- People who are well-oriented to
Media and
Information
People in Media
Literacy
PEOPLE AND MEDIA
People Media
People as Media
- Refers to persons that are involved in
the use, analysis, evaluation and
production of media and information
➢ People in Media – human beings as
a form of medium
➢ People as Media
Perspectives on Media Effect
1. Powerful and Direct Effect
- Most classic and debunked theory in
direct affect is magic-bullet or
People as Media
hypodermic needle theory which
states that media is capable of greatly
influencing the attitudes and
behaviors of these audiences without
even realizing it.
2. Limited Effect
Opinion Leaders
- Believes that you are highly capable
of discerning propaganda and that
media has limited capacity to
persuade you.
3. Moderate Effect
- Reconciliatory and is a mid-way
between the two.
- Acknowledges that “media effects
can occur over longer period of
time” (while the limited effect was
unable to understand the media role
in cultural changes).
People as Media
media sources and messages and
able to provide information as
accurate and reliable as possible.
- Media practitioners who provides
information coming from their expert
knowledge or first-hand experience
of event.
- You can be considered people as
media when you yourselves are well-
oriented to media sources and
messages and when you are capable
to provide information as accurate
and reliable as possible
- People as media are highly expected
to be responsible disseminators of
information.
1. Opinion Leaders
2. m
3. Social Journalism
4. Crowdsourcing
• Highly exposed to and actively using
media
• Source of viable interpretation of
messages for lower-end media users
• Opinions are accepted by a group
• An effective opinion leader is able to
influence followers to produce
educated opinions and make
informed choices
➢ The Two-step Flow
Communication Model (1944) Paul
 Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and
Hazel Gaudley
Citizen Journalism
• People without professional
journalism training can use the tools
of modern technology and internet to
create, augment or fact-check media
on their own or in collaboration with
others.
• Also known as “public”,
“participatory”, “democratic”,
“guerilla”, or “street” journalism
• Occurs when members of the public
become active participants in the
collection, reportage, analysis, and
dissemination of news and
information to other citizens
• Most people consider citizen
journalism as “specific form of both
citizen media and user generated
content”
Social Journalism
• Media model consisting of a hybrid
of professional journalism,
contributor and reader content
• Combines professional journalism
with those offered by citizen
journalists or regular audiences who
post feedback, comment, or who
share content.
• It takes place on some open
publishing platforms, like Twitter
and Wordpress.com, but can also
involve professional journalists, who
created and/or screen the content
Crowdsourcing
• The practice of obtaining needed
services, ideas, or content by
soliciting contributions from a large
group of people and especially from
the online community
• Also called collective mobilization
• Useful in business situations because
ordinary people can provide
information to organizations
regarding “new ideas and solutions,
deeper consumer engagement,
opportunities for co-creation,
optimization of task, and reduced
cost”
Crowdsourcing can be used to do the
following:
o Promote innovative ideas
o Encourage interconnectedness in
idea sharing
o Motivate co-creation
o Encourage participation from
consumers or ordinary citizens
o Promote a more efficient and
productive way of sharing
information
People in Media
- Media practitioners
- Provide information coming from
their expert knowledge or first-hand
experience of events
- Media practitioners themselves
become people media, in particular,
people in media
 - People in media are those involved
in the media forms that they are
primarily engage in-print, broadcast,
film, new media, and gaming
Types of Journalist
1. Print Journalist
2. Photojournalist
3. Broadcast Journalist
4. Multimedia Journalist
TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA
Text
- A simple and flexible format of
presenting information or conveying
ideas whether hand-written, printed
or displayed on-screen
- Any “human-readable sequence of
characters” that can form intelligible
words
Types of Text
1. Plaintext or Unformatted Text
- Fixed sized characters having
essentially the same type of
appearance
2. Formatted Text
- Appearance can be changed using
font parameters (bold, underline,
italic, font size, font color, etc.)
3. Hypertext
- Serve to link different electronic
documents and enable users to jump
from one to other in a nonlinear way
Font
- Also called font type, or typeface
- Refers to the representation or style
of a text in the digital format
- Usually comprised of alphabets,
numbers, punctuation marks,
symbols and other special characters
Two General Types of Fonts
a. Serif
✓ With curves (times new roman, book
antiqua, cambria)
✓ Connotes formality, classic and
elegant look
✓ Usually used for the body of
textbooks, newspapers, magazines,
and research publication
b. Sans Serif
✓ Without curves (arial, calibri,
helvetica)
✓ Brings a clean or minimalist look to
the text
✓ Used on signages, building directory,
nutrition facts on food packages
✓ Modern look and used primarily in
webpage design
Other Font Types
➢ Decorative
- Caters to a wide variety of emotions
(such as celebration, fear, horror,
etc.) or themes (such as cowboys,
circus, holidays, summer, kiddie,
etc.)
- Ex. Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz, MT
File Format
1. TXT (text)
- Unformatted text document by an
editor as notepad on Windows
platform
2. DOC (document)
- A native format for storing
documents created by MS word
package
3. RTF (rich text format)
- Cross platform document exchange;
default format for Mac OS X’s
default editor TextEdit
4. PDF (portable document format)
 - Developed by Adobe systems for
cross platform exchange of
documents, supports image and
graphics
5. PS (postscript)
- A page description language used
mainly in
Design Principles and Elements
1. Emphasis
- Importance or value given to a part
of the text-based content
• Make the text bold
• Italicized
• Have a heavier weight
• Darkened or lightened
• Enlarged
2. Appropriateness
- How fitting or suitable the text used
for a specific audience, purpose or
event
3. Proximity
- How near or how far the text
elements from each other
- When two things are closely related,
bring them close together
4. Alignment
- How the text is positioned in the
page
- Left, center, right, or justified
5. Organization
- Conscious effort to organize the
different text elements in a page
- Ensures that while some text
elements are separated from each
other, they are still somehow
connected with the rest of the
elements in the page
6. Repetition
- Consistency of elements
- Unity of the entire design
- Repeating some typefaces within the
page (maximum of 3 fonts)
7. Contrast
- Creates visual interest
- Two elements are different from
each other
Two Elements are Different
• White text on a dark
background
• Large font with a small font
• Serif and sans serif
• Thin elements with wide
elements
• Cool color and warm color
VISUAL INFORMATION AND MEDIA
Visual Information
- The use of visual media in the form
of photographs, motion pictures,
video recordings, graphic arts, visual
aids, and other displays that use
pictorial representations.
✓ Visual complement and complete the
meanings suggested by the written
text
✓ Visuals enhance information
acquisitions
VISUAL MEDIA – VISUAL
INFORMATION
Examples of Visual Media
• Photography
• Video
• Screenshots
• Infographics
• Data visualization (charts and
graphs)
• Comic Strips/Cartoons
• Memes
• Visual Note-Taking
Images
 - Pictures that depict some real world
situation typically captured by
camera.
- Pure black and white or grayscale
having a number of gray shades or
color containing a number of color
shades
✓ COLOR
- Refers to the sensation generation to
the eyes of the beholder due to
differences in frequencies
➢ In visual arts:
- Black is the presence of all colors if
color is to be considered as pigment
- White is the combination of all
colors if explained in terms of
principles of light
Color Models
- Used to recognize and communicate
color information
a. RGB Model
- Used for colored lights like images
on a monitor or screen
- Red, green, and blue are its primary
color
b. CMYK Model
- Used for colored inks like images
printed on paper
- Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
are the primary colors
c. HSB Model
- Alternative color model that is
device independent
- Colors rely only on the visual
perception of a person
• Hue – specific tone of color
• Saturation – intensity of a hue form
gray tone to pure, vivid color
• Brightness – the relative lightness or
darkness of a particular color
Graphics
- Pictures drawn or painted that depict
any fictious scenario
- Pictures that are either drawn by
hand or through computer software
Types of Digital Graphics
a. Raster Graphics
- Graphics is digitized using a scanner
b. Vector Graphics
- Produced through a computer
software therefore it is already
digitized
Major Functions of Graphics in Visual
Information
1. Surface Features
- Refers to the salient feature of a
visual
a. Static Art
• Illustration – depiction of
visual elements using various
media
• Photographic – captured
image, using photographic or
digital technologies
• Modelled – computer-
generated, a faithful
reproduction of reality, using
various media
b. Dynamic Art
• Animation – series of images
that simulates motion
• Video – series of images,
captured as they occur
digitally on film, or magnetic
tape, displayed serially over
time
• Virtual Reality – an
interactive 3-D world that
dynamically changes as a
user moves through and
views it.
2. Communication Function
 - Shows motion or represent
relationships
• Functions:
o Decorative - add aesthetic
appeal or humor
o Representational – depict an
object in a realistic function
o Mnemonic – provide retrieval
cues for factual information
o Organizational – shows
Common Visual Media Types (Raster -
qualitative relationships
Lossy)
among content
o Relational – shows
quantitative relationships
among two or more variables
o Transformational – shows
changes in objects over time
or space
o Interpretive – illustrate a
theory, principle, or cause
and effect relationships
3. Cognitive Psychological Functions
- Illustrates the interaction of visuals
with human learning processes such
as attention or retrieval from
memory
Use of Graphics
• User interface (icon, button,
window)
• Represent data in charts
• Animation
• Simulation
• Arts works and decorations
- Denotative capacity and connotative
power of visual images and
representations
File Format
Lossy vs Lossless
• Lossless image formats capture all of
the data of your original file.
Nothing from the original file, photo,
or piece of art us lost- hence the term
“lossless”.
• Lossy image formats approximate
what your original image looks like.
- Typically, lossy files are much
smaller than lossless files, making
them ideal to use online where file
size and download speed are vital.
1. JPEG/JPG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group)
- Can achieve astounding compression
ratios while maintaining very high
image quality
- Works by analyzing images and
discarding kinds of information that
the eye is likely to notice
- Optimize photographs and similar
continuous tone images that contain
many colors
2. GIF (Graphic Interchange
Format)
- Can exactly render the image if it has
fewer than 256 colors
- Achieves compression by reducing
the number of colors of color-rich
images
3. PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
- Lossless image format
- Looks for patterns in the image than
can be used to compress
- File size compression is exactly
reversible, so the image is recovered
exactly
4. TIFF (Tagged Image File or
Format)
- Very flexible format that can be
lossless or lossy
 - Used almost exclusively as a lossless
image format that uses no
compression at all
5. RAW
- An image output option available on
some digital cameras
- Raw images store the unprocessed
and process data into two separate
files
6. PSD (Photoshop Document or PSP
– Paint Shop Pro)
- Proprietary formats used by graphics
programs
- Uses layers to build complex images
- Allows you to view the image
quality and file size as a function of
compression level
7. BMP (Bitmap)
- An uncompressed proprietary format
invented by Microsoft
Vector
1. PDF (portable document format)
- Photo files and web-based
documents
2. EPS (encapsulated postscript)
- Individual vector design elements
3. Al
- Original Adobe Illustrator design
files
4. SVG (scalable vector graphics)
- Vector files for web publishing
Advantages of Visual Media
• Easy way to relay information
because it makes use of universal
cues or signs
• Saves time in relaying messages
• Stimulates oral communication
• Enhances resourcefulness and
creativity
• Useful in the quick representation of
facts
Disadvantages of Visual Media
• Cost of preparation and complexity
of certain images and graphics
• Lack of familiarity of the audience to
some cues and signs
• Ambiguity of the visual information
(multiple meanings)
Elements of Visual Design
1. Line
- Can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal,
or curved
2. Shape
- A geometric or organic area that
stands out from the space next to or
around it, or because of differences
in value, color, or texture
3. Value
- The degree of lightness and darkness
in a design
4. Texture
- Way a surface feels or is perceived
to feel
5. Color
- Refers to the sensation generated to
the eyes of the beholder due to
differences in color frequencies
6. Form
- Figure having volume and thickness
- Can be viewed from many angles
Types of Visual Information
1. Facial expressions
2. Body language
3. Manual communication (gestures
and signs)
4. Text
5. Color
6. Environments
7. Visual symbols
8. Diagrams
9. Arts
 10. Data visualization
Sanaysay
Pagsulat sa
Piling Larangan
Nakalarawang Sanaysay/Photo Essay
- Koleksyon ng mga larawang maingat
na inayos upang maglahad ng
pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga
pangyayari, magpaliwanang ng
partikular na konsepto, o
magpahayag ng damdamin.
Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pagsulat ng
Photo Essay
1. Isaayos o pag-isipang mabuti ang
paglalagay ng larawan.
2. Kailangang makatulong sa pag-
unawa at makapukaw sa interes ng
magbabasa o titingin ang mga
katitikang isusulat dito.
3. Kailangang maipakita sa kabuuan
ang layunin ng pagsulat o paggawa
ng photo essay.
Mga Uri ng Larawan
4. Isipin ang mga manonood o titingin
ng iyong photo essay upang
maibatay sa kanilang kaisipan at
interes ang mga larawang ilalagay
gayundin ang mga salitang gagamitin
sa pagsulat ng mga caption.
Katangian ng Mahusay na Photo Essay
1. Malinaw na paksa (maaring nasa
unang panauhan)
2. Pokus
3. Orihinalidad
4. Lohikal na estruktura
5. Kawilihan
6. Komposisyon (larawan)
7. Mahusay na paggamit ng wika
Mga Elemento ng Nakalarawang
1. Sa Kuwento
- Dapat makapagsalaysay and piyesa
kahit walang nakasulat na artikulo.
Hayaang magsalaysay o magbigay
ng komentaryo ang mga larawan.
2. Uri ng Larawan
- Tumutukoy sa barayti ng litrato
3. Pagkakaayos ng mga larawan
- Mabisa itong maikukuwenro sa
paraang kaakit akit sa lohikal
4. Maglahok ng mga larawang may
impormasyon at emosyon
• Saan naganap ang eksena?
• Sino ang kasama sa larawan?
• Ang ang kanilang
pakiramdam sa mga nabyari?
5. Paglalarawan o caption
- Upang masigurong maiintindihan ng
mambabasa ang kanilang
tinutunghayan
- Kung kinakailangan, maglaan ng
impormasyon sa caption tulad ng
petsa, mga lugar
➢ Pangunahing Larawan/Lead Photo
- Larawan na aakit sa mga mambabasa
- Maari itong isang emotional portrait
o isang action shot
➢ Eksena o Scene
- Naglalarawan na eksena ng isang
nakalarawang sanaysay
- Epektibo ang paggamit ng wide
angle lens sa larawan
➢ Larawan ng Tao o Portrait
- Ipinapakita nito ang tauhan sa isang
kuwento
- Nagpapahayag din ito ng emosyon sa
mambabasa at nagbibigay ng
pagkatao sa mga action shot
 - Maari itong magpahiwatig ng
matititnding pakiramdam at
makukuha sa pakikiisa (empathy)
➢ Larawang Close Up
- Ito ang pagkakataon na tumuon sa
ilang bagay gaya ng detalyeng
larawan
- Maglaan din dito ng impormasyon sa
paglalarawan o caption
➢ Signature Photo
- Larawang magbubuod sa sitwasyong
inihapag sa nakalarawang sanaysay
- Ito ang rurok na larawan na
magpapahalaga sa mga elemento ng
piyesa
➢ Panghuling Larawan/Clincher
Photo
- Huling larawan na magbibigay sa
mga mambabasa ng emosyong nais
iparating tulad ng pakiramdam ng
pag-asa
Pagsulat ng Teksto
1. Pamagat
2. Maikling Panimula (maximum:
3sentences)
3. Mga paglalarawan o caption
4. Maikling Pagtatapos o kongklusyon
Memorandum
- Isang kasulatang nagbibigay
kabatiran tungkol sa gagawing
pulong, paalala tungkol sa isang
mahalagang impormasyon, gawain,
tungkulin, o utos
- Ang pagsulat ng memo ay
maituturing na isang sining.
- Ito ay maikli na may layuning
pakilusin ang isa/mga tao sa isang
tiyak na alituntunin na dapat
isakatuparan gaya ng:
• Pagdalo sa isang pulong
• Pagsunod sa bagong sistema
• Paglahad ng isang
impormasyon tungkol sa
mahalagang balita o
kaganapan at pagbabago sa
mga polisiya
Ayon kay Dr. Daruvin Bargo, ang mga
kilala at malalaking kompanya at mga
institusyon ay gumagamit ng mga colored
stationery para sa kanilang mga memo.
• Puti – ginagamit sa mga
pangkalahatang kautusan, direktiba,
o impormasyon
- Madalas gamitin
• Pink o rosas – ginagamit para sa
request o order na nanggagaling sa
purchasing department
• Dilaw o luntian – ginagamit para sa
mga memo na nanggagaling sa
marketing at accounting department
Uri ng Memorandum Ayon sa Layunin
1. Memorandum para sa kahilingan
2. Memorandum para sa kabatiran
3. Memorandum para sa pagtugon
Mga Dapat Taglayin ng Isang Maayos at
Malinaw na Memo
1. Letterhead/Heading
- Pangalan ng opisina
- Address
- Contact number
- Logo
2. Patutunguhan
- Karaniwang ginagamitan ng:
• Para sa
• Para kay
• Para kina
3. Pinagmulan
- Karaniwang ginagamitan ng:
• Mula sa
• Mula kay
 • Mula kina - Difficult to divide or cut (nucleus)
4. Petsa - Atoms (indivisible)
- Iwasan: 11/25/20 - Proton and neutron
5. Paksa
Electromagnetic Force
- Mahalagang maisulat nang payak,
malinaw, at tuwiran upang agad - Keeps the electron revolving around
maunawaan ang nais ipabatid nito the nucleus
6. Mensahe - Whole atom can be positive or
- Maikli ngunit nauunawaan negative
7. Lagda - Binds elements to form compounds
- Lagda nung nagpapadala - Easier to destroy than strong nuclear
force
Mga Dapat Isaalang-alang sa Pagsulat ng
- Binds atoms
Memorandum
Weak Nuclear Force
1. Pormal ang mga salitang gagamitin
at iwasan ang pagpapaikli. - Force responsible for a decaying
2. Malinaw at maikli. element
3. Wastong gramatika, bantas, Malaki - When something is decaying it loses
at maliit na titik. a proton
4. Propesyonal na tono.
Gravitational Force
5. Gumamit ng professional font:
• Calibre - Weakest force
• Arial - Macroscopic (evident because of
• TNR large objects)
• Verdana - Attractive force that acts in every
• Cambria object in the universe
• Garamond - All objects with mass
• Book Antiqua - The heavier the object, the more
• Trebuchet MS attractive it is
- Sun 1million times heavier than
• Arial Narrow
Jupiter
6. Margin
- Binds the solar system
- All sides: 1inch
- GRAVITY (it is the force that acts
7. Espasyo
in every single object on the surface
of the planet)
GENERAL TYPES OF FORCES

PHYSICS 1 1. Contact Forces

- Interactions between objects that
touch
Strong Nuclear Force
• Applied
- Strongest force • Spring
- It helps to form the nucleus itself • Drag
 • Frictional *When surface area decreases, friction
• Normal also decreases.
• Tension Lubrication
2. Non-contact Forces
- Attract or repel, even from a distance - One way of decreasing friction
• Magnetic Applying of Powder
• Electric
• Gravitational - One way of increasing or decreasing
friction
Force
Fluid Friction
- Interaction between objects/matter
Friction
GENERAL
- Anything that is opposing the

-
movement of an object
If the object is going to the right, the
BIOLOGY 1
friction is going to the left Energy Transformation: ATP – ADP
- Force that resists motion whenever Cycle
two materials or media are in contact
with each other • Autotrophs
• Media – air, water, gases • Heterotrophs
- Produces heat and sound Adenosine Triphosphate
Causes of Friction
1. Mechanical Interlocking of
Irregularities
2. Attractive Forces Between Atoms
(least cause)
Static Friction
- Prevents relative motion How is ATP produced?
- Strongest type of friction
Types of Kinetic Friction
Sliding Friction
- When objects are sliding, rubbing,
etc.
Rolling Friction
- Acts whenever an object has a
wheel, tire, etc.
 Light energy
P P P
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O Organic
Cellular respiration Molecules + O2
in mitochondria

Pi P P Energy
Inorganic Phosphate Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
ATP
ATP powers most cellular work

Heat Energy

The Principle of Redox

- Chemical reactions that transfer
electrons between reactants are
called oxidation-reduction reactions,
or redox reactions
• In oxidation, a substance
loses electrons, or is oxidized
• Reduction, a substance gains
electrons, or is reduced (the
amount of positive charge is
reduced)
Phosphorylation
- ATP drives endergonic reactions by
phosphorylation, transferring a
phosphate group to some other phosp
molecule, such as a reactant
- The recipient molecule is now The ATP-ADP Cycle
phosphorylated
How energy is released from ATP?
ATP CYCLE • Up to 36 ATP from one glucose
molecule
- A - P ~ P ~P
- High energy bonds Lipids
- The ATP cycle is like a rechargeable
battery. Breaking off a ~P uses • Store the most energy
energy. Adding a ~P adds energy. • 80% of energy in your body
• About 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Proteins
A - P ~ P ~P
• Least likely to be broken down to
(ATP)
make ATP
A -P ~ P • Amino acids not usually needed for
(ADP) energy
• About the same amount of energy as
A -P carbohydrates
(AMP)
Energy Content of Biomolecules
Transformation of Energy
- Energy is the ability to do work.
- Thermodynamics is the study of the
flow and transformation of energy in
the universe.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. First Law PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Energy can be converted from one
form to another, but it cannot be
created nor destroyed.
2. Second Law
- Energy cannot be converted without
the loss of usable energy
Using Biochemical Energy
1. Movement in cell
2. Protein synthesis
3. Active transport
Carbohydrates

• Most commonly broken down to Carbon Water Glucose

Oxygen
gas
Dioxide
make ATP PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Not stored in large amounts
Photosynthesis
- “putting together with light”
- Plants use sunlight to turn water and
carbon dioxide into glucose. Glucose is
a kind of sugar.
- Plants use glucose as food for energy
and as a building block for growing.
- Autotrophs make glucose and
heterotrophs are consumers of it.
The Sun: Main Source of Energy for Life on The Leaves of Plants are Major Sites of
Earth Photosynthesis

The Nature of Light Leaves

a. Stoma
• Light is radiant energy.
b. Mesophyll cells
• Travels very fast – 300,000 km/sec
• Can be described either as a wave or as
a particle traveling through space.
• Wavelength (λ) – the distance between
two light waves Chloroplast Stoma
• Frequency (v) – the number of light Mesophyll
waves that pass through a given distance
at the speed of light. Cell

Wavelength of Light (NM)

Plant Cells

Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light

Gamma Infrared & Radio

rays X-rays UV Microwaves waves

Visible Light

Wavelength (nm)
 • The location and structure of - Produces energy from solar power
chloroplasts (phontos) in the form of ATP and
Chloroplast

LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL NADPH

CELL
LEAF 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent
Mesophyll Reaction or Carbon Fixation or 𝑪𝟑
Fixation
- Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
light rxn to make sugar (glucose)
Outer
membrane

Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid A. Cyclic Electron Flow
compartment

B. Noncyclic Electron Flow

P
(Reduced)

Review of Photosynthesis: (Reduced)

• The reactants: 𝐶𝑂2 and 𝐻2 𝑂
• Driving the reaction: sunlight
• Products: glucose and 𝑂2
• Sunlight captured by pigments (Oxidized)
(chlorophylls and others)
• Pigments located in the chloroplasts
Breakdown of Photosynthesis
Two Main Parts (Reactions)
1. Light Reaction or Light Dependent
Reaction
 Summary – Light Dependent Reactions
a. Overall Input
- Light energy, 𝐻2 𝑂
- 𝐶𝑂2 , ATP, NADPH
b. Overall Output
- ATP, NADPH, 𝑂2
- Glucose

Calvin Cycle (𝑪𝟑 𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)

• The light reactions convert solar

energy to chemical energy
o Produce ATP & NADPH
• The Calvin Cycle makes sugar from
carbon dioxide
- ATP generated by the light reactions
provides the energy for sugar
synthesis
- The NADPH produced by the light
reactions provides the electrons for
the reduction of carbon dioxide to
glucose
 Related Literature
Light
Chloroplast - Composed of discussions of facts
NADPH+ and principles to which the present
ADP study is related
+P - Materials which are usually printed
Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle and found in books, encyclopedias,
professional journals, magazines,
newspapers, and other publications
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of
Related Literature
1. It helps or guides the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better
Photorespiration
research problem or topic
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright days. 2. It helps the investigator understand
• Stomates close. his topic or research better
• Fixation of 𝑂2 instead of 𝐶𝑂2 . 3. It ensures that there will be no
• Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3- duplication of other studies
C sugar molecules. 4. It provides the conceptual or
• Produces no sugar molecules or no theoretical framework of the planned
ATP. research
5. It gives the researcher a feeling of
• Because of photorespiration: Plants
confidence
have special adaptations to limit the
6. It provides information about the
effect of photorespiration.
research methods used
1. C4 plants
7. It provides findings and conclusions
2. CAM plants
of past investigations

PRACTICAL Characteristics of Related Literature

Materials

RESEARCH 2 1. The surveyed materials must be as

Chapter 2
Conditions:
No more than 10 years
Local and Foreign Lit 5 each
Local and Foreign Related Stud 8 each
Literature – books, dictionaries
Studies – journals, thesis, dissertations
recent as possible
2. Materials reviewed must be objective
and unbiased
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant
to the study
4. Surveyed materials must have been
based upon genuinely original and
true facts or data to make them valid
and reliable
How to conduct the Review of the Related
Literature?
 • Visit the school library or other
libraries in the vicinity. Browse over
books, magazines, journals, etc. Be
patient.
• Do a computer-aided search through
an electronic database.
- Google scholar
- Website of journals; Botanicus
• Ask for reprints from experts
• Take down notes on index card or
research notebook. Begin organizing
your notes by devising sections and
of the entire paper is allowed for
direct quotation.
• Give due credit to the real source of
your data.
• Paraphrase using your own words
and style the data gathered.
• Summarize important points from
your sources and relate them to your
topic.
• Reinforce your data with selected
figures or statistics from your course.

a.
headings such as:
General Information GENERAL
b. Methods in other studies
c.
d.
Support for objectives 1 and 2
Results to compare with mine
CHEMISTRY 1
e. Pros and cons of controversy Classification of Elements
• Write all bibliographic information,
1. Metals
i.e., author(s), complete title,
2. Non-metals
publisher, date and place of
3. Metalloids
publication and so on
• PARAPHRASE Naming and Writing Formula
Guide Questions: 1. Ionic
- Metal and non-metal
1. Do the accumulated literature
- -ide
indicate gaps and inconsistencies
2. Covalent
which you hope to fill?
- 2 non-metals
Writing Studies and Literature: - Pre-fixes & -ide
• Mono
• Use headings arranged in logical
• Di
order to indicate main points.
• Tri
• Avoid too long introduction to your
• Tetra
main topic.
• Penta
• Include information that are directly
• Hexa
related and relevant to your topic.
• Hepta
• A maximum of half-page (double-
space) must constitute one • Octo
paragraph. • Nano
• Do not copy in toto the information • Deca
from your source. No more than 10% 3. Polyatomic
Ionic Compound using Transition Metals
and Non-Metals
Examples:
• iron (II) bromide – FeBr2
• chromium (III) sulfide – Cr2S3
• lead (IV) nitride – Pb3N4
• SnO – tin (II) oxide
• AuF – gold (I) fluoride
• Co2Se3 – cobalt (III) selenide
• CrS – chromium (II) sulfide
• VI5 – vanadium (V) iodide
• Hg3P – mercury (I) phosphide
• Tin (IV) oxide – SnO2
• 𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
• 𝐶4 𝐻5 + 𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
- Carbon and hydrogen react to
oxygen = carbon dioxide and water
Decomposition
• AB = A + B
- Breaking down into pieces
Synthesis
• A + B = AB
Single Replacement
• A + BC = AC + B

Polyatomic Ions with Transition Metals Double Replacement

Examples: • AB + CD = AD + BC

• Fe2(CO3)3 – iron (III) carbonate Diatomic Elements

• Pb3(BO3)2 – lead (II) borate ➢ Hydrogen
• Ni(NO3)3 – nickel (III) nitrate ➢ Nitrogen
• PtP2O7 – platinum (IV) ➢ Fluorine
pyrophosphate ➢ Oxygen
➢ Iodine
➢ Chlorine
Ous - lowest charge ➢ Bromine
Ic – highest charge
• Au2O3 – auric oxide Parts of a Chemical Equation
• PbSiO4 – plumbic orthosilicate 1. Reactants
• Cobaltous phosphide – Co3P2 2. Product
• Silver oxide – Ag2O
• Ruthenium (VI) selenide – RuSe3
Chemical Reactions/Chemical Equation
EAPP
FACTS VERSUS OPINIONS
Types of Chemical Reactions
Facts
1. Combustion
2. Decomposition - Are verifiable statements. Which
3. Synthesis means something can be done to
4. Single Replacement determine whether the information
5. Double Replacement they present is true or false
Combustion We Tests Facts Through:
 1. Direct Experience
- For example, when we observe or
conduct our own experiment
2. Indirect Experience
- When we consult research sources
Opinions
- An expression of a person’s feelings,
attitudes, or beliefs that are neither
true nor false”
- May also be diffucult
- Opinions leave much room for
disagreement.
*Opinions, unlike facts, can never be
conclusively proven true or false.
How do we ensure that our opinions
become acceptable and convincing to our
readers?
- Carefully use facts to support your
opinions.
• we must be able to choose the facts
that are relevant to the opinion we
are making.
TMS
We Live a Life of Simplicity
• There is beauty in simplicity.
Work Ethics
- A belief in the moral benefit and
importance of work and its inherent
ability to strengthen character
How do we live a life of genuine simplicity
in our work ethics as the people of God,
the Church?
A life of genuine simplicity:
- The Beatitudes (sermon on the
mount)
• The very first of our Lord’s sermons
• Recorded in Matthew 5:3-10
• Christian blueprint of living – a
standard, a measuring stick
• John Fuellenbach, SVD – the
Sermon on Mount is the Magna
Carta of the Kingdom
• Kingdom/Kingdom of God –
central message of Jesus’ preaching
and ministry
• Reference point – deeds & words
• How should we pray and what is
the norm for our action? The
Sermon on the Mount gave us:
o Prayer – Our Father (Mt. 6:9-
13)
o Conduct – The Beatitudes
(Mt. 5:3-10)
Matthew’s Presentation of Jesus as the
New Moses
• Old Covenant
o Moses who proclaimed from
the mountain the Ten
Commandments (which
formed the basis of the Old
Testament)
• New Covenant
o Jesus went up to a hill where
He proclaimed His
commandments (which will
serve as the foundation of the
New Testament)
Understanding of the Sermon on the
Mount
- In the sermon on the Mount, Jesus
tells his disciples what he requires of
them. (He explains to them the will
of God as it should determine their
way of life - simplicity)
The Beatitudes
 1. The beatitude on poverty in spirit - The Story of the Official’s Daughter
- Is the guiding principle of Christian and the Woman with a Hemorrhage
simplicity (Matthew 9:18-26)
“Blessed are the poor in spirit for
theirs is the Kingdom of heaven” –
Matthew 5:3
o Who are they?
a. Those who live in simplicity
b. Those who are detached from
material possessions
c. Those who depend on God (not
on their power of influence,
money, or fame)
d. Those who recognize God as
One True God, the Creator,
Savior, and Sanctifier
e. Those who remain open and full
oof trust in God;s providence
(Matt. 6:25 – “Therefore I tell
you, do not worry about your
life, what you will eat (or drink),
or about your body, what you
will wear. Is not life more than
food and the body more than
clothing?”)
f. Those who selflessly help others
(it means going out of oneself to
another)
How is it shown in the Bible?
1. Being poor in spirit as detachment
from material possessions
- The Story of the Poor Widow (Mark
12:41-44)
2. Being poor in spirit as recognition
of God as One True God, the
Creator, Savior, and Sanctifier
- The Story of Martha and Mary (Luke
10:38-42)
3. Being poor in spirit as dependence
on Jesus, and not on one’s power,
money, or influence