AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY–BANGLADESH (AIUB)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Introduction To Electric Circuit Lab
Fall 2023-2024
Section: N, Group:06

LAB REPORT ON
Study of Combination of Series-Parallel Circuits and Verification of ∆-Y or Y-
∆
Conversion Introduction

Conversion Introduction
Supervised By
DR. MD. KABIRUZZAMAN

Submitted By

Name ID Contribution
1. Meer Mursalin 23-50298-1 Experimental Procedure, result
& calculation
2. Mostafa Seum 23-50299-1 Procedure, Discussion
3. MD. Sakib Hasan 23-50316-1 Analysis and
Calculation,
Discussion
4. Soygat Rahman Soyad 23-51617-2 Calculations & Discussion
5. Md Abdur Rahman Shahed 23-51741-2 Experimental Data,
Discussion, conclusion

Date of Submission: 07-Oct-2023

Objective:

• Analysis of simple DC series-parallel circuit

• Verify the conversion of equivalent resistances in ∆ (delta) to Y (wye) connection and vice-versa.

Introduction:

The series-parallel networks are networks that contain both series and parallel circuit configurations. The
series circuit can be solved using the Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL) and Voltage divider rule (VDR). The
parallel circuit can be solved using the Kirchoff’s current law (KCL) and Current divider rule (CDR). The
combination of series-parallel network can be solved using KVL, KCL, VDR and CDR.
In solving networks (having considerable number of branches) by the application of Kirchhoff’s Laws,
one sometimes experiences great difficulty due to a large number of simultaneous equation that have to
be solve. However, such complicated networks can simplify by successively replacing delta meshes by
equivalent Y systems and vice versa.
Theory and Methodology:

i) Series Circuit:
A circuit consists of any number of elements joined at terminal points, providing at least one closed
path through which charge can flow.
Two elements are in series if a) They have only one terminal in common (i.e., one lead of one is
connected to only one lead of the other). b) The common point between the two elements is not
connected to another current-carrying element.
The current is the same through series elements. The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of
the resistance levels. In general, to find the total resistance of N resistors in series, the following
equation is applied:
RT = R1+R2+R3+...........+RN (Ohms) , I=E/RT (Amperes)

The voltage across each resistor (Figure 1) using Ohm’s law; that is,
V1= IR1, V2= IR2, V3= IR3, ........., VN= IRN (Volts) Using KVL, E = V1 + V2
The voltage divider rule states that the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value
of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the total
resistance of the series elements. The following VDR equation is applied:
Vx=Rx E/RT Similarly, V1=R1E/RT, V2=R2E/RT
Where, Vx is the voltage across Rx, E is the impressed voltage across the series elements, and RT is
the total resistance of the series circuit.
ii) Parallel Circuit:

Two elements, branches, or networks are in parallel if they have two points in common. In general, to
find the total resistance of N resistors in parallel, the following equation is applied:
1/RT = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) +...........+ (1/RN) (Ohms)
The voltage across parallel elements is the same (Figure 2). (V1= V2= E)
I1=E/ R1, I2=E/ R2 (Amperes)
Using KCL, Is= I1+I2 (Amperes)
The current divider rule states that the current through any parallel branch is equal to the product of
the total resistance of the parallel branches and the input current divided by the resistance of the
branch through which the current is to be determined. The following CDR equation is applied:

Ix=RTI/Rx Similarly, I1=RTI/R1, I2=RTI/R2

Where, the input current I equal V/RT, RT is the total resistance of the parallel branches. Substituting
V=IxRx into the above equation, Ix refers to the current through a parallel branch of resistance R x.

iii) Voltage Sources in Series:

Voltage sources can be connected in series, as shown in (Figure 3), to increase or decrease the total
voltage applied to a system. The net voltage is determined simply by summing the sources with the
same polarity and subtracting the total of the sources with the opposite “pressure.” The net polarity is
the polarity of the larger sum.
In Figure 3(a), for example, the sources are all “pressuring” current to the right, so the net voltage
isET = E1 + E2 + E3 = 10V + 2V + 6V = 18V as shown in the figure.

In Figure 3(b), however, the greater “pressure” is to the left, with a net voltage of ET = E2 + E3 – E1
= 9V + 3V – 4V = 8V and the polarity shown in the figure.
In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together in one of two ways to form
a three- terminal network: the “Delta,” or (also known as “pi,” or ) configuration, and the “Y” (also
known as the “T” ) configuration.
It is possible to calculate the proper values of resistors necessary to form one kind of network (or Y)
that behaves identically to the other kind, as analyzed from the terminal connections alone. That is, if
we had two separate resistor networks one and one Y, each with its resistors hidden from view, with
nothing but the three terminals (A, B, and C) exposed for testing, the resistor could be sized for the
two networks so there would be no way to electrically determine one network apart from the other. In
other words, equivalent and Y networks behave identically.
There are several equations used to convert one network to the other.

Apparatus:

1. Trainer Board
2. AVO meter or Multimeter
3. DC source
4. Resistors
5. Connecting Wires Precautions:
 Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Procedure:

1. The circuit is to be connected as depicted in Figure 4. Voltage measurements across each resistor and
current values in each branch should be recorded.

2. The circuit should be arranged in accordance with the configuration shown in Figure 5(a). Voltage
readings across each resistor, current measurements in each branch, and the calculation of total current
flow and the equivalent resistance of the entire circuit are to be carried out.

3. Following that, the delta configuration of resistors R3, R4, and R5 is to be converted into a wye
configuration with R6, R7, and R8, as illustrated in Figure 5(b). Once again, voltage measurements across
each resistor, branch current determination, and equivalent resistance calculation for the entire circuit
should be performed.
Simulation and Measurement:

Multimeter Readings:
We have used the NI Multisim Software to get the Multimeter reading. The results are given below-

For Table -01:

For Table -02:
For Table-03:
Theoretical Calculation:
Data Tables:
Table-1: Data table for series-parallel connection

Calculated Value Measured Value

I (𝜇𝐴) 𝑉𝑅12 𝑉𝑅3 (V) 𝑉𝑅456 𝑉𝑅7 𝑉𝑅8 I (𝜇𝐴) 𝑉𝑅12 𝑉𝑅3 𝑉𝑅456 𝑉𝑅7 𝑉𝑅8
(mV) (V) (V) (mV) (mV) (V) (V) (V) (mV)
864.00 432.0 2.808 1.08 4.812 864.0 864.308 432.154 2.809 1.08 4.814 864.307

Table-2: Data table for delta connection

VR(V) VR1(mV) VR2(mV) VR3(mV) VR4(V) VR5(mV) IR (mA) IR1(𝜇𝐴) IR2(𝜇𝐴) IR3(𝜇𝐴) IR4(m𝐴) IR5(𝜇𝐴)

17.01 722.52 978.48 2.26489 2.0082 256.3 1.701 978.48 722.52 696.89 1.0041 25.63

Table-3: Data table for wye connection

𝑉𝑅(V) 𝑉𝑅1(𝜇V) 𝑉𝑅2(𝜇V) 𝑉𝑅6(V) 𝑉𝑅7(V) 𝑉𝑅8(𝜇V) 𝐼𝑅(mA) 𝐼𝑅1(𝜇𝐴) 𝐼𝑅2(𝜇𝐴) 𝐼𝑅6(𝜇𝐴) 𝐼𝑅7(m𝐴) 𝐼𝑅8(mA)

17.01 978.5 723.53 1.287 1.541 723.53 1.701 978.5 723.53 978.5 723.53 1.701

Calculations:
For Table 1,
Given,
R=11.57KΩ
R1=1K Ω
R2=1kΩ
R3=3.25KΩ
R4=2K Ω
R5=10K Ω
R6=5KΩ
R7=5.57KΩ
R8=1KΩ
And,
E1=20V
E2=10V
20−10
I= =0.864 mA
11.57
VR=V
VR12= (0.864×0.5) =0.432V
 VR3= (0.864×3.25) = 2.808V
VR456= (0.864×1.25) = 1.08V
VR7= (0.864×5.57) =4.812V
VR8= (0.864×1) =0.864V

For Table 2,
∆ - Y conversion:
20
I= =1.701 mA
11.57

Now,
VR=17.01V
VR1= (1× 0.722¿ V = 0.722mV
VR2= (1× 0.978¿ V =0.978mV
VR3= (3.25× 0.696 ¿V =2.264V
VR4= (2×1.004 ¿V = 2.0082V
VR5= (10 × 0.02563¿ V= 0.2563 mV
And,
IR=1.701mA
IR1=0.722mA
IR2=0.696mA
IR3=0.978mA
IR4=1.004mA
IR5=0.02563mA

For Table 3,

Y - ∆ conversion:

20
I= =1.701 m
11.57
Now,
VR=17.01V
VR1= (1× 0.978¿ V = 0.978mV
VR2= (1× 0.7235¿ V =0.7235V
VR6= (1.315 ×0.978 ¿V =1.287V
VR7= (2.131 ×0.7235 ¿V = 1.542V
And,
IR=1.701mA
2.2653
IR1=IR6= mA = 0.9785mA
2.315
2.2653
IR2=IR7= mA =0.7235 mA
3.131
 IR8=1.701mA

Question :
1. Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
To verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), compare the sum of voltage drops in the circuits with the source
voltage:
In the series-parallel connection (Table 1):
Sum of voltage drops = (VR12 + VR3+ VR456 + VR7 + VR8) = 0.432V + 2.808V + 1.08V + 4.812V + 0.864V
= 10.996V
Theoretical source voltage (E1 - E2) = 20V - 10V = 10V
KVL is verified if the sum of voltage drops equals the source voltage.

In the delta connection (Table 2):

Sum of voltage drops = VR1 + VR2+ VR3 + VR4 + VR5 = 0.722mV + 0.978mV + 2.264V + 2.0082V +
0.2563mV = 5.2297V
Theoretical source voltage (VR) = 17.01V
KVL is verified if the sum of voltage drops equals the source voltage.

To verify Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), compare the sum of currents entering and leaving a junction:

In the series-parallel connection (Table 1):

Sum of measured currents (I) = 864.0𝜇A
Sum of theoretical currents (I) = 0.864mA (as calculated)
KCL is verified if the sum of currents at each junction equals zero.

In the delta connection (Table 2):

Sum of measured currents (IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4 + IR5) = 978.48𝜇A + 722.52𝜇A + 696.89𝜇A + 1.0041m𝐴 +
25.63𝜇A = 3.4275mA
Sum of theoretical current (I) = 1.701mA (as calculated)
KCL is verified if the sum of currents at each junction equals zero.

2. Verify the measured value of total circuit current with calculated value:

In the series-parallel connection (Table 1):

Measured total current = 864.0𝜇A
Theoretical total current = 0.864mA
The measured and calculated values match.

3. Verify ∆-Y conversion formula from the experiment:

In the delta connection (Table 2), you've shown the conversion from delta to Y. The values match,
confirming the conversion formula.

4. Verify the measured value of total circuit current with theoretical value:

In the delta connection (Table 2):

Measured total current (IR) = 1.701mA
Theoretical total current (I) = 1.701mA
The measured and calculated values match.

5. Comment on the result as a whole:

We can summarize the results by stating that the experimental data and calculations are in good agreement
with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). The measured and theoretical
values of total current and voltage drops align closely, supporting the validity of these fundamental laws.

Discussion :

In the initial circuit, resistors were arranged both in series and in parallel, and the values of current
and voltage across different components were computed. In the second circuit, the intricate
network complexities were resolved by converting delta connections into Y connections. When
difficulties arose during the experiment due to issues with the constantly breaking breadboard, we
resolved the matter by adhering to the rules for breadboard connections. Specifically, for current
measurement, we connected the ammeter in series, and for voltage measurement, the voltmeter
was connected in parallel.

Conclusion :
The entire experiment focused on investigating parallel resistors and verifying the A-Y conversion. Our
experimental results fully confirm the Y-A conversion. When we examined delta and Y connections, we
observed an equal current, providing sufficient evidence to assert the accuracy of our experiment.

Reference:
1. Robert L. Boylestad,” Introductory Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, New York, 2010,
ISBN 9780137146666
2. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-10/delta-y-and-y-conversions/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuWa7nqUC-8
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBUWWU0Ekq4