Dr.

Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez

University of Technology Lecture (4))

Voltage divider Rule :-

RT = R1 + R2
E
I
RT

 E  E.R1
V1  I .R1   .R1 
 RT  RT

E E.R2
V2  I .R2   .R2 
 R2  RT

ERn Voltage divider rule

Vn 
RT

Vn = Voltage across Rn
E = The ( emf ) voltage across the series elements .
RT = The total resistance of the series circuits .

Example :- Using voltage divider rule , determine the voltage V1 , V2 , V3 and

V4 for the series circuit in figure below , given that ; R1 = 2KΩ , R2 = 5KΩ ,
R3 = 8KΩ , E = 45 V ?
Solution :-

R1 E 2 *10 3 * 45
V1    6V
RT 15 *10 3

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

R2 E 5 *103 * 45
V2    15V
RT 15 *103

R3 E 8 *103 * 45
V3    24V
RT 15 *103

V4
R  R2 E
 1 
7 * 103 * 45
 21V or V4 = V1 + V2 = 21V
RT 15 * 103

To check: E – V1 – V2 – V3 = 0
E = V1 + V2 + V3  45 = 6 + 15 + 24
45 = 45

Active Potential :-
‫رﻣوز اﻻرﺿﻲ‬

Va = 14 V a

Vab is the voltage difference between the Vab = 6 V

point a and point b

b
Vab = Va – Vb = 14 – 8 = 6V Vb = 8 V
Vba = Vb – Va = 8 – 14 = - 6V
Vab = - Vba

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

Va = -7 V

Va = 10 V

Va = 0 V

E = 20 V

R1 R1
20 V

R2 R2

E = -12 V

R1 R1
-12 V

R2 R2

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

Example :- Find Va , Vb , Vc , Vab , Vac and Vbc for the following diagram .

Solution :-

-٣٢-
 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= 2 + 5 + 3 = 10 Ω
E 10
I   1A
RT 10

E – V2 – Va = 0
Va = E – V2 = 10 – (2 * 1) = 8 V
Vb = V5 = (1 * 5) = 5 V = Vbc ; Vc = 0 V
or E – V2 – V3 – Vb = 0  Vb = E – V2 – V3 = 10 – 2 – 3 = 5 V

Vab = Va – Vb = 8 – 5 = 3 V
Vac = Va – Vc = 8 – 0 = 8 V
Vbc = Vb – Vc = 5 – 0 = 5 V

Equivalence of actual sources :-

Voltage Current
Source Source
Open Voc = E Voc  I o
1
Go
Circuit I=0
Short I sc 
E
Ro
circuit Isc = Io
V=0

Kirchoff's Current Law ( K.C.L. ) :-

The algebraic sum of ingoing currents is equal to the out going currents
at any point .
I in   I out

Or , At any point , the algebraic sum of entering and leaving current is zero .

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

I  0
I3
I2
I1
I4
I5

I1 + I2 + I4 = I3 + I5
Or I1 + I2 + I4 - I3 - I5 = 0

At a
I1 = I2 + I3 13 + 5 – I = 0
Or I1 - I2 - I3 = 0 18 – I = 0
At b  I = 18 A

-I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

Example :- Find the current in each section in the cct. Shown ?

Solution :-
At node a
3 – 1 – Iab = 0
2 – Iab = 0  Iab = 2 A
At node b
Iab + 3 – Ibc = 0
2 + 3 – Ibc = 0  Ibc = 5 A
At node c
Ibc + 4 – Icd = 0
5 + 4 – Icd = 0  Icb = 9 A
At node d
Icd – 8 – Ide = 0
9 – 8 – Ide = 0  Ide = 1 A
At node e
2 – 3 + Ide = 0
2–3+1=0
0 = 0 check .

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

Example :- Find the magnitude and direction of the currents I3 , I4 , I6 , I7 in the

following cct. Diagram?

I5
A

=
12

8A
=
I2

Solution :-
I enter   I leave

 I1 = I7 = 10 A

At node a ; suppose I3 is entering

I1 + I3 – I2 = 0
10 + I3 – 12 = 0  I3 = 2 A
At node b;
I2 enter , I5 leave ,  I4 must be leaving
I2 = I5 + I4
12 = 8 + I4  I4 = 12 – 8 = 4 A
At node c;
I4 enter , I3 leave ,  I6 leave
I4 = I3 + I6
4 = 2 + I6  I6 = 2 A
At node d;
I5 and I6 enter , I7 leave

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

I7 = I5 + I6
10 = 8 + 2
10 = 10 Ok.

Resisters in Parallel :-

From K.V.L. V = V1 = V2
From K.C.L. I = I1 + I2
V1 V2
From Ω.L. I 
R1 R2
= V1G1 + V2G2
= V1 ( G1 + G2 )
or I = V ( G1 + G2 )
I = VGT
Where GT = G1 + G2
1 1 1 R  R2
Hence    1
RT R1 R2 R 1 .R 2

R1.R2
or RT 
R1  R2

In the same minner , if we have three resistors

in parallel , then:

1 1 1 1
  
RT R1 R2 R3

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

1 R .R  R1 .R 3  R1 .R 2
 2 3
RT R1 .R 2 .R 3

R1 .R 2 .R 3
RT 
R 2 .R 3  R1 .R 3  R1 .R 2

And , if we have N of parallel resistance , then

1 1 1 1 1
   
RT R1 R 2 R 3 RN

Also
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
V12
P1  V1 I 1  I 12 R1 
R1

E T2
Source power Ps  EI T  I T2 R T 
RT

Example :- For the following cct. Find RT , PT , IT , Ib?

Solution :-

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛون ﻗﯾم اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت ﻣﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺔ‬

R 8
RT    2
N 4

E 16
IT    8A
RT 2

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

E 16
I branch    2A
R1 8

PT  IT2 RT  8 .2   128W

2

or PT = E.IT = 16 * 8 = 128W
or PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
 2  * 8  2  * 8  2  * 8  2  * 8
2 2 2 2

 32  32  32  32  128W

Example :- For the parallel network in fig. below , find :-

a) R3 , b) E , c) IT , I2 , d) P2 ; given that RT = 4 Ω ?

Solution :-
a)
1 1 1 1
  
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
  
4 10 20 R3
1
0.25  0.1  0.05 
R3
1
0.25  0.1  0.05 
R3
1 1
0 .1   R3   10
R3 0 .1

b) E = V1 = I1R1 = 4 * 10 = 40 V

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

c) IT 
E 40
  10 A
RT 4
V2 E 40
I2     2A
R2 R2 20

P2  I 22 R2  2 .20   80W

2
d)

V22
or P2  , or P2 = I2V2
R2

Current division Rule :-

I
R .R
V I 1 2
R1  R2 I1 I2
R1 .R2 V R1 R2
I
V R1  R2
I1  
R1 R1

R2
 I1  I
R1  R2

In the same miner

R1
I2  I
R1  R2

R2
I
I R R R
Also 1  1 2  2
I 2 I R1 R1
R1  R2

I1 R2 G1
  
I 2 R1 G2

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

Example :- For the following circut. , find V , I1 and I2?

5A

I1 I2

V 100Ω 0.1Ω

Solution :-
R1.R2 100 * 0.1 10
RT     0.0999
R1  R2 100  0.1 100.1

V = I . RT = 5 * 0.0999 = 0.4995 V

V
I1   0.004995 A
100
V
I2   4.995 A
0 .1

To check I = I 1 + I2
5 = 0.004995 + 4.995
5 = 5 Ok.
Example :- Determine the resistance R1 in the figure below?

Solution :-
I = I 1 + I2

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 Dr. Sameir Abd Alkhalik Aziez
University of Technology Lecture (4))

or I2 = I – I1 = 27 – 21 = 6 mA
V2 = I2R2 = 6 * 10-3 * 7 = 42 mV
V1 = V2 = 42 mV
V1 42 * 10 3
R1    2
I 1 21 * 10 3

or
R2 27 * 103 * 7
I1  I  21 * 10 3 
R1  R2 R1  7

R1  2

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