is io is io
+ - + -
VC VC
Is Vs S Vo Io S Vo Io
D Is Vs D
Mode 1 Mode 2
VC = Vs + V0
Vs
VL1 Mode 1 Mode 2
VL1 = 0 Vs ton − V0 (T − ton ) = 0
VC-Vo=Vs Vs-VC=-Vo
V0 k
VL2 =
Vs 1 − k
-Vo
ΔI Analysis is similar to that of a
is,io buck-boost converter.

TWO-QUADRANT CONVERTERS
Enables the return of energy back to the
source when the load does not need it.
(i.e. dynamic breaking of a dc motor)
Example: Buck Topology
is L
S1 io
C +
+
- Vs S2 V_o R
Two-quadrant buck converter topology

D1
CCM only D1
L L
is S1 io is S1 io
+ + + +
- Vs S2 D2 Vo _ - Vs S2 D2 Vo _
Mode -1 Mode +1
D1 is D1
is L L
S1 io S1 io
+ + + +
- Vs S2 D2 Vo _ - Vs S2 D2 Vo _
Mode -2 Mode +2

is v1 L
v1
S1 io C
0 +
+
I2 -
Vs S2 V_o R
io I0
0 D
S1 D2 S1 and S2 can not be both
1 S2 ON at the same time.
I1
is
0 τ T
Average value of output current can be positive or

negative depending on the switching sequence of
S1 and S2.
FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
It is known as the four quadrant dc-dc converter.
Output voltage and current can have positive or
negative polarities and power flows in both directions.
Always operates in the CCM.
Example: Buck Topology
is
S1 S2
+ L
- Vs + -
io V0
S4 S3
Full bridge converter topology

is
S1 D1 S2 D2
Bipolar switching +
-
Vs L
+ -
io V0
S4 D4 S3 D3
• Switches are turned ON-OFF exclusively in

pairs.
• S1-S3 forms one pair and S2-S4 forms another
pair.
• When S1-S3 is ON S2-S4 is OFF and vice versa.
• This switching sequence is also referred as
PWM switching, and produces a bipolar voltage
waveform as shall be seen shortly.
S1, S3
is ON
S1 D1 S2 D2
+
Vs L 0 ton Ts t
- + -
io V0
S4 D4 S3 D3 D 1, D 3 S1, S3 D 2, D 4 S2, S4
iL I0
Mode 4
is Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4

S1 D1 S2 D2
+
Vs L vL Vs − V0
- + -
io V0
S4 D4 S3 D3
− Vs − V0
Mode 1
is is
S1 D1 S2 D2 S1 D1 S2 D2
+
Vs L +
Vs L
- + - - + -
io V0 io V0
S4 D4 S3 D3 S4 D4 S3 D3
Mode 2 Mode 3
The average inductor voltage is zero
(Vs − V0 )ton + (− Vs − V0 )(T − ton ) = 0 ⇒ V0 = Vs (2k − 1)

ton (t is ON time of S )
V0 k= on 1
= 2k − 1 T
V0
Vs = [− 1 → 1] for k = [0 → 1]
Vs
The output current peak-to-peak ripple is
Vs − V0 2V Does not depend
ΔI 0 = ton = s k (1 − k )
L fL on load resistance
Ripple frequency is f=1/T.
SUMMARY
¾ Buck, boost and buck-boost combination
converters have been analyzed in continuous and
discontinuous current conduction modes.
¾ Voltage step-down converter is also a current
step-up converter and conversely, Voltage step-up
converter is also a current step-down converter.
¾ Single-switch, two-switch and four-switch
topologies have been analyzed.
¾ Analysis consisted of deriving control
characteristics and component stress calculations.
Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters52

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POWER

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 4

ton is the on pulse width.

Controlling ton is known as PWM control

fs is the switching frequency.

PWM control is more popular

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 7

1 kT 1 kT v02 Vs2 Input

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 9

(Study also example 5.1)

Independent of the magnitude of load current

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 12

The average capacitor charge current, which

Low value of fC/f will provide low voltage

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 17

Example: Finding the values of LC

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 18

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 19

Vsw max = Vs − V1min = Vs

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 21

2- Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 22

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 23

1. The mode of operation.

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 24

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 25

4- Critical filter inductance for DCM

(Study also example 5.5 )

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 26

Typical converter circuit and waveforms

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 29

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 30

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 31

Low Voltage Ripple

V0 ΔV0 ΔQc I 0ton ΔV0 kf C

Peak voltage stress on the switch:

Peak current stress through the switch:

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 33

2- Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 35

4- Condition for continuous capacitor

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 36

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 37

1- Continuous conduction mode (CCM)

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 38

Peak current stress through the switch:

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 39

3- Condition for continuous inductor current

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 40

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 41

Comparison of Voltage ratio

output voltage. Buck-Boost

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 43

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 44

Two-quadrant buck converter topology

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 46

Average value of output current can be positive or

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters 47

Full bridge converter topology

• Switches are turned ON-OFF exclusively in

is Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4

(Vs − V0 )ton + (− Vs − V0 )(T − ton ) = 0 ⇒ V0 = Vs (2k − 1)

Aslam Pervez Memon Department of Electrical Engineering, QUEST DC-DC Converters52