AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS-1 LAB (DC)

Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering

SPRING 21-2022

Section: E

LAB REPORT ON

Study of Series Circuit & Verification of Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

Supervised By
Mehedi Hasan

Group Details:

Name ID
Tabassuma Ferdous 20-41913-1
Niloy Quadiri 20-42015-1
Rafi Mushfic Fahim 20-42604-1
Yeasir Arafat Anik 20-42094-1
Anika Islam 20-41869-1

Submission Date: 08-02-2022

 Theory and Methodology:

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) in a DC circuit states that, "the algebraic sum of the voltage drops
around any closed path is equal to the algebraic sum of the voltage rises”. In other words, "the
algebraic sum of the voltage rises and voltage drops around any closed path is equal to zero”. A
plus (+) sign is assigned to represent a potential rise (- to +) and minus sign (-) is assigned to
represent a potential drop (+ to -). In symbolic form, Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) can be
expressed as
CV=0, Where C is used for closed loop and V is used for the potential rises and drops.

Figure-1
Analysis of KVL circuit

For doing a complete analysis of KVL, with the given values of circuit parameters follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Calculate the value of supply current I:

I = E / (R1+R2+R3) where E is the supply voltage

Step 2: Calculate V1, V2, and V3:

V1= I×R1

V2= I×R2

V3= I×R3

Step 3. Use KVL to verify: CV=0

Or E = V1+V2+V3
Or E -V1-V2-V3 =0
 Analysis of Series Circuit:

A circuit consists of any number of elements joined at terminal points, providing at least one closed
path through which charge can flow.

Two elements are in series if-

a) They have only one terminal in common (i.e., one lead of one is connected to only one lead
of the other. b) The common point between the two elements is not connected to another
current-carrying element.

The current is the same through series elements. The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum
of the resistance levels. In general, to find the total resistance of N resistors in series, the following
equation is applied:
RT = R1+R2+R3+...........+RN (Ohms)
I=E/RT (Amperes)

The voltage across each resistor (Figure 1) using Ohm’s law; that is,
V1= IR1, V2= IR2, V3= IR3,........., VN= IRN (Volts)
Using KVL, E = V1 + V2

The voltage divider rule states that the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the
value of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the
total resistance of the series elements. The following VDR equation is applied:

Vx=RxE/RT Similarly, V1=R1E/RT , V2=R2E/RT

Where, Vx is the voltage across Rx, E is the impressed voltage across the series elements, and RT
is the total resistance of the series circuit.
Apparatus:
1. Resistors
2. Connecting wires
3. Trainer Board or Breadboard
4. AVO meter or Multimeter
5. DC source

Precautions:

1.The connection of circuit was done carefully.

2. And before connecting supply with the circuit, the whole connection diagram was checked.
Simulations and Measurements:

For KVL:

Circuit of verification of KVL

For the simulation ‘Multisim’ was used here. We took different values for the different outcomes such
as 2ohm, 5ohm, 7ohm. Three voltage sources were used for the simulations & there are 20V, 15V and
another one is 12V. In three cases, KVL was calculated and proved.

Table-1

No. R1 R2 R3 V V1 V2 V3 V=V1+V2+V3 % Error =

of %|
obs. |
C M C M C M C M C M

KΩ KΩ KΩ

V V V V V V V V V V

1 2 5 7 20 2.858 2.857 7.145 7.143 10.00 10 20.006 20 0.03%

3
2 2 5 7 15 2.142 2.143 5.355 5.357 7.497 7.5 14.994 15 0.04%
3 2 5 7 12 1.714 1.714 4.285 4.286 5.999 6 11.998 12 0.02%

Result & Calculations:

For KVL:
Observation-1:
R1 =2 KΩ
R2= 5 KΩ
R3= 7 KΩ
V = 20 V
R =R1+R2+R3 = (2+5+7) = 14 KΩ
I = V/R = 20/14 = 1.429 mA

Now,

V1= I * R1 = 1.429 * 2 = 2.858V

V2 =I * R2 = 1.429 * 5 = 7.145 V
V3 =I * R3 = 1.429 * 7 = 10.003 V
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 2.858+ 7.145+10.003 = 20.006 V
Observation-2:
R1 =2 KΩ
R2= 5 KΩ
R3= 7 KΩ
V = 15 V
R =R1+R2+R3 = (2+5+7) = 14 KΩ
I = V/R = 15/14 = 1.071 mA

Now,

V1= I * R1 = 1.071 * 2 = 2.142V

V2 =I * R2 = 1.071 * 5 = 5.355 V
V3 =I * R3 = 1.071 * 7 = 7.497V
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 2.142+5.355+7.497= 14.994 V

Observation-3:
R1 =2 KΩ
R2= 5 KΩ
R3= 7 KΩ
V = 15 V
R =R1+R2+R3 = (2+5+7) = 14 KΩ
I = V/R = 12/14 = 0.857 mA

Now,

V1= I * R1 = 0.857 * 2 = 1.714V

V2 =I * R2 = 0.857 * 5 = 4.285 V
V3 =I * R3 = 0.857 * 7 = 5.999V
V = V1 + V2 + V3 =1.714+4.285+5.999 = 11.998 V

So,The theoretical values for the observations are 20.006 V, 14.994 V, 11.998 V respectively.
And the meter values for the observations are 20V, 15V, 12V respectively.
Discussion:
1. Multisim was used properly to simulation as well as to create the circuit properly.

2.The data/findings were analyzed to see how successful the experiment was
in meeting the requirements.

3. The calculation was taken both for theoretically and practically and was also measured
the error of percentage.

3. The study's methods could have been refined, researched, and reported in more detail.

Conclusion:
After all the work, KVL was seen and verified in this experiment.