10.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND
PERSONALITY
___ ~~~ ~~
be two mutations at the fragile00 site: one
S
Y m produces static MR; the o t h x produces longi-
Human behavior genetics. Bouchard, !l! tudinal declines in IQ.
Department of Psycholoyg, University cf
Minneapolis, USA.
sY062.1
Genetics of EEG:Areview, a new design,
and some r d t a . o a n Baal, C.C.M., Van
Beijsterveldt, CEM.,Molenaar, P.C.N., &
Boomama, D.I. h e University and Uniurr-
sity ofAmstemlom, TheNetherlands. Areview
of genetics of EEG will be presented. Twin
studies show a high coneems for heritability
of typical resting EEG parameters, such as
alpha-frequency, alpha-index (percentage
alpha in spectrum) and alpha-amplitude.
These parameters show higher concordance in
monozygotic twins than in dizygotictwins. We
recently started two longitudinal studies of
genetics ofEEG and intelligence, one with 200
adolescent. and one with 200 5-year-old twins.
Some preliminary results of about 50 6-year-
o l d will be presented
sY062.2
Longitudinal changes in IQ among
fiagileo males: clinical evidence f o r
m o r e than one m u t a t i o n F'isch, G.S. (l),
Shapim, L.R. (21, Simensen, R J . (31, Fryns,
J.-P.(41, Borghgraef, M. (41, Curfs, LM. (41,
Howard-Peebles, P.N. (51, Arinami, T. (61,
Mavmu, A. (7). (I) Kings County Hospital,
New York, USA. (2) WeschesterCounty Hospi-
tal, New York, USA. (3) Self Memorial Hospi-
tal, SC, USA. (4) Centre for Human Genetics,
Leuuen, Belgium. (5)Institute of Basic Medi-
cal Science, Ibariki, Japan. (6)Genetics & NF
Institute, VA, USA. (7) &hi0 Sophia Child-
ren's Hospital, Athens, Greece. Longitudinal
changes in IQ among MR fragile(X) males
have been reported. We examined 98
f r a g i l a ) males to determine if IQ difference
scores came from a single population or an
admixture of two populations. Using cluster
and discriminant analyses, we obtained an
admixture model for two groups. Goodness*f-
fit tests indicated the admixture model sup-
nor to a single population. Gmup 1 from the
admixture model showed no test-retest dif-
ferences in IQ, whereas p u p 2 showed signi-
ficant declines. We concluded that there may
sY063
Culture and the self. Markus, H.
University of Michigan, USA.
The papers in this symposium examine the
interdependence between culture and the self.
Until recently, a majority of theoretical work
on the selfhas been done from a North Amen-
can framework which highlights the private,
individual, autonomous nature of the self. In
contrast, these papers share the assumption
that people of M e r e n t cultural p u p a can
have strikingly different views of the elf,of
others, and of the interdependence of the two.
Since the self is thought to be central in the
mediation and regulation of behavior, such
dXerences in content, structum, and h n c -
tioning of the selfcan be highly consequential.
These papers explore a variety of ways in
which the selfia culturally constituted, public,
or collective, and consider the implications of
a more social view of the self for self-theory
and for those processes regulated by the self.
SY063.1
Culture and self revisited. M i a , H.C.
University of Illinois, USA. In a 1989 Psycho-
logy Review paper, I argued that cultures that
are individualistic, where the self is autono-
mous, tend to sample more heavily aspects of
the private self, while cultures that are collec-
tivist, where the self ia embedded in mllec-
tives, tend to sample more heavily aspects of
the collective and public self. Empirical evi-
dence generated by several investigators dur-
ing the recent three years will be reviewed to
suggest modifications of some aspects and
support for other aspects of this conceptualiz-
ation.
SY063.2
Culture and the self: implications f o r
cognition, emotion and motivation. Ki-
tayamq S . University of Oregon, USA. Con-
struals of the self can influence, and in many
cases, determine the very nature of individual
experience, including cognition, emotion and
32 7
328 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONAWTY
motivation. Many Asian cultures have dis-
tinct conceptions of individuality that insist
on the fundamental relatedness of individuals
to each other. The emphasis is on attending to
others, fitting in, and harmonious interde-
pendence with them. American culture
neither assumes nor values such an overt
connectedness among individuals. In con-
trast, individuals seek to maintain their inde-
pendence fmm others by attending to the self
and by discovering and expressing their
unique inner attributes. Focusing on differen-
ces in self-construal enables apparentlyincon-
sistent empirical findings to be reconciled,
and raises questions about what have been
thought to be culture-he aspects ofcognition,
emotion, and motivation.
SY063.3
The familial self,the individualized self,
and the spiritualsell:anAsian-American
comparison Roland, A. National Psycho-
logical Association for Psychoanalysis, USA.
The familial self of Indians and Japanese is
related to three psychosocial dimensions of
hierarchical relationships: the formal hier-
archy with its social etiquette, hierarchical
intimacy relationships, and hieralchy by the
qualities of the person. Suborganizations of
the familial self involve the experiential self,
dependency relationships, and ego boun-
daries; its superego and ego-ideal; issues of
self-esteem; and its particular development.
The familial self of Indians and Japanese is
compared to each other and to the American
individualized self- related to individualism
and egalitarian-contractual relationships.
The spiritual self is related differently to the
familial and individualized selves.
SY063.4
Dialogism and the self. Sampson, RE.
California State University, Northridge, USA.
Dialogism is intmduced as an emerging new
tradition for psychological theory and re-
search. Differing fmm the inwardly-focused,
self-contained, individualistic perspectives -
whether cognitive or neuropsychological -
that currently dominate much psychological
work, especially in the North American con-
text, dialogism offers a view that encompasses
rather than excludes or adds on as an after-
thought, the social, cultural and historical
factors that are intrinsic to meaningful
human action. Mead and Bakhtin are used to
develop this perspective. Dialogism's applica-
tions issues in self-theory are explored.
SY063.6
Japanese culture and self: multiple, uni-
tary, and entropic. Lebra, T.S. University
of Hawaii, USA. The self varies not only
amss cultures but within a culture, not only
between but within persons. The paper fo-
cuses on the intra-individual variability of
Japanese self under three facets or phases.
Self appears as socially contingent and
multiple, which is complemented by the uni-
tary self looking inward. Both multiple and
unitary phases are transcended by the empty
or entropic self, commensurate with oblitera-
tionofsubject-object boundaries. Linkages be-
tween these phases are analyzed.
SY063.6
To understand ingroup prejudices: the
social seli and ethnocentrhm. Jaryma.
wicz, M. University of Warsaw, Poland. A
series of experimental studies were done
based on the assumption that the Self and the
We schemata pIay a crucial role in social in-
formation processing. Data show that the
tendency to simplified social categorization,
stereotyping and ingroup favoritism is espe-
cially strong if: 1) structure of the We schema
reflects real social divisions, 2) the We rather
than the Self is salient in a particular social
situation, 3) the Self schema is not dietinct
from the We schema. In more general terms,
the results of these studies lead to the suppo-
sition that ingroup stereotyping serves to
maintain the We schema and that a lack of
Self-We schemata distinctness makes people
stmn6;ly influenced by groupcentric (in some
cases ethnocentric) processes.
sY063.7
The dialogical seV: a constructionist
view oithe possibilities oithe mind.Eel.
mans, H.J.M. University of Nijrnesen, The
Netherlands. In recent years there has been a
vivid discussion on the individualistic and
rationalistic character of contemporary psy-
chological theories of the self, reflecting an
ethnocentric Western view of personhood. In
marked contrast to this view I will present,
fmm a constructionist perspective, a mncep-
tion ofthe self as dialogical. The dialogical self
has three features: (a) It is spatially organized
and embodied; (b) it is social. with the other
not outside, but in the self-structure; and (c)
it is multi-voiced with the possibility of reci-
procal relationships between the several
voices.
 10. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
SYo64
Wta as Cognitive Categories.
Borkenau, P. UniversitLitBielefeld, Bielefeld,
Germany.
SYO64.1
Categorization and personality lan-
guage. Semin, G.R. Free University of Am-
sterdam, The Netherlands. The focus of this
contribution is to extrapolate h m a model of
linguistic categories used in the interpersonal
domain (Semin & Fiedler 1988,1991) to per-
sonality language, in particular trait lan-
guage. I w i l l contrast Werent approaches
used in personality language, specificallythose
inspired by probabilistic appmaches to cate-
gorization in the personality domain and con-
trast it with recent developments that are
based on theory-guided models and offer a
language-based approach to categorization de-
veloped by Semin andFiedler aa an alternative
way of conceptualizing pemnality language.
SYo64.2
Personcategories an a response to com-
petence demands.Wwklund,RA.Univer-
sity of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. Some
research fmdinga based on a n integration of
sociological and motivational notions: If sub-
jects are under pressure to perform in an area,
and iftheir training does not allow an adequ-
ate response to the performance demand, the
result is a relative preoccupation with person
categories - traits and outward appearance -
of the performer.
sYo64.3
Moral and competence-relatedtraita:dif-
ferences in structure and use. Wojciszke,
B. University of Gdansk, Poland. Based on a
series of studies it is argued that: (1) moral
and competence-related traits (MT and CT)
constitute two alternative ways of action in-
terpretation, with MT based on intentions and
CT based on efficiency of goal attainment; (2)
typically, MT are applied by observers rather
than actors and CT are applied by actors
rather than observers of the same action; (3)
for MT, negative behaviors show higher proto-
typicality than positive ones but the opposite
is true for CT.
sY064.4
What accounts for graded structure in
personality-trait categories? Borkenau,
P. UniversiUt Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
There is some evidence that traits are goal-
329
derived rather than taxonomic categories. Six
findings in support of this view are sum-
marised. This, however, raises the problem
what the relevant goals an?.Whereas some
authors suggested that prototypicality of acts
for traits reflects their usefulness to attain
trait-related goals of the actm, others suggest
that it reflects the diagnosticity of acts con-
cerning the qualiGcation of the actor for the
goals of observers. A study that investigated
the merits of the two views is reported.
sYO6S
Personality language. Angkitner; A.
University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
In this symposium currently discussed topics
concerning the taxonomic models of person-
ality are presented. The main focus is on the
five factor model, which was developed on the
basis of comprehensive studies of personality
descriptive terms in the natural languages.
Especially the usefulness of the Abridged Big
Five Circumplexical (ABSC)taxonomy will be
discussed. Furthermore, a critical comparison
between the five factor model and Eysenck's
super-three factor model will be given.
sYo66.1
An abridged big five circumplexical
(AB5c) typOlOw O f PerSoM. HOfrte,
W.&B., & de Raad, B. University of Groning-
en, Groningen, The Netherlands. Several
authors have stated that current personality
taxonomy focuses on variables rather than
persons, and disregards personality struc-
ture. Upon examining the concept of unique-
ness and the moderator approach, we
conclude that neither ofthe two can adequate-
ly accomodate the idea of personality struc-
ture. Much more promising is the classifical
notion of personality type. We develop a typo-
logy ofpersons basedon the Abridged Big Five
Circumplex (AB5C) taxonomy of personality,
which represents variables and persons by
their projections on one of the ten circum-
plexes that are formed by combining the Big
Five factors of personality. On that basis, we
investigate to what extent simple structure
among persons can be improved by applying
Varimax rotation to the matrix of factor
scores. However, it appears that Varimax ro-
tation of the variables is equally effective in
achieving simple structure among persons as
is rotation of scores. We conclude that in effect
the AB5C taxonomy provides a system of some
25 connected types of personality, out of the 45
that are conceivable under that model.
330 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
sYo66d
Comparing the big five with Eyrenck's
super-three factor model. Chtendofl, F.
University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany.
We tested the stmctural validity of two fa-
mous competingSuperfactor Models and mm-
pared their presumed factors on the basis of
rating and questionnaire data. While there
seems to be a close substantive and empirical
correspondence between two factors across
both models Eysenck (1990) has recently ar-
gued that hia Superfactors P-E-N may be lo-
cated at a hierarchical level above that of the
'primary" Big Five factors. Specifically, Ey-
s e n d assumed that the Big-Five primaries II
and III w i l l fuseinto a broadP-factor at higher
level of analysis. To check on the Validity of
our factor-interpretationa we relied on the
expertise ofvarious pmfessionals as well as on
the correlations of the factors ~ c m e smodels,
inetruments, and targets.
sY(w6.3
A comparison of ratings based on per-
sonal constructsand the YBig Five".Mer-
vielde, 1. University of Gent, Gent, Belgium.
Classification of 3266 personal constructs ac-
cordingto the Dutch ABSC taxonomy (Hofstee
and De Raad, 19911, generates a Big Five
distribution that is very similar to the dis-
tribution of traita in the AB6C-taxonomy.
Teacher ratings of 1680 primary school child-
ren on personal constructe and on the Big
Five, demonte that personal constructa are
more related to conscientiousness and ex-
troversion than to agreeableness, intellect
and emtional stability. Comparison of the
predictive validity of personal construct and
Big Five ratings, shows a consistent and sig-
nificant advantage for Big Five ratings as
predictors of primary school grade point aver-
age.
sYog6
Advances in personality research:
alternative paradigms. Pervin, LA.
Rutgera University, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA.
This symposium will consider alternative
paradigms current in the field of personality.
Ln particular, attention will focus on the trait,
social cognitive. and interactional ap-
proaches. Recent advances in research as well
as the current theoretical status of each ap-
proach will be discussed.
SYog6.1
Towards a taxonomy of personality de-
scriptors.Angleitner, A. University of Biele-
feld, Bielefeld, Germany. Results from faactor
analytic studies using self-and peer-rating
data from the German adjective trait domain
as well as items from the personality question-
naire domain are presented. These studies
clearly support the Five Factor Model. The
factors Extroversion, Agreeableness, and
Neurotidsm show high mnvergent and dis-
criminant validity in both data domains. How-
ever, for the factors Conscientiousness and
Openness or Intellect the correspondence of
the factors between the rating and question-
naire domains was somewhat lowered. The
results of these and other studies will be
presented leading to the conclusion that the
Big Five are the basic dimensions of person-
alityandtemperamentinstudies dealingwith
adults.
sYoSS.2
Criteria for a paradigm of personality.
Eyaenck, H.J. Institute OfPsychiaby. Univer-
sity of London, UK. Philosophers of science
agree that paradigms are of great importance
in the scientific development of a discipline,
and that there are few paradigms in the social
sciences. A paradigm for personality is develo-
ping, built on a hieramhical trait model
derived fmm factor analytic investigations. I t
is suggested that purely psychometric criteria
cannot give us such a paradigm, but that what
is Leeded is firstly a proper theory, leading to
experimental investigations, and secondly bi-
ological underpinnings for such a model.
Genetic study has shown the importance of
heredity in producing individual differences
in personality, and a paradigm of personality
should inmrporate theories concerning the
biological structures which mediate between
genes and behaviour. There must be agree-
ment on the criteria for a paradigm before we
can get agreement on a paradigm!
sYOgS.3
Cognitive foundationa of personality.
h a l e r , S . Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Is-
rael. A new conception of personality traits,
defined in terms of variables reflecting differ-
ent aspects of meaning, will be presented. Our
thesis is that each personality trait corre-
sponds to a unique pattern of meaning vari-
ables that can be assessed by means of the
Meaning Test. This test enables one to assess
over 100 personality variables by means ofone
questionnaire. Implications of this new con-
ception for trait theory, the relation of traits
 10. DVDIVIDUAL DIFFEREhVES A N D PERSONALJTY
to overt behavior, and trait assessment w i l l be
discussed
SY066.4
A holistic approach to personality re-
march. Magnuoron, D . University of Stock-
holm, Stockholm, Sweden. Aholistic approach
to personality research will be argued with
reference to the dynamic process character of
the space of phenomena for investigation. A
holistic framework for personality research is
in line with recent developments in other
scientific disciplines in which the main con-
cern is the study of dynamic processes. The
theoretical analysis will be supplemented
with results from empirical studies.
SY066.6
Identifying intra-individual coherence
in personality. Muchel, W. Cdumbia
University, USA. This paper summarizes
a program of research on behavioral co-
herence, guided by the cognitive-socialtheory
of personality. In field studies, social behavior
was observed in several domains, including
aggression and conscientiousness.Significant
intra-individual stability was identified in
distinctive patterns of situation-behavior re-
lations unique to each individual. Such
unique, stable patterns are the locus of ex-
pected coherence in the cognitive-social con-
ception of personality. They necessarily create
a ceiling on the levels of mss-situational con-
sistency possible but provide a route for the
objective, idiographic analysis of personality
in t e r n of unique configurations of stable
person-situation interactions.
SY067
Individual differences in intelligence.
Lau- J . Universitk Rent! Descnrtes, Paris,
Fmnce.
This symposium should provide an oppor-
tunity for critical exploration of recent advan-
ces in the study of individual differences in
intelligence. One of these advances is the in-
tegration of this issue into the theoretical
framework of cognitive psychology. The study
of differences in the discovery of strategies is
one example; the analysis of biological and
physiological correlates of information pro-
cessing is another. The issue of intelligence
testing has also received renewed attention,
firstly in studies which attempt to go beyond
the academic framework it is generally re-
stricted to, and secondly, in studies designed
to evaluate the dynamic aspects of the ability
331
to learn rather than the static performance
observed at a given point of time. Lastly, from
a methodological point of view, the study of
individual differences has benefitted from the
development of structural data processing
models, which put researchera in a better
positioc to test hypothesesbearing on complex
systema of variables. An examination of these
Merent contributions should lead, in the sec-
ond part of the symposium, to diacussion of
new avenues of exploration for research on
individual differences in intelligence.
SY067.1
General intelligence and analytical
ability.Glutafrron, J.-E. University of Gate-
borg, Sweden. Factor analytic research on the
structure of individual differencesis reviewed
and it is concluded that it supporta a hierar-
chical model with dimenaiona of m e r e n t de-
grees of generality. Non-metric scaling
research on the Guttman radex model also is
reviewed and it is observed that there is sup-
port for at least two facek a content facet and
a taak demand facet with elements variously
referred to aa low vs high mmplexity, rule
inference vs rule application, and analytic
ability vs achievement. It ie then demon-
strated that the factor-model and the radex
model are compatible and intemnvertible
models. Speculations are also offered about
the mechanisms through which an analytical,
rule-inference capacity may result in individ-
ual Merences in a broad intelledual ability.
SY067d
Measuring intelligence reserve capacity
-
by learning ability teats a new ap-
proach. Guthke, J. University of Leipzig,
Germany. Measuring Merences in intel-
ligence should not be restricted to a recording
of differences in purely fact-finding static in-
telligence tests. It is also necessary to ascer-
tain, by means of so-called learning tests, a
subject's reserve capacity thmugh repetitions
of measurement following the provision of
feedback built into the test and of stand-
ardized prompts. The review deals mainly
with the structure of so-called DiagnosticPro-
grams, an attempt to combine the learning
test concept with more heavily theory-
oriented item construction based on cognitive
psychology and with adaptive testing. One
such computer-assisted Diagnostic Program
is illustrated, and the preliminary research
evidence is described.
332 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
sy067.s
Experimentally-induced changes in
correlations among cognitive tasks.
Stankov, L. University of Sydney, Australia.
This is a review paper of our recent work in
intelligence. In several empirical studies an
attempt was made to mnstruct tasks that
required progressively more involved m a -
tive processes. Although a typical finding is an
increase in task difficulty, there are some im-
portant exceptions to this result. These tasks
were also correlated with measures of intel-
ligence and structural equation modeling pro-
cedures were used to examine changes in
loadings on the fluid intelligence factor. The
difficult tasks do not always represent better
measures of intelligence. Tasks that tap the
ability to hold in mind and manipulate an
increasing number of elements and relations
show high correlations with intelligence.
sy067.4
The neural efficiency model of intel-
ligence. Vernon,PA.University of Western
Ontario, Canadu. Avariety of sources of infor-
mation converge on what may be termed a
"neural effciencf model of intelligence.
These sources include reaction time studies,
which indicate that higher intelligence is as-
sociated with the ability to process infoma-
tion rapidly, thereby makingthe most efficient
use of a limited capacity working-memory sys-
tem, and studies of physiological correlates of
intelligence, such as averaged evoked poten-
tials, nerve conduction velocity, and cerebral
glucose metabolic rate. Recent work in these
areas will be described and suggestions for
future studies will be discussed.
sY067.5
Intraterreetrial intelligence. W-r,
R.E. FSU, Psychology Department, Flonda
State Univeristy, USA. For most of this cen-
tury, research on intelligence has been
grounded in the psychometrics of IQ testing.
Consequently, much of what we know about
intelligence concerns a limited subset of intel-
lectual competencies that commonly is
referred to as "academic intelligence". A rela-
tively recent and growing movement in the
field has been to study intelligence as it is
manifested in the everyday world, which I
refer to as "practical intelligence". Results
from recent research in this area, including
my own, will be discussed.
SY068
Sex differencea in cognition: biological
influences. Kimuro, D . University of
Western Onturio, London, Ontario, Canada.
This symposium will review the neural and
hormonal contributions to individual differen-
ces,especially sex differences, in human cog-
nitive function. The relation between sex
differences in brain organization and mgni-
tion will be explored, e.g., certain cognitive
functions are shown to be related to the size
of the posterior aspect of the corpus callosum,
which is aexually dimorphic. Sex differences
in intra-hemispheric (anterior, posterior) rep-
resentation of speech and praxic function will
be outlined, as well as possible inter-hemis-
pheric differences. AEIwell, organizational and
activational influences of sex hormones on
cognitive hnction will be reviewed, including
the role of androgens (male sex hormones) in
normal males and females, individuals with
early anomalous hormonal environments,
some crosscultural studies, and cognitive
pattern associated with variations in sexual
orientation.
m06S.l
Sex hormones, brain structure and
human cognition. Hinea, M. University of
Calfornia, Los Angeles, USA. In experimental
animals, pre- and neonatal levels of andm-
gens and oestrogens have powerful influences
on aeural and behavioral development. The
brain structures andbehaviors iduenced are
those that differ on the average for male ver-
sus female animals, and include not only sex-
ual behaviors and hypothalamic subregions,
but also certain learning behaviom, mgnitive
fimctions and aspects of cortical development.
This presentation will address three ques-
tions: (1) Do sex stemids influence human
behavioral development, particularly the de-
velopment of cognitive characteristics that
show sex differences (visuospatial ability, ver-
bal fluency, and language lateralization)? (2)
Are there sex differences in the human brain,
particularly in structures that could relate to
cognitive sex differences? (3) Can studies of
sex differences in brain and behavior, and of
hormonal influences on them, aid under-
standing of the neural basis of human mgni-
tion?
 10. DVDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES A N D PERSONALITY
Syma
Therelatiomhipbetweenandrogensand
aex-dimorphic cognitive abilities. Chris-
tiansen, K. University of Hamburg, Ger-
many. Research findings indicate that along
with psychological,sociological and neurologi-
cal factors, sex hormones do play a role in
some consistently observed sex differences in
cognitive abilities. Androgen-related vari-
ations in verbal and non-verbal skills have
been observed both in men and women. At the
first glance the finding! are somewhat mntra-
dictory concerning the nature and direction of
the relationship between androgen levels and
cognitive function. However, it can be demon-
strated that a clear and consistent pattern of
hormonalcognitive relations emerges when
reliable androgen values were used in the
pertinent studies.
SY068.3
Neural and hormonal mechapisms me-
diating sex diffarences in cognition
Kimrrra, D. University of Western Ontario,
London. Ontario, Canada. Human evolution-
ary history suggests that men underwent se-
lection pressures for missile launching and
long-range navigation, while women spe-
cialized in short-range landmark-oriented na-
vigation, as well the fine perceptual and motor
skills relevant to home and child care. Dif-
ferences between the sexes in the contribution
of anterior and posterior cerebral regions to
speech, praxia and constructional ability, are
consistent with the idea that males’ motor
skills are organized more with reference to
extra-personal, females to intra-personal,
space. The probable hormonal basis of such
dimorphism is discussed, as well as the hor-
monal mechanisms ofinter- andintra-individ-
ual (monthly, seasonal) variation in sexually
dimorphic cognitive function.
sY068.4
Sexual orientation and cognitive func-
tion.Sandera, G. Department of Psychology,
City of London Polytechnic, UK. Earlier we
demonstrated that homosexual men, like he-
terosexual women, differed from heterosexual
men in spatial ability which was less good and
cerebral asymmetry which was less marked.
These findings have now been replicated. A
further study using tasks measuring manual
speed and dexterity, at which women excel,
and a target-directed dart-throwing task
which favours men provided confirmation:
once more the performance of homosexual
men resembled that of heterosexual women.
We suggest that sexual orientation and sex
333
differences in cognitive abilities and cerebral
asymmetry may share a common biological
basis in predispositions established by the
organizing action of prenatal hormones.
SYO69
Theoretical and practical iesuuee in wing
teets. Keata, JA. University of Newmstle,
Australia.
The present symposium can be seen as one of
a series of International Test Commission
(ITC) symposia concerned with issues related
to the use of testa oversea. The Commission
is currently developing a project which could
lead to the establishing of standards for the
translation and cultural adaptation of tests.
Sympium papers are published in the ITC
Bulletin. Kendall reporte the results of a sur-
vey revealing the extent of this practice in
Australia using a methodology which is ap-
plicable in other countries. Munro compares
consistency of response to personality ques-
tionnaire items in Zimbabwe and Australia to
determine the role c u l h plays in this aspect
of performance. Sime and Tamer seek to
disentangle the effects of translation and
other cultural ditrerencesusing subjects from
Singapore, Germany and Austria. From
China, Zhang considers problems of adapting
western testa as well as other Asian tests for
use in China with minority groups as well as
the main population. Finally Muniz raises the
question of dimensional stability across cul-
tures. The issues raised by these speakera
should provoke considerable comment and
discussion.
sYo69.1
Some consequences of Australian de-
pendence on overseas-produced tests.
Kendall, I . Sauille and Holdsworth Fty Ltd,
Melbourne,Australia. The results of a survey
of Australian literature on psychological test-
ing between 1970 and 1991 are presented
demonstrating very heavy (and growing) de-
pendence on instruments developed in the
USA and UK.Relatively few of these instru-
ments have been standardised, normed and
validated on Australian samples and even
fewer have been adapted to suit local mndi-
tions(e.g. metrication ofnumerical tests, Aus-
tralianisation of place names etc.). Evidence
is also presented to show that American and
British norms are not always directly trans-
ferable to Australia. Australian psychologists
are potentially more vulnerable to challenge
on grounds of test fairness, face relevance and
334 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
proven suitability than are their colleaguesin
the larger Engliah-speaking countries.
sYo6sa
Correlates of pereonalityretest item con-
sistency acro811 cultures. Munm, D .
University of Newmstle, Australia. In a seren-
dipitous study with Zimbabwean students,
the author found a correlation between item
conaietency in Jackson's PRF Test and social
desirability of item content, attributing thisto
a cultural effect (Mum. Aust. J. Psychol.,
1986,88,285-95). However, in an experiment
with the same test conducted in Canada,
Fekken and Jackaon (Person. Indiv. Dif!'.,
1988,9,87382)found that "relatively long re-
sponse latencies constitute eignifcnntly bet-
ter predictore of which items an individual
w i l l change on retest than other item proper-
ti-, including moderate endorsement fre-
quencies, moderate social desirability scale
values or proximity to the individual's thre-
shold for responding desirablf. This paper
presents the results of an extension of that
experiment in Zimbabwe and Auetralia.
SYogSS
Teet applications over culturee and lan-
guages: Theoretid considerations and
empirical findings.Sim, C.Q.E., & Tamer,
N.K. Karl h e r s Universitat, Graz, Aus-
%ria.We will discuss the peychometric proper-
ties of a set of personality inventories
developed and calibrated in Anglo-American
countries (e.g. Spielberger's STAXI, Marsh's
SDQ etc.). To demonstrate the influences arie-
ing from translation andor culture, we will
make a series of comparisons. Firstly. we will
compare two different countries sharing the
same culture and language and using the
same translated version of the above-men-
tioned inventories. Then, we will compare the
results of an English-speaking, non-western
society which used the original English ver-
sion of these same inventories to the results of
the original Anglo-American samples.
sY069.4
Problem in the applicationof tests h m
overseas. Hou-can, 2. Beijing Normal
University, China. Psychological testa were
introduced into China from the Western world
at the beginning of this century. ARer having
been criticised and abandoned for thirty
years, testing was re-applied during the last
ten years and its value gradually realbed by
the society. Some Chinese tests in different
areas have been developed, but adapted tests
still play a large part. The main problems in
scoringandinterpretingthesetestscomefrom
cultural Merences based on language,
knowledge, customs and values etc. which
exist not only between the western and east-
ern countriea but also among Anian countries
and even di!Terencea between nationalities
within China have been found. The results of
studies using a variety of testa applied in
educational, clinical and industrial areas are
used for demonstration. Ways of solving the
problem are ale0 discussed.
SYO69.6
Dimensionality invariance. Muniz. J.,&
Ouesta, M. University of Oviedo, Spain. One
of the moat classic and important problems
when using a measurement instrument cmss-
culturally in the degree to which the invari-
ance of the original dimensionality k
maintainable in other cultures. In this paper
the theoretical and practical problem implied
in the determination of dimensionality are
addressed, then the problem of invariance,
including methods devised to evaluate it are
treated, and,finally, some recommendations
for practitionem are given.
BEHAVIOUR-GENETIC ANALYSIS:
ADDpllvE AND NON-ADDITIVE
EFFECTS (THOU)
THoaa.1
Racist eugenics fails to succeed even
with drosophila flies. Einch, J. University
of Illinois, Champaign, USA.La D&p&hedu
Midi (1 Sept. 1985) quoted my remark in
'lbulouse: "Dana mon laboratoire, on meme
une recherche vraiment raciste'. However,
even w i t h h o p h i l a ' s prolificacy and with no
ethical constraints on breeding them, the out-
come of a %-year eugenic breeding program
was a truly sobering experience. Homogeniz-
ing (inbreeding) behaviorally (geotaxis) se-
lected populations at some arbitrary high (or
low) level of performance usually fails to pur-
ifl a race and, on relaxation of artificial selec-
tion, countervailing natural selection
pressure re-establishes the coadapted equili-
brium of the species (regression).
 10. W D M D U G DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
THOM.2
Unravellingbehaviourin genetic studies
on h o p h i l a . Cmdey, S.A. Department of
Pvchology, Monash University. Clayton,Am-
trdia. Evidence that genes influence beha-
viour comes from selection studies, the effede
of mutations, and Werences between strains.
Such studies show that strains of different
genetic composition behave differently but
whether the ditferences measured are the im-
mediate result of gene change or secondary
consequences of underlying changes in beha-
viour is o h n unknown. It is argued that in
order to demonstrate how genes act to in-
fluence behaviour all behaviours, proximate
and ultimate, ahould be identified. This en-
tails measuring behaviour in h e detail and
this is illustrated in this paper for two beha-
viours: activity and wing dieplay. These beha-
viours interact and influence other
parameters such as murtship songs and mat-
ing preferences.
THOM.3
Gemetic ~ a r h t i oin~ repeated or se-
quential behavioral measures. H d n g -
ton, G.M. University of Northern Iowa, Cedar
Falls, USA. Components of variance analyses
fium a number of standard behavioral tasks
for the rat show substantial systematic
changes in genetic and environmental c o m p
nenta between successiverepeated measures.
The data suggest that the known limitation of
estimates of heritability to specific charac-
teristics and specific populations extend to
limitation to spedfE time points in the murse
of individual adaptation. Difficulties this
presents for behavioral prediction from
genetic characteristics are discussed.
TH065.4
M .' n eugenics: selection for
avoidance learning in rats. Brurh, P.R
Purdue University, West hfayette, USA.Four
independent experiments, spanning four con-
tinents, have selectively bred rats for good or
both good and poor avoidance learning. These
genetic selection studies provide an empirical
base for estimating the genetic determination
(heritability) of behavioral characteristics.
Reahed heritability (hz) in these studies has
never exceeded 0.27, yet studies ofhuman MZ
and DZ twins, rearedtogether or apart, gener-
ate heritability estimates for anything from
IQ to watching TV at 0.50 or above. These
facts are discussed in the context of h* as a
measure determined by eugenic influence (se-
lective breeding), poor experimental design,
and statistical artifact.
335
THO66.6
Genetic and environmental components
&om analysee between relatives and be-
tween mupa provide different informa-
tion. Duyme, M , & Capmn, C. CNRS,
CJniuersit.4Paris V, Paris, France. The inde-
pendence of the results from analysis leading
to estimations of components of the variation
between relatives within families from those
between groups of individuala has been
stressed for a long time. However, several
authors draw conclusions from genetically
and environmentally estimated parameters
in relative comparisons and apply these
genetic and environmental parameters to ex-
plain p u p Werences or vice versa (this is
particularly ! k p e n t in studies dealing with
human behavior, especially for intelligence).
Such inferences are discussed on the basis of
French adoption studies from a statistical and
genetic standpoint.
THOM.8
Additive and intaractive effects of geno-
type and maternal environments. Car-
lie5 M.,Nosten-Bertrand, M., & Roubertoux,
P.L. Universitk Paris V, Paris, France. This
paper focuses on maternal environmenta and
their additive or interactive effects with the
offspring genotype.The aim is neither to pres-
ent an exhaustive review ofthe literature nor
a sophisticated set of models to explain the
relationship between genotype and environ-
ment in the development of an individual.
Instead it is to point out that there are nonli-
near relationships between gene and CNS
function or behavior.
TH066.7
Alteration of synaptic fields in the hippo-
campus of transgenic mice for the human
copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD-
1) gene: a possible model of cerebral ac-
celerated aging. Cohen-Salmon, C..
Barkats, M., BertL,olet. J.-Y., Ceballos, I., Ni-
cole, A., & Sinet, PM. URA CNRS, Paris,
France. Down's syndrome (DS) is charac-
terised by some of the neuropathological fea-
tures observed in normal aging and
Alzheimer's disease. Thus, transgenic ani-
mals for genes of the chromosome 21 could
contribute to the understanding of these ab-
normalities. The gene encoding for SOD-1 (a
key enzyme in the metabolism of free radicals)
represents an interesting candidate. As sev-
eral mrrelations between mnesic performan-
ces in mice and the size of the mossy fibers
projection in the hippocampus have been es-
tablished, this synaptic area was measured in
336 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALJTY
the transgenic mice, showing a significant
reduction when compared to controls.
THO66.8
Natur+nurture and the neural mpre-
sentation of information modeled by
early visual pmfeancesi in quail (C. cotur-
nix Japonica). Koocrch, JX. The Menninger
Clinic, Dpeka, USA. Current advances in
molecular genetica and neurobiology augur
the day when the nature-nurture contmver-
sy over the origins of behavior will be settled
in concrete terme of the DNA code and the
molecular mechanism of learning and mem-
ory. This report focuses on a prerequisite of
that day: on modeling the genetic-andenvi-
ronmental origins and neural representation
of information in the vertebrate brain. The
examined model'system consists of seven ar-
tificially selected quail populations that ex-
hibit genetically distinct unconditional
approach preferences between and imprinta-
bilities to simple visual stimuli. Discussion
focuses on the uses of these preparations for
modeling the processes of geneenvironment
interaction and normative canalization of
preference development, and on comparing
the neumbiological representation of geneti-
cally and environmentally variable pref-
erence information.
THO66.S
Initiationof attackbehavior (AB) inmale
mice: genetic analysis. Roubertoux, P.L.,
Carlier, M.,Degrelle, H., Mouter, R., & Phil-
ipps, J. Universitd Paris V, Paris, Fmnce.
N7R (N)males initiate AB more fi-equently
than CBA/H (HI.Genetic analysis was per-
formed to identify the sources of variation of
this behavior and its neumendocrinian corre-
lates. The results suggest a complex mechan-
ism involving autosomal factors (chromosome
17) and pairing region of the Y interacting
with the maternal environments. Possible
physiological pathways of AB (SHT, GABA
and testosterone) are considered.
INDIVIDUALDIFFERENCESIN
~~
LEARNING AND COGNITION Cl'HOS6)
TH066.1
Individual differences in cognitive pro-
cessing abilities in foreign language
learning. Cancallar; E.C. Educational Test-
ing Service, Princeton, USA.After a long peri-
od of relative neglect, language aptitude
assessment has once again become an area of
interest for those involved in the field of lan-
guage practice andreseamh. In particular, the
development of an instrument for assessing
language learning potential will be described,
and initial resulta w i l l be dimeeed. The in-
strument in question examines the cognitive
abilities considered central as predictors of
language success: (a) working memory capac-
iw, (b)processing speed;(c) declarative learn-
ing and knowledge; (d) procedural learning
and knowledge; (el recoding. Results will be
diecussed in t e r n of memory and learning
models, with implications for selection and
instruction.
THOSBO
Individual differences in three dimen-
sions of cognitive development. D e w
triou, A. Depcrrtment of Psychdogy,
ArisLotelian Universityof Thessaloniki. Thess-
aloniki, Greece. In the theory of cognitive de-
velopment that will be presented, cognitive
change takes place along three fronts: pm-
cessing capacity, hypemgnition, and domain
specific structural systems. Individual dif-
ferences are expected in each of these fronts.
The presentation will summarize a number of
studies showing the kind of differences that
occur between genders, different SES p u p s ,
and different personality styles. The preaen-
tation will conclude with a general model
prescribing how the study of individual dif-
ferences may be used to reveal the basic
dimensionaof cognitive development and how
the study of cognitive development may be
relevaat to the understanding of individual
differences.
THO663
Interactions among individual Weren-
ces in leamine/cognitive styles, pefs"n-
aIity and abilities. Geisler-Bernotern,E.
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
USA.This study presents empirical support
for an integrative theoretical framework for
the study of individual differences in learning
behavior which inmrporates pereonality and
ability correlates of cognitive functioning.
High School (n=247) and college student
(n463)data from the Inventory of Learning
Processes 11, the NEO-Personality Inventory,
the Myers-Briggs Differentiation Indica-
tor, an Identity Scale, the WALS-R (n=68)and
measures of achievement were examined via
joint factor and regression analyses to explore
how personality,learning/cognitivestyles and
abilities interrelate. Implications for school
achievement, cognitive development and the
productive use of individual differences in
educational practice are discussed.
 10. LNDMDUAL. DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
TH066.4
Adaptation &anpine de I'echelle
clinique de m6moire-l$vi& de Wech-
elm. Dunnay, C.(l), Lbeaux, M.0.(2), &
Simon, M.(1) ( I ) ECPA, France;(2) Ing CNRS,
France. L'Echelle Clinique de Memoire-RBvi-
s6e de Wechsler est une &vision Blargie de
1'Echelle Clinique de MBmoire e t a pour but de
mieux appr6hender lee aspects cliniquement
importants du fonctionnement mntkique.
Cadaptation franqaise a B t e effectuk sur un
khantillon de 366 sujets, bgBs de 16 B 79 8338.
las 5 scores composites ont 6th B t a l o ~ B sBUT
10 classes d'w.Ls r6sultat.s p&sentks p r -
tent sur une Btude statistique analysant les
effete des differentee variables &mo-
graphiques (sexe, age, niveau d'Btudes, ca-
tegorie Bocio-professiomelle) Bur chacun de
ces scores composites.
THOM.5
Diffhncee inter-individuelles dam le
traitement de l'infomtion visuo-apa-
tiale. E8quiob, D., Cian, C., & Raphel, C.
Centre de recherche5 du service de santk des
A r d e s (CRSSA),La lhnche. France. Dane
un travail de recherche sur les rotations men-
tales, il a B t e observ6 des diffBrences inter-in-
dividuelles dans le traitement d'un
mannequin pdsente dans diffbrentes orienta-
tions spatiales. Ces diffbrences refietent d e w
types de strategies: Un processus de type
analogique et un processus compatible avec le
mo&le pmpositionnaliste de la repdsenta-
tion. Il a bte dgalement m o d & que la capacite
d'imagerie mentale ne definit pas une tend-
ance g6n6rale B utiliser des processus imagbs
mais reflbte plutbt une'aptitude' B traiter des
informations visuo-spatiales en fonction de
leur nature.
THOS6.6
Motivational effects of future time per-
spective: a process analysis. Len., W., &
Moreas. M.-A. University of Louvain, Leuven,
Belgium. Individual differences in the exten-
sion of future time perspective (F" ) only
not
result from motivational processes such as
goal setting (Nuttin & Lens, 1986), they also
have differential motivational effects. In this
study we test our conceptualization of these
effects in t e r n of psychological distance and
the 'expectancy x value" models in motiva-
tional psychology. Individuals with a longer
Fl" perceive the psychological distance be-
tween the present and future moments-
where important motivational goals can be
achieved-as shorter than subjects with a
short FIT do. As a consequence, the incentive
337
value of distant goals decreases (because of
the temporal delay) less for them. It is also
easier for them to see the instrumental value
of present activities for achieving distant
goals. Subjects with a long FTP will hence be
more motivated for distant goals. This model
is tested and validated for student motivation
(270 ninth grade pupils) using linear comla-
tion meficients, Anova's and Lisrel analyses.
THOM.7
Specific and general diCference of cogni-
tive complexity ae correlates of social
perception. Okamoto, K R !Ibyo Eiwa
Women's University. Yokohama, Japan. Cog-
nitive complexity is an individual difference
of cognitive style that innuences various 80-
cial perceptions. People low in cognitive com-
plexity form their person-perception on fewer
dimensions, with greater stress on evaluation
dimension, than high-smrers.An index of cog-
nitive complexity is derived fmm an intra-sub-
ject correlation matrix obtained from a set of
repeated measurement of person-perception.
This presentation reports findings about cog-
nitive complexity measured in other areas
than person-perception. Stimuli used for the
measurement included risks and hazards,
image of foreign countries, etc. Relevant in-
dices and response generality will also be dis-
cussed.
TH066.8
Learning style preference and the eth-
nicity factor. Schofield, N.J.,& Lovat, T.J.
The University of Newcastle, Australia. This
paper argues that ethnic differences may be
due, in part. to differences in "cognitive pro-
cessing preference'. Various studies are exam-
ined from a cognitive processing viewpoint. In
a cognitive strategy training study, optimum
performance amongst control subjects was
achieved by subjects who combined high pref-
erence for processing information visually
with high relevant ability. High abilityllow
preference subjects performed poorly. Inter-
vention group subjects provided with a n effec-
tive strategy also performed well. In other
studies, the performance of specific ethnic
groups differed from the norms for basic tasks.
Again, preference either liberated or impeded
ability, while effective strategies nullified
preference deficits.
338 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
THO66.B
IT, RT and AEPS as correlates of intel-
ligence. Stough, C X K , (11, Nettelbeck,
T.(2), & Cooper, C.(2) (1) UniversiQ of h k -
land, New Zealand; (2) UniversityofAddai&,
Adelaide, Australia. Inspection Time (IT),Re-
action Time (RT)and Averaged EvokedPoten-
tiale (AEPS)were correlated to IQ test scorn
h m the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Revised (WAIS-R) and the Ravens Advanced
Progressive Matricea (APM) in 70 psychology
students. High to moderate correlatiom were
obtained between IT, RT and AEP parameters
and IQ scores. Multiple regression analysis
with IQ as the dependent variable suggested
that IT, RT and AEPS together, account for
nearly 709b of the WAIS-R variance. A model
of intelligence based on an analysis of the
processes u n d e r l e g performance on IT, RT
and AEPS is presented.
TH066.10
A new measure of "mental qnaed": the
Frequency Accrual Speed Teat (FASI')
index.yickerr,D. Bpartment ofPgrchdogy,
Australia.The interpretation of reaction time
as a measure of mental speed in complicated
by the influences of cognitive and sensory
factors. An alternative measure is described,
based on the accuracy with which subjects
make judgements about the relative he-
quency with which each of two lamps is illumi-
nated. This frequency accrual speed test (or
TAST in&* appears to constitute a stable
and reliable meamre, which correlates well
with established measures of intelligence. It
also provides a useful measure of mental re-
covery following anaesthesia, differentiating
between the effects of alternative anaesthetic
agents, and being sensitive to dosage levels.
TH067.1
Development ofthe Chinese multiphasic
personality inventory (CMPJJ. Cheung,
RM.,& b u n g , K. Chinese Uniuersily of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong. This paper reports Phase I
of a large-scale collaborative pmjed between
Hong Kong and China to develop a compre-
hensive Chinese personality inventory which
integrates existing research on Western-
based personality tests and indigenous
Chinese personality theories. Over 30 emic
and etic constructs were generated and items
were constructed to assess aspects of general
personality traits and psychological adjust-
ment. Over 900 items were tried out in Hong
Kong and China. The content scales were
refined through item analyses and factor ana-
lyses. The final version of the CMPI and pre-
liminary results on its reliability and validity
will be reported.
THO673
Multicultural standardization of
TEMAS, a new thematic apperception
Test. Cartamtino, G.(l), Malagady, R.G.(2),
& Borges-Costantino, M.(3) (1) Hispanic Re-
search Center, Fordham University & Luther-
an Medical Center, USA; (2) New York
University, USA; (3) NYC Public Schools,
USA.Thin paper presents the multicultural
standardization and validation of TEMAS, a
new thematic apperception test to assess per-
sonality functioning in Hispanic, Black, and
White children. The test consists of 23 pic-
tures depicting Hispanic and Black charac-
ters (Minorityversion) and White characters
(Nonminority version). Protocols are smred
for adaptiveness of personality functioning.
The TEMAS test was standardized on a
sample of 642 children aged 5 to 13. The
sample representa four ethnic and racial
groups. Research is reported on reliability,
validity and verbal fluency.
THO673
Developing an MMPI-2 scale to assess
work-induced poet-traumaticetnms die-
orderr Initial results.Flamer, S. University
of British Columbia, Canada. The MMPI-2
was administered to three groups of workers:
those diagnosed with a workplace-induced
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a
group of chmnic pain patients, and a mixed
p u p of depressed and anxious workers. Sig-
nificant profile elevation differences distin-
guished the W I - 2 ' s from the three p u p s .
Thirty-five items differentiated the PTSD
from the pain group, comprising a new ex-
perimental sale. The new scale correctly
classified 83%of the PTSD and pain groups,
compared to 55% using the existing MMPI-2
trauma scales, PK and PS,laying the ground-
work for an eventual new scale to assessPTSD
in the workplace.
TH067.4
Une Bchelle de l'autonomie dane l'adoles-
cence avanche: essai national du teat
ADR-GFforme2.Godino, A. Department&
Pgrchdogie, Universitd & Bologne, Italy.
Dans le pmces du passage B l'identit.4 adulte
on peut r6marquer qu'il y a une multiplicit4
de facteurs, qui sont lies soit B l'apprentissage
 10. LNDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
soit aux structures de personnalit4 du sujet.
Afm d'etudier d'une f a p n objective les par-
mum qu'on suivre vers l'adultiu e t l'auton-
omie, on a conp et mis B l'bpreuve, avec un
&antillon stratifit?de 400 sujets entre 17 et
23 ans #age, une echelle d6nominQ ADR-GF
forme 2. L'kchelle, dont lee r6sultata sont objet
de discussion, se compose de 36 i t e m et s'or-
ganise sur 4 facteurs principaux.
"EI067.6
Wisdom-related knowledge in the con-
text of an exiOtentlal problem. Maercker,
A, Staudinger, UM., & Baltee, P.B. Mar
Planck Institute of Human Development and
Education, Berlin, Germany. Within the
framework of life-span psychology, wisdom
related knowledge was assessed by an exist-
ential problem task. According to the philos-
ophy of K. Jaspers (1919), existential
situationa are especially well suited to capture
individuals' knowledge about fundamental
life matters. Subjects (N = 76, 26-88 years),
divided into four groups based on different
levels of life experience, commented on a
suicide scenario. Findings indicated: (1) Wis-
dom nominees (respected figures in Berlin)
outperformed the other groups, (2) old and
very old subjects contributed most of the hig-
hest wisdom-related knowledge smres. These
results suggest that existential problem tasks
may effectively merentiate p u p s varying
in life experience.
TH067.6
Behavioralqressions of individuation.
Maolach, C., Whitney, K., & Sagrestano, L.
University of California, Berkeley, USA. Indi-
viduation refers to the process by which people
try to differentiate themselves from others. A
series of studies investigated individual dif-
ferences in this willingness to be m e r e n t ,
and related them to verbal and nonverbal
behavior across various social situations. Sev-
eral behavioral dimensions distinguished be-
tween high and low individuators, including:
personal initiative, dramatic ability, dissent,
creativity, and self-presentation. The strength
and consistency ofthis multi-dimensional pat-
tern suggest that individuation is best concep-
tualized as a distinctive social type, rather
than a trait.
TH067.7
Schematic projective techniques as per-
sonality assessment. Misushima, K Bun-
kyo University, Saitama, Japcn. In the
Schematic Projective Techniques which we
have developed, simple materials such as
339
cards ofkeyword, coin-like piece of paper sym-
bolizing "persono,"core of selP, etc., or wire
symbolizing %undaries', etc., are used.
Clients or testees arrange these materials and
make figures of self, interpersonal relation-
ship, etc. Tests are available also by using
personal computer. (These are also effective
for psychotherapeutic expression.) In thiscon-
p s s , some tests effective as personality as-
sessment will be presented.
TH067.8
Doee religion depend on personal auton-
omy? &ha, P. Jagiellonian University, &a-
kow, Poland. Considerig personal autonomy
the category of optimal functioning, resulting
in such personality and social characteristics
as independence, subjective pattern of the at-
tributions of causality, psychosocial wm-
petence. the empirical research was carried
out on the possible relevance of these charac-
teristics on individual religion. The student
subjede differed sienificantly in their relig-
iousness, inmost aspects.Religiousness ofthe
autonomous persons s e e m to be more intrin-
sic and valueantred, whereas the nonauton-
omous ones nondifferentiated or external. and
more orthodox. Conclusions regarding the fu-
ture research follow the evidence.
THO67.9
Retest-reliability of errors in concentra-
tion tests. Wedhofl, &, & Hagmeister, C.
InstituteplrPsychdogie, RWTH, Anchen, Ger-
many. Hypotheses concerning retest-relia-
bility of e m r rates in concentration tests are
tested. Groupsof 37 and 38 subjects completed
sets of nine concentration tests, one group
tests of the letter cancelling type, the other of
the simple arithmetic type. Both p u p s re-
peated the tests ten times every three or four
days and again after six weeks. Correlations
between ermr rates of the single 140 seconds
tests were zero or positive. Accumulation of
the tests of each set increased the average
correlation ofthe e m r rates ofboth test types
to about r = 0.7 and pg 0.8 on the average.
DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY
(THO68)
THos8.1
Belief systems and values underlying
support for military expenditure: A sur-
vey. Brad& M.,& Merriman, R.J. Richard-
son Institute for Peace Studies, Lamaster
Uniuersity, UK. A survey of a thousand young
university students in the north-west of Bri-
340 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
tab, found important differencesin belief sys-
tems and valuee among tho= expressing sup-
port for military expenditure. Concern for the
environment also mered, with many people
believing that environmental damage could
be reveraed without cost. Factor analysis and
regression ehowed significant pattern and
predictions. Emphasis on strength, pessim-
ism about human nature and about the inten-
sions of other nations, and the importance of
personal success in terms of winning, contrast
with caring for children and the family, optim-
ism and a williigness to cooperate.
moms
The structure of general enterprising
tendency in high school students. Gorg,
R. Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario,
Canada. The research was designed to find
out ifgeneralenterprisingtendency is amulti-
dimensional construct, consisting of five fac-
tors: need for -achievement, need for
autonomy, a creative tendency, calculated
riak-taking and self-mncept governed by in-
ternal locus of contml. Two measures of each
of these factors were administered to a se-
lected group of high school students (grades
11and 12) attending special summer school
for entrepreneurial training. The results of
confirmatory factor analysis and reliability
analysis supported the above five factors.
THO583
Une analwe factorielle d'eneemble de
cinq famillee de teats. Herickr, J. Psycho-
logue Chercheur-Conft?rencier, Universitt?
Laud, Qudbec, Canada. Les familles de testa
cognitife, dectifs, d'intkdt, de &&rite, et
l'anthmpmbtrie sont rarement analws hors
de leur domaine. Une batterie mmpo& de
tests factorises mesurant chaque famille est
soumise B une analyse factorieUe d'ensemble.
Les 81variables se Aduisent B 21 facteurs. Les
rbsultats montrent: une Aduction inbgale du
nombre de facteura par famille; de nouveaux
facteurs; la lente decmissance de la variance
commune; une structure factorielle plus com-
plexe pour les tests; un recouvrement des fam-
illes; une importante r6duction du temps
d'adminiatration. Une andyse hihrarchique
suggi?reune structure de la personnalitk.
TH068.4
Comparison between operant and psy-
chometric methods to assess individual
differences. Monten, Upez-Lena, & Her-
nandez del Pozo, R. Universidad Nacionnl
Autonoma de Mexiro, Mexico. This study pres-
ents the analysis of reliability and validation
of the Myers Brim Indicator (MBI) with a
Mexican sample of university students. We
use two validity methods, the first was the
construct validity method, by factor analysis
PA2 in order to find the proposed four person-
ality traits (a) extraversion-introversion, (b)
sensing and intuition, (c)thinking and feeling,
(d) judgment and perception. In addition we
selected individuals with extreme scores in
each of the MBI's traits, and they were tested
against an operant computerized task de-
signed for the amessment ofbehavioral styles
in order to obtain their predictivevalidity. The
results are discussed in terms of Jungian the-
ory and operant procedures to assess individ-
ual merences.
THO58.6
Personality constructs dimensions of
personality or dimensions of self-con-
cept? M u e k , J. University of Ljubljana,
rjllbljana, Slovenia. In the measurement of
personality txaits and dimensions the self-re-
porting devices etrongly prevail. It could be
reasonably questioned, what is exactly
measured by self-report questionnaires and
inventories: the personality structure or the
structure of personal selfconcepts? A multi-
variate study was designed therefore in order
to compare the structures of (1) self-reported,
(2) other-reported, and (3) other-directed ap-
praisals of personality.
THOsB.6
The neurochemical basis of the P-dimen-
eion of peieonality (psychoticism).Net-
ter, Z?, Rammsayer, T., Wolf, s.,& Hennig, J.
Deportment of PtyAalogy, UniversiCy of
Giessen, Germuny. Little theoretical mnsider-
ation has been given to the study of the biol-
ogical basis of psychoticism (PI related
personality variables. Two experimental
studies in healthy wlunteers were designed
to investigate the hypothesis that an imbal-
ance of the cholinergic and dopaminergic sys-
t e m may be related to P. Susceptibility to
O.olm& of smpolamine (Sc) (a cholinergic
agonist) in Study 1and to 3mg of haloperidol
(H) (a dopaminergic antagonist) in Study 2
were tested by discrimination and vigilance
tests and reaction time tasks. It could be dem-
onstrated that high P scorers showed larger
deterioration in performance by Sc and less
subjective and performance related impair-
ment by H than low scorers. The results will
be discussed on the basis of neurotransmitter
relationships.
 10. INDNIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONMJTY
TH058.7
New insights into dimenoions of person-
ality. Pfoat, KSDepartment of Psychology
4620, Illinois State Universi& USA. This
study investigated the relationship between
n o d and psychopathological personality
characteristics. "he Personal Styles Inven-
tory (PSI), a measure of normal personality
characteristics, and the MMPI-2 were admin-
istered to 212college students.Three orthogo-
nal factors were derived: two represent
normal-range aspects of personality as
measured by the PSI;one represents psycho-
pathology as measured by the -1-2. Based
on these results, relationships between nor-
mal-range personality characteristics and
their pathological counterparts are elabor-
ated. A three-dimensional model of person-
ality was proposed, consisting of type of
personality characteristics, strength of char-
acteristics, and psychopathological manifes-
tations of characteristics.
moms
Self-perception and cognitive-social
complexity. R o r h , A-S. University of
Stockholm. Sweden. In a study of cognitive-so-
cial complexity of self-perceptions as sn ele-
ment of ego development in Levinger's theory
the subjects either generated most self-de-
scriptive traits or describedthemselves on the
eight scales from the Interpersonal Circum-
plex. Loevinger's method for measuring ego
development was used. Most self-generated
traits were categorised by judges to sectors of
the circle. Subjects' ways of combining traits
when self-generated differed as expected be-
tween levels of ego development. Some per-
sonality scales from the Interpersonal
Circumplex had complex, non-linear relations
to ego development.
THOS6.9
Sex differences inself-descriptionsusing
the language of personality. Saucier, C.
Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illi-
nois, USA. Unlike all previous studies and
theories of sex differences in personality, the
studies presented utilized a full and repre-
sentative range of variables based on taxo-
nomies of the language of personality.
Self-descriptions by five college samples
(USA, Australia; N = 1249) on 490 familiar
English trait adjectives showed a consistent,
replicable sex-differences pattern. Systematic
relations of these differences to social desira-
bility and the Big-Five personality factors are
detailed. "he factor structure of the most
highly Werentiating terms can be alterna-
341
tively interpreted either as two rotated dimen-
sions labeled Feeling and Fearlessness, or as
one broad u m t a t e d dimension labeled Met-
tive Texture (scale presented).
PERSONALITY AM)WORK (TH069)
THO69.1
Prediction of entrepreneurial success.
Altink, WdfM.(l), & Born, M.P.(2) (1)
Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Nether-
lands; (2)Rje Universiteit, Amsterdam. The
Netherlands. A model is developed which in-
corporates two features of the prediction of
entrepreneurial success: (a) entrepreneurial
rake characteristics and aspects of the future
job are appraised, (b) advising is part of the
prediction issue, the entrepreneurial plan may
be modified on certain aspects. The model is a
variant of 'adaptive selectionm,and has been
operationalized in a measuring device. The
empirical research relates to the fmt feature
(a): Ratings on situational and personality
characteristica have been obtained from sev-
eral samples of raters (N = 30 to N = 100).
Findings on interrater reliability and the rela-
tion between characteristics will be presented.
THO692
Development of a personality inventory
for personnel selection from an interac-
tional perspective. Born, M. Vrije Univer-
siteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In the
1990 edition of Essentials of Psychological
Testing, Cronbach notes that personnel tes-
ters are returning to development of person-
ality inventories and that today's outlook
regarding the influence of the situation and of
personal behavior styles in shaping actions is
balanced. From this viewpoint an inventory
for achievement-relatedbehavior has been de-
veloped. Situational characteristics and
achieving styles have been incorporated to
determine the (combined) influence of person
and situation. Analyses of inventory-respon-
ses of several applicant samples (N= 165 to N
= 259) using the generalizability theory of
Cronbach and his co-workers will be
presented pertainingto how the inventory can
be utilized for selection decisions.
TH059.3
Accident history related to driving styles
and sensation seeking personality: The
case of taxi drivers. B u m , P.C. Depart-
ment of Psychology, Queen's University, King-
ston, Ontario, Canada. This study is
concerned with the interrelationship between
342 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALJTY
people's driving behaviour, sensation seeking
(Zuckerman, 1979). and their history of mov-
ing violations and collisions. Unobtrusive ob-
servations were made on 51 male taxi drivers
by two confederates posing as passengers.
Subjecta later responded to the personality
questionnaire and gave permission to have
their official driving records examined. No
relationahip was found between sensation
seeking and collision experience o r any other
variable considered here. Significant positive
correlations were found amongst sensation
seeking, the number of speeding convictions,
moving violations, and observed speeding be-
haviour.
TH069.4
Weight fluctuation as an indicator of oc-
cupational strese amongst jockeys. Mad
ler, A.!R(l), Labadarios, D. (11, & Momberg,
D 5.(2) ( I ) University ofStellenbosch, Repsb-
lic of South Africa; (2) Old Mutual,Pinelands,
Republic of South Afrira. In a study on o w -
pational stress amongst jockeys, the extent
of weight fluctuation was assessed. The
weight on a non- racing day has been used
as a baseline to compare the weight fluctua-
tion on two consecutive racing days. The
vulnerability of certain psychological stress
responses was investigated in comparison to
weight fluctuation. An increase in weight
fluctuation correlates significantly with a
lack of general psychological health, de-
pression, anxiety and a negative self-con-
cept. These results provide evidence that
weight fluctuation is indicative of occupa-
tional stress amongst jockeys.
THO69.5
Perfectionism,control, and components
of performance anxiety in professional
artiets.Mor, S(1), Day,H.I.(l),Flett, G.L.(l),
& Hewitt, P.(2). (1) York University. North
York, Canada; (2) Bmkville Psychiatric Hos-
pital, Brockville, Canada.The hypothesis that
perfectionismand personal control are associ-
ated with facilitating and debilitating perfor-
mance anxiety among professional artists and
the relationship between these personality
variables and indices of performance evalu-
taion and goal satisfaction was tested. A
sample of 83 artists completed the Multi-
dimensional Perfectionism Scale, a measure
of personal contml and a measure of facilita-
tiong and debilitating performance anxiety.
Subjects also provided ratings of somatic per-
formance anxiety, happiness while perfor-
&g, performancc evaluation, and goal
satisfaction. The results attest to the import-
ance of perfectionism and personal control as
joint contributors to the quality of perfor-
mance anxiety.
"EI069.6
3eliefs about work among Auefralians
and Americans. Naylor, PB.(l),& Krum-
boltz, J.D.(2) (1) University of Melbourne,Aus-
tralia; (2) Stanford University, USA. Recent
studies of the factor structure of the Career
Beliefs Inventory (Krumboltz, 1991) sug-
gested that the most common theme in beliefs
about work appeared to relate to the T m t e s -
tant Work Ethic". Astructural equation model
derived from these studies was applied to
samples of Americans (n = 1400) and Austra-
lians (n = 1100). The results indicated that
this belief theme accmnted for most of the
common variance in beliefs. The results also
reflected the complexity of beliefs about work,
with the unique variance combining cultural
variance and sampling error.
TH069.7
QOwldge and understanding O f picto-
grams: survey conducted among a diver-
sfiedpopulation.Bruya, M.-l?(l), Pauzi6,
A.(2), & Alauzet, AS21(1) Universitd LumiPre-
&on II, W C X , France; (2) ZNRETS-
LESCO. Brun, France. In order to evaluate
the knowledge and the understanding of an
important numberofsymbols and pictograms,
a survey had been conducted in diverased
population, with a sample size of 174 intervie-
wees. Evaluation of pictogram efficiency as a
message communication medium has been
tested through a questionnaire gathering 140
various examples, existing nowadays in the
environment. Results allowed to show the fa-
cilitating effect more o r less pronounced ac-
cording to the level of figurative codes and
referent. On the other hand, age effect had
been shown; abstraction and codification
ability required by the image varies as a func-
tion of age.
"€3019.8
La edection psychologique appliquh
aux situationse b m e e . Le cas dee astro-
nautee europ8ens. Rioolier, J. Universitt!
de Reims, Fmnce. L a dlection &it r6pondre
B d e w imphatifs: Bliminer lee sujets inaptes
("select-out"),choieir cew qui paraissent sus-
ceptibles d'@treles plus performants ("select-
in"). Seules dea d t h o d e s spkifiques
(individuelleset de gmupe) permettent de sat-
isfaire le second objectif. La s6lection th6-
orique &it &re mmplBt& par une dlection
pragmatique lorn de la phase d'entrainement.
 10. NDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONAWTY
La dlection des astronautes repdsente une
illustration typique.
THoss.9
Psychological aGustment in the aviation
environment: the self-concept of the
fighter pilot. De Viirer, R J. Department of
Industrial Pvchology, University of South Af-
rica, South Africa. The research comprises a
psychological study of self-concept and the
manner in which it features in the personality
organisation of the fighter pilot. The results of
the qualitative research undertaken c o d i
the presence of a defensive positive selfcon-
cept. Several common themes are indicated
and the implications thereof are discussed.
The image of the fighter pilot and the existen-
tial implications thereof in terms of self-alie-
nation are highlighted The conclusions of the
research emphasise the value of selfconcept
as a theory-integrating construct. The multi-
dimensional character of self-concept is illus-
trated as well.
PERSONALITYAND HEALTH (THO6O)
THO60.1
Personality characteristics of adult
childrenof alcoholics.Banre#, GJ.,Fein-
stein, L., & Murray, R.P. University of Mani-
toba, C a d . Research on the personality
characteristics of adult children of alcoholics
(ACOAs) has generally relied on unrepresen-
tative clinical samples and poorly matched
control groups. In the present study extensive
interviews and questionnaires were adminis-
tered to a large Canadian general population
sample (n = 12571,and the relationships be-
tween having a family history of parental
alcoholism and adult personality charac-
teristics were examined. Results showed that
ACOAs scored higher than controls on neum-
ticism and related characteristics, higher on
psychoticism, and higher on the MacAndrrw
Alcoholism Scale. No dimerences between
groups were found for stimulus augmenting
reducing or field dependence-independence.
THO609
Temperament-TypeAfit vs. misfit and its
emotional and health consequences.
Eliasz, A, & Cofta, L. Institute of Psychology,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
P-E misfit can be manifested by internal in-
mngruenoe resulting fmm internalized E de-
mands. By Eliasz’s hypothesis the
incongruence between temperament (T)and
Type A is a risk factor for emotional disturb-
343
ance and illness. Thus,neither Type A alone,
nor T is a risk factor. The hypothesis was
tested on a large sample. T was assessed by
STI-R,% A by JAS. Also assessed were:
d e t y and anger, negativdpositive emotions
and their balance, and mping styles. Somatic
problems were assessed by self-report. The
data support the hypothesis. The theoretical
context of the study is also to be presented
THo60.3
Factors associated with quality of life.
Evans, D.R., Pellizzam, J.R., Davies, B., &
Metzen, M. University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada. In three studies
employing community based samples, the re-
lationship between personality, marital, and
job related factors and quality of life was
examined Study 1 indicated that hardiness
and self esteem were important components
of overall quality of life. The marital com-
munication skills of expressiveness and inti-
macy were identified as major aspects of
overall quality of life in the second study. In
Study 3, satisfaction with various job charac-
teristics was related to overall quality of life.
These studies start to provide definition to the
quality of life concept in terms of personality
characteristics, skills and beliefs that have
potential for modification.
TH060.4
Health habits and personality: A com-
munity-bed study. Eosokawa, T.(l),
Ohyama, M.(2), & Fukao, A.(1) (1) Tohoku
University; (2) ?bhoku Gukuin University,
Sendai, Japan. This study examined the rela-
tionships between health habits and person-
ality in a cohort of 41,442 people aged 40 to
65 from 14 rural areas of Miyagi h f e c t u r e ,
northeast Japan. Data were collected byques-
tionnaire in 1990. Six health habits were con-
sidered: eating breakfast, hours of sleep,
physical exercise, body weight (obesity), ciga-
rette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Per-
sonality was assessed by a Japanese edition
of the short-scale Eysenck Personality Ques-
tionnaire (revised). Results indicated signifi-
cant associations between less healthful
habits and some dimensions of personality,
especially the Psychoticism scale.
TH060.6
Using the MMPI to predict allergic
rhinitic status in females. King, M.G.,
Gauci, M., & Husband, A.J. UnioersityofNew-
castle. NSW, Austmlia. Female volunteers
were assigned to allergic rhinitic (n = 21)and
non-allergic groups ( n = 18)according to skin
344 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
test and self-report. MMPI profiles showed
that allergic rhinitics m r e d signi6cantly
higherantheHs(p=0.03)andtheSi(p=0.04
scales. These values however did 110 reach
clinical significance. A discriminant function
analysis of the Hs and Si item waa per-
formed. Eight Hs i t e m and 11 Si items die-
criminated between allergic rhinitics and
non-allergics with 100% accuracy. These
items define an Allergic Rhinitis Scale for
females.
TF1060.6
Actors:careers driven by h d t h or neur-
osis? Lipitt, Pa., Judson, J.. & Lelos, D.
Boston University and Harvard Medical
School. USA. Various psychological studies
have characterized actors as insecure n e w -
tics, seeking an identity througfi role playing,
fulfilled only by attention andapplause. Other
researchers describe actors as undertaking a
process of finding their inner identity, releas-
ing inner potential with capacity to persevere
in the face of external hardships. 160 actors
were administered a 30-item inventory of
their self-perceptions as actnrs. The data re-
veals a self-definition characterized aa self-
fulfilled, positive body image, generous,
attention seeking, making good decisions and
viewed positively by others. The "mission" of
acting is analyzed in terms of healthy and
neurotic striving.
TH060.7
Competition aa an incentive for biofeed-
back assisted relaxation in TypeAadults
and adolescents. Shahidi, S. Department
of Psychology, University College London. UK.
Psychological intervention has generally been
unsuccessful in modifying physiological arou-
sal in healthy Type A individuals. This paper
investigates a n alternative approach to the
modification of cardiovascular reactivity in
Type As using heart rate biofeedback. Two
experiments were canjed out in which Type A
and B adults and adolescents competed for
heart rate reduction. Results showed that
Type As reduced heart rate more successfully
when competing than when not competing. It
is suggested that core elements of the Type A
behaviour pattern, in particular competition,
could be exploited in the modification of physi-
ological arousal in Type A individuals.
TFIo60.8
Differentialsensitivity to otress between
rheumatoid arthritis and oateoarthritis
patients. Zautm, A. J., Burleaon, M.,Matt,
K.,Roth, S., & Harrington, L Aniom State
University, USA. We interviewed and ml-
lected peripheral blood samples from 33 fe-
male rheumatoid (RA) patients and 37 female
osteoarthritis (OA)patients, who served aa
controls. Because of the strains associated
with their chronic propssive illnese, we hy-
pothesized that RA patients would be more
reactive to life stress than OA patients. The
data ahowed that RAe were more reactive
psychologically and biologically to interper-
sonal and illness-related streseors than O h .
PERSONALJTYANDCLINICAL
DIAGNOSIS (THOSl)
TH061.1
Psychological assessment of trsnaoexual
adolescents. Cohen, L.(l), de Ruiter, C.(2),
& Cohen-Kettenis, P.(3) (1) Free University
Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (2)
Leiden University, The Netherlands; (3)
University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. The
psychological Sinctioning of transsexuals is a
matter of debate. Research with adolescent
transsexuals may be particularly relevant be-
cause of the short history of stigmatization
and few ties with original gender mles. We
know of no published reports of studies with
this p u p . Thirty adolescent transsexuals
were tested by means of the Rorschach Com-
prehensive System and two self-report ques-
tionnaires. First results indicated that the
sample was characterized by indications of
internal rage, absence ofpositive internal rep-
resentations of relations with others, absence
of the need for closeness, severely disturbed
reality testing and mild thought disorders.
THO619
The emerging socialclinical theory of
personality, motivation, and change.
Curtii, R Lkrner Institute of Advanced Psy-
chological Studies, Adelphi University, Gar-
den City, IVX USA. The emerging clinical
theory of personality, motivation, and change,
integrating Leewin's field theory with mgni-
tive-behavioral and psychodynamic theories,
is described. Major assumptions of this theory
are: (1)Behavior is a function of the person
and the situation; (2) People formulate goals,
both consciously and unconsciously, which
guide their behaviors; (3) Goals are organized
hierarchically, with self-preservation (physi-
 10. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES M D PERSONALITY
cal or symbolic), positive affect, and the avoid-
ance of negative dect as primary goals; (4)
People formulate theories of themselves,
others, and causality. Preservation of the self-
theory and world-theory are highorder goals;
(5) Change occurs by altering the goal system.
TH061.3
Latent inhibition and memory of irrele-
vant stimuli in psychotic-pronen o d
subjects. De La ,Canq G.(l), & Lubow,
RPSZ) ( I ) University of Seville, Spain; (2)
University of Tel Aviv, Israel. Two experiments
examined the effects of pre+xposure of non-
relevant &ape stimuli in high and low psy-
chotic-prune normals (MMPI). In the first, an
attenuated latent inhibition (LD effect was
found in high psychotic prone subjects. In the
second,high psychotic-prune normal subjects
recalled and recognized more previously non-
relevant stimuli than low psychotic-prone
subjects. The data suggests that the attenua-
tion of LI in high psychotic-prone (and schizo-
phrenic subjects) is a result of increased
attention to nonrelevant information.
TH061.4
Body image and the self-concept in buli-
mia. Girodo, M., & Boyer, H. University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. In Experiments 1
and 2, bulimic subjects encoded body shape
adjectives faster to an actual self, and to a
dreamed-of and fearedof self. In Experiment
3, a "dream-of-being-thin" schema was related
to the discrepancy between perceived and
ideal shape. Experiment 4 examined reaction
times to pmpositional statements and found
the poor physical selfconcept in bulimic sub-
jects to be related to less cognitive organiza-
tion in affrming favorable physical-self ideas
than for disavowing unfavorable physical-self
ideas. Body image percepts have greater c o g
nitive significance when they identify a core
feature of the self-concept.
TH061.6
The drive to be thin:A test of sociocultu-
ral determinants of eating attitudes and
behaviours. Kenny, D.T.,& Adams, R.D.
The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Although there has been growing support for
the sociocultural model in understanding the
aetiology of the eating disorders and their
high prevalence in females, few comparative
studies exist which examine gender differen-
ces in concerns about eating behaviours,
weight and body shape in normal populations.
Using the Eating Disorders Inventory on 1485
Australian university students, this study
345
found significant gender differences in drive
for thinness, body dissatisfaction and feelings
of ineffectivemy. Women with average body
mass indices were more dissatisfied with their
body shape than overweight and obese men,
suggesting that women do internalize a cultu-
ral ideal of thinness that is below the weight
of the average woman; thereby enhancing vul-
nerability to developing both eating disorders
and psychological disturbances.
TH061.6
Loss of self in schizophrenia:a phenom-
enological and neurobiological analysis.
Sanr, LA. Rutgers University, USA. I offer a
phenomenological analysis of self-fragmenta-
tion in schizophrenia, viewing this phenome-
non in the light of the analysis of
consciousness of self offered in William
James's Principles of Psychology. My concern
is to illuminate and evaluate the rule that
certain forms of intense and dysfunctional
self-consciousness can play in these processes
of fragmentation and self-dissolution. Criti-
cisms of the psychoanalytic understanding of
schizophrenic self-disorders will be offered,
and I will also consider some possible neuro-
biological correlates of the processes I de-
scribe.
TH061.7
Personality assessment battery for ado-
lescents. a multi-method approach.
Schnurr, RG. Department of Psychology,
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Cana-
da. A bilingual (English/French), multi-
method, personality assessment battery for
adolescents is presented with typical case
vignettes. Constructs essential in the under-
standing of adolescent functioning are evalu-
ated. This battery has been used in a pediatric
hospital with approximately 400 adolescents
over a five year period, evaluating psycho-so-
cia1 symptoms and disorders as well as adjust-
ment to serious medical problems. The
vignettes demonstrate how the battery assists
with diagnosis and treatment. As well as
being a highly valuable clinical twl, the bat-
tery also permits the establishment of a con-
tinuous and comprehensive data base
consistent with the scientist-practitioner
model.
TH061.8
Anorexia nervosa: an organic origin?
Thompoon, S.B.h? University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK.Female outpatient anorectics
satisfying DSM-III-R (1987) criteria and
healthy female controls matched for age, edu-
346 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
cation, social class, premorbid IQ and geo-
graphical habitation, were administered a
battery of well known neumpeychological
tests and rating scales. significant evidence
suggested a difference between eubjecta im-
plying impairment of the right hemisphere,
believed to account for diekrrtion of body
image; and for the coexistence of obsession-
ality and depression in anorexia nervosa.
Growing evidence implicatingthe caudate nu-
cleus for the obsessionality in obsessiveoom-
pulsive disorder was used to explain the
obeessionality in anorexia n e m s e , mppor-
ting new exciting hypotheses proposing an
organic origin for the condition.
THo61.9
Identifying the mechaniem(s) under-
lying learned helpleesnesa deficits. Wine-
field, AH. Department of Psychdogy,
University of Adelaide, Australia. L a m e d
helplessness refers to performance deficits fol-
lowing exposure to uncontrollable outcomes.
Helplessness theory does not account for the
bimodality observed in the original animal
experiments, moreover there is disagreement
as to whether human helplessness is com-
parable. Alternative explanations have been
proposed ranging from learned laziness to ego
defence. One way of demonstrating a common
underlying mechanism would be to show that
the same individuals become helpless in dif-
ferent situations. Unfoxtunately the triadic
experimental design does not allow for the
identification of individual helplessness. Re-
sults are presented from some pioneering ex-
periments that attempt to address this
problem.
PERSONALITYAND DEPRESSION
(THO621
THo62.1
The effect of childhood bereavement on
academic achievement. Abdelnoor, A.S.E.
St Georges Hospital Medical School, Uniuer-
siiy oflondon, UK.This study of 150 bereaved
British schoolchildren (1991-1994) compares
bereaved (1-12 years previously) and unbere-
aved children's nationally moderated 14+116+
exam results and measures of depression,
anxiety, and confidence to determine whether
bereaved children underachieve, attend
school less, show more depressive charac-
teristics or are seen as less successful in class.
The hypothesis that grief and mourning tend
to trap individuals in the negative circuit of a
dynamic paradigm connecting performance
and perceived failure (as a learned response)
is examined, with the possibility that the emo-
tional effecta ofbereavement persist long aRer
they seem to have ameliorated.
THO623
Puerperal depression, a clinical view.
Axelnni, R Mexican Psychoanalyticnl Asso-
ciation, M d o . The following investigation
demonstrated the preeence of puerperal de-
pression ae a clinical fact in a 60 primipmue
women sample between 19 and 32 yeara old,
married, wealthy, with a minimum high
school scholarity, living in Merico City. The
following variables were measured: mascu-
linity/feminiuity, state and characteristic
anxiety, depression. Two application phases
were done: the firat in the third pregnancy
trimester and the other in the second month
after successful birth. In both, all testa were
applied. T Student, Pearson and Factorial
Analpie were used. Results showed positive
correlations in depression with masculinity
and anxiety.
THO623
Personality predictors of depression.
Cam'llo, J.M., Rojo, N., GonzAlez, B., C a h a -
jo, P., & HernAndez, M.C. Univerisdad Com-
plutense de Madrid, Spain. This study was
conducted to achieve two aims in the context
of Personality and Depression research. First,
some relationships among different person-
ality approaches(measuredbytheCEP,BELL
and PES questionnaires) and depression
(measured by the BDI) were explored. Second-
ly, the possibilities of the PES as predictor of
depression were evaluated. For these pur-
poses, a sample fium a general population
with a broad range of age (18 to 75 years, 60%
men/M)% women) was collected.
TH062.4
Confirmatory factor analysis discrimi-
nates mood regulation expectancies
f r o m depression. Catanzam, S.J. Illinois
State University, Normal, IL, USA. Discrimi-
nating self-reports of depression and related
cognitive variables remains problematic. For
example, the Generalized Expectancy for Ne-
gative Mood Regulation Scale (GE-NMR)
measures beliefs that one cau terminate a
negative mood; it presumably is related to but
distinct from depression. Discriminant va-
lidity from the Beck Depression Inventory
was demonstrated using LISREL7. A two-fac-
tor model fit data from 1177 college students
adequately (x2 ( 8 ) = 27.19, p = .001: 'hcker
Lewis Goodness of Fit Index = .99) and esti-
 10. DVDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
mated the GE-NMR-Depressioncorrelation at
-525.In contrast, a single-factor model fit
poorly (xz (9)= 1048.27,p .0001;GFI = .31),
demonstrating discriminant validity.
m062.s
Depression, hostility, anxiety and re-
lated psychopathological dimensions in
Saudi females. Zbrahim, RM,, & Ibrahim,
A S . King Faisal University, Dammam,
Saudi Arab&. Groups of Saudi females were
administered the Depressive Symptomato-
logy Scale, the Multiple Adjective Checklist,
the Symptoms Inventory, and biography ques-
tionnaire. The Saudi females scoredhigher on
all test variables as compared with obtainable
rates for Saudi males. Within female p u p s ,
psychopathological variables differed signifi-
cantly based on biographical background in-
cluding age, marital status, and level of
education. The results were discussed in rela-
tion to role conflict, stress, and anger express-
ion among females in that culture.
TH062.6
Self-care:a Lasting depression? Mageau,
D., &Jones, PA. Mount Saint Vincent Univer-
sity, H a l i f u , C a d . Increasingly children
are spending considerable time without adult
supervision during after-school hours. Does
this variable of selfcare contribute to adoles-
cent depression? A study of 110 male and 101
female students aged 16 to 18 was conducted.
A stepwise multiple regression analysis indi-
cated that 4540 of the variance in Beck De-
pression Inventory scores are acmuntable by
a combination of variables including Locus of
Control, the child's relationship with each
parent, and with others outside the familial
environment. Childhood self-care was found
to have no direct relationship to adolescent
depression. However, the kind of control
exerted by each parent not only relates to LOC
(pc.OOl), which in turn relates to depression.
TH062.7
Anxiety, depression, and coping style in
alcohol and drug dependent persons.
Madden, C., Hinton, E., Holman, P., &
Mountjouris, S. Department of Behavioural
Health Sciences, La nobe University, Austra-
lia . The coping styles of 137 patients presen-
ting to three city, suburban and rural
programs for in-patient alcohol and drug re-
habilitation in Australia were examined in
relation to depression and anxiety. Depress-
ion, which was highly correlated with anxiety
(r = .79) predicted the use of Wishful Think-
ing-the most used coping style by patients,
347
on the Ways of Coping Checklist pollman &
Lazarus, 1986).The relative fkequencyofemo-
tion-focused compared to problem-focused
coping, across a range of stressful situations,
suggests that alcohol and drug patients may
benefit h m therapeutic program designed
to train them in the use of problem-focused
strategies.
TH062.8
Selfconstrual and depression prone-
ness: toward a social cognitive perspec-
tive. Pnoic, 2,& Genest, M . University of
Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, Canada. 'Ib ident-
ify features of selfconstrual associated with
depression pmneness, self-ratings across 12
dimensions of selfconcept are examined,
along with the perceived importance of these
dimensions to the self. The hypothesis tested
is that depression proneness is associated
with lower ratings on only highly important
dimensions, but not with lower overall self-
concept score. Depression proneness is
measured as a continuous variable in a non-
clinical sample of Canadian students. No-
mothetic and idiographic approaches are
applied in eliciting self-concept dimensions.
Current mood effeeds are statistically mntrol-
led. Results of the regression analyses are
presented and discussed with respect to their
theoretical and clinical implications.
TH062.9
Suicidal ideation as a cognitive trait of
personality. Walter#, DA. Rehabilitation
Centre, Worker's Compensatinn Board of Al-
berta, Canada. The 'Suicide Ideation Cogni-
tive Trait Scale" (SICTS)has been derived on
a sample of 312 college students. In its ability
to distinguish adolescent attempters from
non-attempters, SICTS is not only able to
suggest "suicidal types" along a continuum,
but also to assign a risk score. Structure- and
criterion- oriented analyses demonstrate the
ability of SICTS to manifest generality, to
distinguish between individuals in both cog-
nitive andbehavioural terms, and to maintain
relatively stable scores. Hence, the criteria
forwarded by Scott et al. (1979) for estab-
lishing 'cognitive trait constructs" have been
satisfied.
34.8 10. I N D M D U . DIFFERENCES AND PERSONhLITY
METHoM)LoGIcALIssuEs IN
PERSONAJ,.ITY RESEARCH (THOSS)
THo63.1
Multiple personality: mistakes and mys-
tique.ALdridgeMorria, R. Middlesex Poly-
technic, UK. An alleged epidemic of c a w of
multiple personality disorder in the USA has
produced a burgeoning of interest and publi-
cations. Estimates of normal population pre-
valencereach50.000, withreportsofupto 100
alter egos in individual patients. This paper
presents a number of grounds on which to
base a sceptical view of this epidemiologically
puzzling phenomenon.
THO632
J.P. Rushton’s aggregational errors in
racial psychology.Cernwrks 2.2. Univer-
sity of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
Contraryto Ruahton’s postulates, aggregating
large cohorts of methodologically weak
studies leads to misleading mnclusiom. The
review of hie data ahows that nonprofessional
skull collections were included (race was poss-
ibly estimated from skull size) and the impact
of factom such as infant malnutrition and
climate on brain size was ignored. Statistical
re-analyses of cranial data shows that cranial
size (1) is not a viable indicator of intelligence,
and (2) is similar in Negroids and Caucasians
from the same settings: it varies with the
standard of living and climate (smaller crania
are found in underdeveloped, warmer mun-
tries) not with race.
THo63.s
The utility of MDS techniques on multi-
trait-multimethod matrices. Hammod,
S.M., & B a m t t , P.T. University of Surrey,
Guildford, UK.This paper attempts to show
the applicability of non-metric MDS proce-
dures to the evaluation of multitrait-multi-
method matrices. The utility of MDS methods
have been largely overlwked in this area but
they have particular value when certain as-
sumptions of more sophisticated techniques
are dubious. When coupled with a facet design
the use of MDS can prove highly informative.
A number of criticism of the approach are
assessed and an example comparing ipsative
and normative assessment of the same six
traits is provided as an illustration.
mw.4
Evaluation of computer generated nar-
rative reports fmm personaLity scales.
Keiktt, D A ,McCahon, S.,& James, J. Psy-
chological Services, lltnining and Develop
ment ffrwp, UK. This ntudy evaluated the
accuracy and style characteristics of five mm-
mercially available mmputer generated nar-
rative reporb which were derived from
personality scales. Renults indicate reports
baaed on the Occupational Personality Ques-
tionnaire performed well on measures of BCCLI-
racy and ntyle, while reportn based on the
16PF’ and Occupational Personality Profile
performed less well. The report baaed on the
rapid Personality Questionnaire was marked
lowest in accuracy and poorest in style.
THO636
U S e f U l d i E t b l C t i O n S ~ g t O t h s ~
nonenvkPnment interaction.Mag, M&.
University of Windsor, Ontario, C W . The
contention is examinedthat Skinner and Ban-
dura have opposed views on the personenvi-
mnment interaction largely because they
consider ditrerent domains. ‘lb clarifl their
stances, two d i s t i n c t i ~are offered: (1)be-
tween manifest and scientific levels of ana-
lysis, respectively focusing on proximate and
ultimate determinants,and on present beha-
viour and the past development of personality;
(2) between models of interaction ranging
from uni-directionalenvironment-person ac-
counts to the person-activity*nvimnment
model of Soviet and German activity theory.
TH063.6
Analyse de la personnalite et secteurs
disciplinaires. Puig-Verger, N. Schwitzer
Universitk Paris VIIIlHSpitOl La Saipttdre,
Paris, Fmnce. Quelles analogies, quels en-
seignements &gag& de l’ensemble des re-
cherches Bur la personnalite selon de champ
disciplinaire oil elles s’effectuent? Utilisons-
nous le meme systeme de dfbrences dans
l’orientation ernrimentale, cognitiviste ou
d a m l’orientation clinique ou psychopatho-
logique? Comment integrer l’apport d’un sec-
teur ti un autre? Ias auteurs suggbrent de
dbpasser l’antinomie du dbbut du s i k l e et #en
tirer des enseignements sur le plan pratique:
n’y-a-t’il pas ntkessit4 de remauier les sup-
ports d‘analyse des pmfiis de personnalite, des
tests projectifs et les criteres d‘attribution di-
agnostique?
 10. INDIVIDUAL, DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
TH063.7
cranial capacity correlated with W X ,
ranL, and race in a military aample.
Ihuhton, JJ? University of Western Ontario.
London, Canada. Cranial capacities were cal-
culated fromexternd head measurements re-
ported for a stratified random sample of 6,325
US Arply personnel measured in 1988. ARer
a4usting for the effects of stature and weight,
and then, sex, rank, or race, the cranial capac-
ity of men averaged 1475 and women 1293
as; those of officers averaged 1393 and en-
listed personnel 1375 cm3; and those on Mon-
Boloids averaged 1416, Caucasoids 1380, and
Negmids 1359 cms. The role brain size may
play in mediating intelligence is discussed.
THO63.8
Latent state-trait theory. Steyer, R
University of bier. n-iel; Germany. A general
theory i s presented for the definitions of (a)
s a t e s and traits, and (b)consistency, speci-
ficjty. reliability, and stability coeflicients.
This theory is based on two decompositions:
(a)the decomposition of any observed .wore
into a latent and measurement e m r , and (b)
the decomposition of any latent state into a
latent trait and a latent state residual. Sev-
eral sets of assumptions are presented which
lead to M e r e n t simultaneous equation mod-
els. States and traits are simultaneously rep-
resented as latent variables in these models.
h a m p l e s from research on anxiety, coping,
and social attitudes illustrate how to estimate
p m m e t e r s , test hypotheses, and evaluate
m d c l fit by widely used computer programs.
TH063.9
W h e n do spontaneous trait inferences
d e r to the actor, and not just the beha-
vior? Uleman, J.S. New York University,
u s .Inferring traits from behaviors involves
highly practised cognitive processes, which
can occur without awareness o r intentions to
infer others' traits (i.e. spontaneously).
h d i e s using verbal descriptions of behavior
have demonstrated effects of these sponta-
I ~ ~ W I Ytrait inferences on cued recall, on sub-
*yuent interpretation of ambiguous
Mmviors, and on recognition reaction times.
Hawvcr, most of these studies have not exam-
ined whether such inferences are merely trait-
n'htcd characterizations of actors' behavior
m about the actors in some more profound
sense. This paper reports our latest findings
on the necessary and sufficient conditions for
S W l b n e o u s trait inferences about persons.
349
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (IN0661
INO66.1
The typology of personality time ar-
rangement. Aboulkhmova-Slavsk~*a,
K A Moscow,CIS. The typology of personality
time arrangement elaborated by K. Abouilca-
nova showed that different types of person-
alities possess different abilities (possibilities
and limitations) to arrange one's time. The
very ability to arrange time was found to
consist of three components: (1) being aware
of time, (2) feeling time, and (3) its practical
arrangement.
IN0663
Measuring coping behavior. hairkhan,
J.H. California State University, Long Beach,
USA. The derivation, psychometric pmper-
ties, and potential uses of the Coping Strategy
Indicator are described. A self-report measure
constructed through multiple factor analytic
investigations of large community samples
(combined n = 18311, the CSI is believed to t a p
coping strategies mmmon to a broad variety
of person- and stressor-types. Scale scores for
Problem Solving,Seeking Social Support, and
Avoidance are formed by having respondents
rate the extent to which 33 specific responses
were used to cope with a recent stressor in
their lives. These scales have demonstrated
good internal and test-retest reliability, as
well as considerable construct and criterion
validity.
IN066.3
The test-retest reliability of the compre-
hensive system for the Rorschach test.de
Ruiter, C., Cohen, L., van Bergen van der
Grijp, D.N., Binkhuysen, P.J.F. Leiden
University, Center for Child and Family
Studies, The Netherlands. The Comprehens-
ive System (CS) for the Rorschach test offers
an empirically based approach to this c o w -
tive-perceptual test. The CS-analysis pro-
vides information on several aspects of
psychological functioning (e.g. information
processing, ideation, self-perception) and the
interpretations based on the analysis have
been shown to be reliable and valid in Ameri-
can samples (Ewer, 1986, 1991). "he CS is
increasingly being used by European clini-
cians and researchers, requiring validation of
the CS in the European context. The present
study provides information on the stability
350 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
(interval 2 months) of the CS variables and
the interpretive statements b a d on these
variables, in a sample of Dutch university
students.
IN066.4
Using evoked potentials to meaaure de-
nialand attention ofreprenaiver and sen-
sitizerr under h a t . D w a i ~ y A , .M., &
F'ratt, H. Evoked Potentials Lab., Faculty of
Medicine, Technwn, Israel. Evoked potentiale
(N1 and P3) to relevant and non-relevant
threat stimuli,were measured forJkpreseivee
and Sensitizere under threat and non-threat
conditions in three attention conditions. (1)
Free attention; (2) Directed attention; (3) Di-
rected distraction. The evoked potential ofthe
two p u p s was not identical. The early atten-
tion (measured by N1)of the Repressives in-
creased under threat, while the late attention
(measured by P3 and self report) demaaed.
The attention of Sensitizers waa not affected
by threat. Unexpectedly, the direction of at-
tention did not affect the fear measures ofboth
p u p s . The evoked potentials show that the
directions did not change the attentional
trends of the subjects.
INOgS.6
The psychometric utility of screening
tests. Hammond, S.M., & McGowan, S .
University of Sumy, Guil@ord, UK.There is
a prevalent belief that paychoneumtic traits,
including depression, can be viewed as mnti-
nua ranging from "normal" to clinically dis-
tressed. This is the basic principle governing
the use of screening inventories such as the
GHQ and BDI in which the psychometric ex-
istence of underlying latent traits is assumed.
This study attempts to show that such inven-
tories will commonly manifest Merential va-
lidity and bias between patient and "normal"
groups suggesting that there is a diamnti-
nuity between the normal and the unwell on
these traits. Implications for theory develop-
ment based on data fmm psychometric
measures are discussed.
IN066.6
Personal time: a remarch o n its develop-
ment based on the use of tenses in texte
of self-description. University "Cyril and
Metodiy': Skopje, Macedonia, Yugoslavia. The
hypothesis of this experiment is that personal
time can be studied through people's use of
tenses in speech. It is attempted to conclude
about personal experience of time, especially
about its developmental changes, by how fre-
quently they use tenses in the first pereon
singular. Using the 1who a m I" technique,
subjecta aged 9, 15 and 2 6 4 0 have been
examined. The data suggetk that in the three
groups an orientation toward the present
dominates. Children's orientation toward the
hture and the past are very rare. Orientation
toward the past increases with ageing. Orien-
tation toward the future is moatly marked in
adolescents.
IN068.7
The autonomic arousal traits and color
preference of offender. Zrhiham, K(11,&
Kodama, M.(2) (1) Hachioji Medical Prison;
(2) Waseda University, Icbkyo, Japan. The
present study inveatigated the relationship
between autonomic arousal traits and color
preferences in prisoners. Male subjects' mlor
preference was measured with the Color Fy-
ramid Test (A), and autonomic arousal by
measuring ekin potential responeeson sound
stimuli (B).The results of A suggested a spe-
cific introversion syndmme.The subjects with
high autonomic amueal also ahowed the in-
troversion eyndmme. These resulta were ana-
lysed in accordance with the interpretation of
Color -mid Test, and discussed from the
perspective of stress and coping.
IN066.8
La difP6renciation de la variable my-
ance-incroyance religieuse dam l'ex-
pirience de la so.- Bocquet, E., &
Japorrl, J.M. Terlinden, G., Van Hamnee,
G., Noel, AP. Centre de Psychologie de la Reli-
gion, Faculte de Psychologie et des Sciences de
I'Edumtwn, UCL, Louvain-la-Neuue, Bel-
gium. L'ap6rience de la souffrance humaine
est choiaie non seulement cmnme objet direct
d'ktude, mais surtout mmme stimulus dif-
fbrenciateur de l'ewrience et de l'attitude
religieuses. On vise B mettre en evidence
l'issue psychologique de l'interaction entre
l'exp6rience de la soufiance et la foi reli-
gieuse. Un &antillon d'infirmiers (ems) bel-
gee a dpondu Bun questionnaire lea invitant
tt decrirede fapn nuande leur repdsentation
de la souffrance, ainsi que leur attitude face
aux diverse8 dimensions de la religion. k s
r6sultata mettent en evidence une variation
significative de ce &bat existentiel, selon les
divers de@s de croyance et d'incmyance.
INO66.9
The structural analysie of mood-statee.
M&hnoch,AV. Institute of Psychology,Mos-
cow,USSR. In acmrdance with the principles
of a hierarchical, multilevel structure of
mood-states, three levels were distinguiahed:
 10. LNDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
psychophysiological, psychological and social-
pychological. Thia structure was realised in
two-dimensional factor space of Positive and
Negative Mect (PA,NA). 'henty-three moun-
taineers were tested in pressure chambers,
laterin thePamirs. NAandPAconnectionwith
leveh ofmoods was different: NAmnnecta with
psychophysiologicallevel, arousal; PA with so-
aal-psychological, psychological levela and
determine by ekills of inter- personal relation-
ships. Factors which were distinguished on
that bundation were assessed as integrative
moods' characteristics and examined in chan-
nel of systematic approach.
IN066.10
The validity of two self-monitoring
scales. Midzuno, K ,& Hashimoto, T. Dosh-
isha University, Kyoto. Japan. The present
study investigated the validity of two Self-
Monitoring Scales (SMS: Snyder, 1974;
RSMS: LMOX & Wolfe, 1984).Rorschach test
was used for evaluation. The results showed
that SMS seemed to be more sensitive when
divided into subscales. RSMS, however, ap-
peared to require further investigation for
using as an index of self-monitoring.
IN066.11
Comparison of the group method and the
standard individual version of the
Holtzman Inkblot Technique. Ohki, M.
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. Ninety-two
university students took the Holtzman Ink-
blot Technique twice under the individual and
the group methods. We examined the simi-
larity in quality of the 21 inkblot variables
obtained under the two different methods: (1)
Means andstandard Deviations, (2)Split-half
reliability coefficients, (3) Intercorrelations
among all other variables, (4) Factor Analysis
of the variables. The results indicated that
m e r e n t norms should be applied for some
variables obtained under the two different
methods. But for other variables, the same
norms can be applied to the result.
IN066.12
Personality antecedents of prosocial be-
havior. Palenik, L. Research Institute of
Child Psychology, Bmtislava, Czechoslovakia.
The "philosophy" of the study is the notion
that prosocial behavior is not only the chanty
but also a consequence of personality com-
petence. Tentatively identifed predictors of
competent behavior-need for success (N-Ach),
need for power (N-PI, internality, assertive-
ness, creativity, self-esteemhavebeen put into
relation to prosocial behavior (cooperation,
351
sharing). The results indicate that prosocial
behavior is one of the ways to reach personal
goals.
IN066.13
Temperamental characteristics and a g
greeeive behavior in rats. f i u l a , W.
University of Warsaw, Poland. Described ex-
periment was run in order to reveal the
possible relation between temperament and
aggressive behavior in rats. Subjects presen-
ting given level of need for sensory stimulation
were tested in the aggressiveness test (resi-
dent-intruder paradigm). Curve-linear rela-
tion was found. The results are discussed in
the terms of evolution and temperament the-
ory.
m066.14
Religiosity and personality traita. Pra-
Lash, J.(l), & Shukla, A.F'.(2) (1)University of
Saga. India; (2) Sangameshwar College, Sola-
pur. The study aims a t investigating whether
the degree of religiosity in a person exerts any
significant innuence on the development of
certain personality traits like introversion
and extraversion, dependency, self-adequacy
emotional stability, etc. Based on the scores of
a religiosity test developed by the authors
high and low religiosity groups were formed
comprising of the subjects in each group. Per-
sonality Assessment Questionnaire was ad-
ministered on each subject in both the p u p s .
Significant differences were observed be-
tween the two groups in respect of depend-
ency, self-image emotional stability. There
was, however, no significant difference on the
extraversion-introversion dimension.
IN066.16
Interrelations between EEG parameters
and some personality traits. R y u . z ~ o u a ,
T.B., & Markina, A.V. Institute of Psychology,
Moscow, Russia. In a study on personality
traits by means of Mira-y-Lopez myokinetic
psychodiagnosis test (MKP) and individual
EEG peculiarities the following data were
analyzed EEG alpha-rhythm frequency,
mean duration of single alpha-spindles, and
scores of the M x p test. In a n experiment with
23 healthy adult subjects results were ob-
tained as follows. On the basis of M K P data
we can conclude about individual alpha fre-
quency means. Subjects drawing sharper
angles in zig-zags subtest of the MKP have
higher alpha frequency (r = -.67, pe.05). Psy-
chic instability assessments of the MKP re-
lated to alpha frequency (r = -.48, p<.05) and
alpha spindle duration (r = .47, ~ ~ 0 5 ) .
352 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY

m066.1
6 INo86.19
The role ofpersonalityi n p h p m stere- Projective and psychometric correlates
otyping. Ryckman, R.M.. Department of of entmapreneurialIRICCBBS. Singh, S. Ma-
Psychology, Maine, USA. Previous reseclrch harshi hyanand University, India. W e
has failed to find evidence of a rater person- hundred Indian managera partiapated in a
ality-physique stereotyping interaction. study of the relationship between managerial
Using an individual difference construct that success and selected personality traits, moti-
haa relevance for the n0rm.s involved in body vational factore, and work values. Results of
stereotyping, the present study found that backstep multiple regression analyees and
subjects high in public selfconsciousness a t semipartial correlation analyses indicated
tributed more favorable traits to mesomorphs that the more successful managera have a
and more unfavorable traita to endomorphs greater need for power. They tend to be rela-
than subjects low in public selfconSciousnesa. tively radical, critical, analytical, and free-
Differential personality evaluations of ecto- thinking individuals who encourage change.
morphs by subjects who varied in public self- Their activity preference is pronounced and
consciousness were not found, possibly they display p a t e r self-confidence, spirit,
because the stereotype of ectomorphs is cur- and lack of fear.
rently in transition.
INO66.20
m 06 6.17 The eltfect of private ~-consciousnees
The validity of Hutt's Bender-Gestalt and perfectionism on neurotic suffer-
scoring system for hostility. Searight, ings. nu& H.CU,& Yamamoto, 542) (1)
H . R Southern Illinois University, Edwards- Konan Women's University; (2)Shoin Women's
ville, USA. Max Hutt developed a system for Uniuemity. "Shinkeishitau' neurotics are said
assessing personality and psychopathology to tend to focus their attention on their d e r -
with the Bender-Gestalt, a task requiring sub- ings, the senses of which thue become inten-
jects to copy geometric figures. In order to sified and call further attention. Thie vicious
examine the validity of Hutfs Bender-Gestalt circle is essentially the same ae the emotional
scoring system for hostility, the Interpemnal intensification by private selfansciousnesa
Behavior Survey was concurrently adminis- (SC). However, we found that the SC cannot
tered with the Bender. Forty-six participants induce the effect by itself. Therefore. we hypo-
completed both measures. Results indicated thesised that some attitudinal factor, such as
that two of the five Hutt hostility indices were perfectionism (PI, should contribute to thia
correlated with IBS aggression. The findings exacerbation process. One hundred and nine
provide some support for the Bender-Gestalt "ahinkeishitsu" patients and 73 control stu-
as a personality measure. dents were administered the SC and the P
scales. The result confirmed our hypothesis.
IN066.18 the patients were slightly higher in private SC
Criterion validity of the family-of-origin and moderately higher in P than the controls.
scale. O'Leary, J h . , Searight, H . R , Russo, Accordingly, perfectionist attention on private
J.R., Reuterman, N., & Adams, A. Sou%hern self is considered to intensify their eufferinga.
Illinois University, Edwardsville, USA. The
Family-of-Origin Scale (FOS) is a new, 40 IN066221
item, ten- subscale instrument assessing re- Formation of 80-8 neurotype testing
spondents' perceptions of the family in which method.Wang,W.Zhang, Q. Sluhou Univer-
they were raised. The FOS is based upon a sity, Swhou, China. 80-8 Neurotype Testing
psychodynamic model of family functioning Method is a crosscultural psychological
which asserts that a balance of autonomy and measuring method, applicable to testees
intimacy in the family contributes to psycho- above 6 yeara of age, either individually or
logical health. The current study investigated collectively. It has been proved by ten years of
the criterion validity of the FOS by concurrent practice to have outstanding special features
administration of the Multiple Affect Adjec- and advantages as compared with various
tive Check List (MAACL) to 75 young adults. other testing methods of the similar sort ever
The hlAACL assesses hostility, anxiety, and known to the world. It shows rather high
depression. Correlations between the FOS reliability and validity in evaluating the spe-
and MAACL are presented and support the cific properties of human neurotypes and
FOS criterion validity. promises to be of very wide application.
 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
IN066S
Personality functioning and integration
of information between hemispheres.
Wuoing, M.P.,& Bothma, R. Department of
Psychology, Potchefstmom University for
Ch!E, Potchefstrmm, South Africa. A model is
proposed and evaluated in which a relation-
ship is hypothesized between the effectivenew
of integration of information between the he-
mispheres and the degree of healthy person-
ality integration. Integration of information
between the hemispheres was operationalized
with the aid of various senso-motoric and cog-
nitive indices which were assumedto evaluate
the degree of effectiveness of transfer of infor-
mation between the henispheres, the extent of
effective coordination of processes by the two
hemispheres, and the extent of effective func-
tioning which requires cooperation of typical
right- and left-hemisphere processing modes.
Personality integration was operationalized
with the aid of standardized psychometric
tests. The fit of the advanced model to empiri-
cal data was evaluated with the aid of the
RAMONA program for path analysis with la-
tent variables.
DIMENSIONS OF P E R S 0 " Y
0 measures were correlated. Preference for
M067.1
The "Big Five" in children's sociometric
judgements. De Fruyt, P. & Mervielde, I.
University of Ghent, Belgium. The study tests
the validity of the five-factor theory of person-
ality as a model for children's mutual person-
ality judgments. One hundred groups of 10
school children, attending the same class and
aged 9 to 12 years, were asked to make so-
ciometric choices. They selected the group
member which was the most or least typical
example for 25 personality traits. The 25 bi-
polar trait pairs were selected to represent
extraversion, agreeableness, mnscientious-
ness, emotional stability and intellect. The
validity of the five-factor model was assessed
with factor analysis of summed peer-ratings
within each of the four age groups.
IN0679
Psychometric considerations in evalua-
ting the I"I-2: is this progress? Hel-
m e n , E S l ) , & Reddon, J.R. (1) University of
Western Onturio, London, Ontario, Canada.
In the 50 years since the orignal publication
of the M h P I , there have been many technical
advances in psychometrics. However, the
W I - 2 maintains high mmmonality with
353
the original, and thus the clinical scales retain
fundamental problems: a mixed measure-
ment model, heterogeneous content within
scales, overlapping scoring keys that were
based upon suspect criteria and were never
cmss-validated. Additional problems with the
current norms, scaling methods and new mn-
tent scales on the MMPI-2 all lead to the
conclusion that modem developmenta in psy-
chometrics have not influenced the MMPI-2
and that the assessment of psychopathology
via the MMPIS remains out of date.
IN067.3
Personality and architectural style pref-
erence. Meroielde, I., & Vuylsteke, M.
University of Ghent, Belgium. This study ex-
plores the relationship between personality
and preferred private housing style. Psycho-
logy students (n = 124) privately rated their
preference for 100 different private houses.
Factor analysis of these ratings revealed three
factors: modem, country and city style hous-
ing. Personality was assessed with self-
ratings on 551 traits fmm Hofstee and De
Raad's Dutch Abridged Big Five Circumplex
(AB5C) model. Factor analysis of the 88 AB5C
poles produced the traditional "Big-Five' per-
sonality factors. Factor scores on both
modem housing was significantly related to
unagreeableness. Country style housing was
preferred by extraverted, but unintellectual
subjects.
IN067.4
The "BigFive" pemonalityfactors as pre-
dictors of primary school achievement.
Meroielde, I. University of Ghent, Belgium.
The relationship between primary school
grade point average (GPA) and personality
rated by school teachers was assessed. A
sample of 1660 children, aged 6 to 12 years,
was rated by their classroom teacher on 25
scales, selected a s Flemish markers for the
five-factor personality model. Factor analyses
for each of the six grades provided clear evi-
dence for the validity of the model. Factor
scores on Conscientiousness and Intellect con-
sistently predicted school achievement in
each grade. GPA was significantly related to
Extravenion in four of the six grades. Emo-
tional Stability predicted achievement scores
in the first two grades but Agreeableness was
unrelated to GPA.
354 10. INDMDU' DIFFERENCES AND PERSONAWTY
IN0676 1000 Singaporean students (13-16 yeara old)
The structure of individual values. from 17secondaryschoolscompleteda revised
Muse&, J. University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, version of the EPQJunior (Corulla, 1990)
Slovenia. Ahierarchical model comprisingthe together with acales on aocial climate and
individual values on m e r e n t levels of gener- emotional well-being. Firat analyses con-
ality was proposed and examined. The model firmed the previous findings of Eysenck and
was analysed by means of a variety of multi- bong. Besides the factor structure mmpari-
variate methods rendering clearly the hierar- son, we will diecues the relation of neumti-
chical structure of values. The theoretical cism, paychoticism and extraversion to
implications of the results were discussed and perceived social climate and emotional well-
a comprehensive taxonomy of individual being.
values waa proposed. The relations between
the values and other domains of personality IN067.9
were also explored. Interaction of extraversionand psycho-
ticism in a visual pattern comparison
IN067.6 task.Viiaycrkumar, KS.R University of Ma-
Genetic analysis of individual differen- dms, Madras,India. With the Eysenck Per-
C B intemperament
~ in rate.Ostcuzewrki, sonality Inventory the interaction of
P.M. Faculty of Psychology, University of War- Extraversion 03) and Psychoticism (PI in a
saw, Poland. Two temperamental traits were visual pattern comparison taak was studied in
investigated: the need for sensory stimulation a sample of 200 school boys of the age range
and emotional reactivity. Four inbred strains 13to 17. Subjects were individually subjected
of rats and their crosses (4x4 diallel cross) to two types of pattern cornpariaon taaks (one
were studied. The genetic a r c h i t e c h ofboth involving'aame" and the other'different' pat-
traits w a s analyaed. All behaviors analysed terns). Accuracy,reaction time and felt dim-
appeared to be polygenically controlled. Both culty of the responses were recorded and
additive and dominance genetic effects were analyaed. Low E and high P scores performed
found for different behaviors. poorly in judging 'different' patterns, where-
as their performance in "sameDpatterna was
IN067.7 good. The findings are explained in the light
Does ertravereion-introversionrelate to of the dissociative model of psychoses.
morningness-eveningne? Putibv, U ,
& Plusnin, JM. Institute of Physiology, Novo-
sibirsk, USSR. Eysenck (1967) postulated PERSO"Y,LEARNINGAND
that introverts have a higher amusability COGNITION (IN068)
than extraverts, but until now there is no
convincing evidence of a relationship of INO68.1
extraversion to diurnal type. It may be the The original method of investigation of
result of the conceptualizingof morningness- social cognition processes. Belickqia,
eveningness as a unitary construct. 332 H.E. Institute of Psychology, The Academy of
people (age 32 = 0.1) filled in the multiscale Science, Moscow, CIS. Anew method waa de-
sleep-wake pattern questionnaire (Putilov, veloped for the investigation of processes in
1987-90) and Cattell's 16PF questionnaire. social cognition. This method may be used for
Ecomponent of morningness (evening late- the separation of mative and stereotypical
ness) positively correlated with "Exvia", while processes in social cognition. It is useful for
Mamponent (morning lateness) showed the diagnostics and prognoses about the evolution
inverse relation. It agrees with the observa- of the personality'e social cognition. We cre-
tion of higher extraversion scores for short ated a typology of the personality's social cog-
sleepers than for long sleepers (Hartmann et nition with the help of this method.
al.. 1972).
INO68.2
IN067.8 Epreuve individuelled'habilet8 mentale.
Personality of Singaporan adolescents:a C h e ~ r i e rJ.-M.
, Institut de Recherches psy-
replication study. Tanzer, N. Institute of chologiques, inc. Un test individuel d'intel-
Psychology, Graz. Austria. Eysenck and long ligence c o n p en franqais, original par la
(1986)found for the EPQJunior in a sample h a t i o n des items exp6rimentaux. Panalyse
of 750 Singaporean pupils a factor structure des items, la normalisation des sujets de 10 h
similar to that of the original British sample. 24 ans. Nombre total de sujets: 1014.
In our study, a fairly representative sample of L'Epreuve sera u t i l i k dans les milieux sco-
 10. INDMDUAL D I F F E M C E S AND PERSONALITY
laires, gouvernementaux. industriels, hospi-
taliers, dam l a recherche (universitairs,
scientifique, medicale), etc.
IN06J3.3
Aesthetic aspects of the environment.
Gabidulina, S.E. Moscow Linguistic Univer-
sity, Moscow, Russia. Several techniques were
employed to test three groups of subjecta with
various cognitive complexity in a study of
aesthetic aspects of the environment. Seman-
tic Differential Technique, Eysenck test, cog-
nitive complexity test, etc., were among them.
Significant differences between p u p s were
demonstrated. me factor of stress was shown
to be the strongest for the groups with high
and low cognitive mmplexity while the factors
of aesthetic and comfort were less significant.
The most significant factors for the middle
p u p were comfort and aesthetics while the
factor of stress was the least. The results were
mmpared to Berlyne's results mncerning aes-
thetic perception.
IN068.4
Electrophysiological correlates of ana-
lytic and holistic mental ~ p ~ t ~ t
Concharova, IJ. Brain Research Institute,
Medical Academy of Science, USSR.The rela-
tionship between brain functions and cogni-
tion was studied. Individual-dependent
relations between strategy of mentation and
EEG type were demonstrated. The EEG types
constructed by factor analysis, represented
integral values of electmactivity of both he-
mispheres. Two p u p s "analytic" and "holis-
tic? were selected from the population of 98
adults according to Rorschach test. Compari-
son of these two groups by EEG typologic
values at rest conditions, during spatial im-
agination and performance of verbal tasks
revealed information specificy of two EEG
types: predominant generalized 10-Hz
rhythm corresponds to operating with inte-
gral visual images, and low-voltage irregular
activity to analytical elemental information
processing.
IN0685
Individual differences in the choice and
usage of strategies for solving verbal
analogies. Koesowska, M., & Necka, E.
Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland. The
paper focuses on experimental studies which
indicated that the choice and usage of
strategies for solving problems depend on
such individual characteristics like intel-
ligence, personality and cognitive styles. It is
assumed the characteristics are interrelated
355
and, moreover, determine the choice of cogni-
tive rules. Several methods will be employed
to examine the basic personality dimensions
and cognitive styles, among others, the IES
test to investigate the shared aspects of intel-
ligence and personality held separate by for-
mer researchers. Computerized Verbal
Analogy task w i l l be used to examine solving
strategies so as to gain an insight into the
efficient ones.
IN068.6
Learning 6tyle and creativity.Peklqj, C.
University of Qubljana, Ljubljana, S h e n i a .
The relationship between learning style and
both verbal and figural creativity was investi-
gated. Your Style of L a m i n g and Thinking
and Torrance tests of Creative Thinking were
applied to 326 pupils in grades 5 to 8 of pri-
mary school. There were no significant dif-
ferences between different learning styles and
verbal and figural creativity. But trends exist
for pupils with right-hemispheric learning
style to achieve better results in tests of crea-
tivity.
i ~ n ~ . IN068.7
Narcissism and preconscious percep-
tion. Raffaelli, R.Federal University of St.
Caturina, Brazil. An experimental methodo-
logy is proposed for the study of preconscious
perception on a psychoanalytic basis, regard-
ing: (A) stimulus presentation (accelerated
videotape instead of tachistoscope), (B) con-
struction of the stimulus (by using the pri-
mary process logic and individual films for
each subject), and (C)data analysis (direct
identity of the stimuli in the subjects' reports
of dreams and fantasies and responses to Zul-
liger projective test). Three experimental
studies, taking as independent variables: (1)
mntent of the stimulus, (2) exposure of the
subject to taped self image, (3) personality
factors, and (4) sex, are presented.
IN0688
Stress related factors and effectiveness
of coping among university students.
Sahin,N.H., Ruganci, N., Tas, Y., Kuyucu, S.,
& Sezgin, N. Bilkent University, Ankara, Tur-
key. The aims ofthe present study were three-
fold: a) to discover the types of stressors and
the several ways of coping with stress, in
terms of gender, age, socio-economic status,
the type of living arrangements, the field of
study, and the university one is enmlled at, b)
to find out about the stress factors that are
associated with depression, loneliness and
other symptoms, and c) to determine the effec-
356 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALlTy
tive coping styles which are used by those who
have made a healthy adjustment to these
stressom. The subjects were 179 female and
394 male university students fmm three dif-
ferent universities and three different socio-
economic levels in Ankara. The age range was
between 1631 (M=21.4).The instruments
were: the Black Depression Inventory (BDD,
the UCLA laneliness Scale, Stress Related
Symptom Checklist Stress Factors Checklist
and the Ways of Coping inventory.
INW.9
Coping proceseeo and age peculiarities
-
of the cognitive style heuristic vs. algo-
rithmic. Sarmtiny, 1.Institute of Experimen-
tal Psychology. Bratislava. Comparing several
age gmups of women and men (1-1403)in the
dimension of cognitive style and heuristic 0
vs. algorithmic (A) orientation we found signi-
ficant decrease of the H with age. In coping
with problem situations Ss with a high A
orientation manifested less of an ability to
evaluate a situation and to solve a problem.
SignScant differences were found in self-
evaluation regarding creativity where the H
orientation is tied to high mativity.
IN068.10
Researches on the cerebral ~ C ~ ~ O
and neurotypea of Chineae studento.
Z h m g Q., Sushou University, Sushou,
China. By means of our 80-8neumtype tests
we've obtained valid data of 100,000Chinese
students, both male and female, aged 7-22.
The test result manifests the regularity in
growth of cerebral function a t different years
of age, the specific features between the two
sexes and the disparity between students
from rural and urban areas. We are the first
to classify human neumtypes into sixteen
types and establish a national norm for deter-
mining neurotypes of Chinese male and fe-
male students aged 7-22,which has achieved
effect desired in application.
PERSONALITY AND KEALTH (INOW
IN069.1
Measuring substance use and person-
ality in developmentally disabled young
adults. McGillicuddy, N.B., & Blane, E.T.
Research Institute on Alcoholism, Buffalo,Ny;
USA. Moderately and mildly retarded (h4R)
young adults (n=122)were surveyedto gather
psychometric data on personality and beha-
vioral measures for MRs, estimate prevalence
of MR alcohol and other substance use, and
assesa personality and behavioral correlatee
of use. Results indicated that leliable instru-
ments can be devised for moderately disabled
me..Substance use data shows MELS to have
low rates of use, although they am not pmb-
lem-free: the misusemse ratio is similar to
that of non-MRs. Behavioral, social and per-
sonality characteristics distinguiah mimaera,
users, and nonusers, following patterns for
non-MRs partially but not mmpletely.
IN069.a
Traits de pere0nnalit.den relation avec la
natalit&pdmatude et lea a a i s o ~de
naiasance. Frigon, J.-E, & Prokop, C. Dd-
partement de Pgrchologie, Universitd de Mon-
treal, Montreal, Canudu. Plusieurs 6tudes ont
examin6 les relations entre les traits de per-
~ 0 ~ a l i tExtraversion-Nt5vmtisme
.6 et le mo-
ment de naisaance. Lee individus n6s
'debut-printempa' et %-autome' auraient
une tendance B l'extraversion; cew n6s "mi-
printemps" une tendance l'introveraion. Les
scores eleves de N6vmtisme s'observeraient
chez ceux nee 'd6but-printempsw, 'd6but-
automne" et 'fm-hivei. L'6tude p&sente vi-
sait h d6terminer si cette tendancese eonfirme
chez des sujets n6s pdmatudment B 5,6,7e t
8 mois de pssesse. Lee principalea dS6ren-
cesMs'observent sur le N&rotisme 00 les smrea
X
des individus n6s pr4matur4ment. analyaQ
selon lea saisons, sont inverses par rapport
aux r6sultats des etudes anterieures.
IN0693
Games nurses and patients play in hospi-
tal: zkansactional analysis. Miyama, T.
Aichi Gakuin University, Japan. Conversa-
tions between nurses and patients in a hospi-
tal which led to a certain payoff or bad feelinge
are analysed in terme of games played by
them. Findings: Games mostly played by nur-
ses are Psychiatry", with Life Position, 'I'm
OK, you're not OK", and/or 'I'm not OK, you're
OK", and often with a role of riescuei. Most
patients played games like T o o r Me', with
"I'm OK, you're not Or,and/or T m not OK,
you're OK", often with a rule of "Victim".
IN069.4
Personality characteristics and smok-
ing.Patton, D., Barnes, G.E., &Murray, RP.
University of Manitoba, Canada. The present
paper examines the relationship between a
number of personality characteristics and the
average number of cigarettes smoked daily.
The EPQ, MacAndrew and Ego Strength
scales of the MMPI, Rosenberg self-esteem
measure, Vando augmenter-reducer scale,
 10. lNDMDU.4.L DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
Group Embedded Figures Test, and the Trait
anxiety scale were competed by a random
sample of 1250 adults. A structural relations
model was tested and was found to be a good
fit for the data (CFI = 3941,and accounted for
14.1% of the variance in amount smoked. The
single best multivariate predictor of smoking
was eocio-economic status, and extraversion
was the most useful personality predictor.
M069.S
Relationship between expectatives and
answers in the PMS. Perez-Pomja, R J., &
B o r r b Sansaloni, C. Department of Psycho-
logy,UniversiQ of the BalearicIslands, Spain.
Traditionally, i t s being considered in the pre-
menstrual moments, the emotional answers
in general and particularly the anxious ones
appear increased mostly in women. In our
work, done with a nonclinic p u p , we pre-
tend to demonstrate that the expectatives
over the emotional disorders, that appear in
the pre- and post-menstrual moments,
against what we should expect, are not ex-
plained enough by the emotional real experi-
ence that the women have in those moments
(pre- and post-menstrual) even that they are
explained better with wider patterns of emo-
tional behavior (BBR or anxiety traits; Staats,
1975;1980;1981).
IN069.6
Disagreement among expedatives, be-
havior and remembrance of t h e p e r i m e n -
s t r d symptoms. PP.rez-Pareja, RJ. &
B o r r h Sansaloni, C. Department of Psycho-
logy, Unioersity of the Balearic Islands. One of
the few aspects of PMS that different authors
agree is the one according the disagreement
that exists between the real perimenstrual
symptoms (cognitive,physiologic and motor le-
vels) that women bearup and theremembrance
that they have when the gmup is normal, re-
membering the symptoms as more severe as
they have really been. Ln our work we pretend
to demonstrate the disagreement that exist
among the expectatives that women have about
menstrual moments, that is, among what they
think will happen, what really happens, and
what they remember has happened.
IN069.7
Relationship among situations, a n s w e r
patterns and increase of emotional
a n s w e r s associates with the physical
symptoms of PMS. P6res-Parejq F.J., &
Borrhs Sansaloni. C. Department of Psycho-
logy, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain.
Traditionally, two main types of aetiological
357
factors have been suggested (physical and
psychological) in PMS.The emotional states
most commonlyreported in studiesofPMS are
tension, anxiety, irritability, hostility and de-
pression. Somatic complaints include abdomi-
nal bloating, backpain, swelling, headaches,
etc. Several researchem have speculated that
the physical and emotional components of
PMS are independent (Brooks, Ruble &
Clarke, 1977;Abplanalp, 1981).Even though
in our work, done with a non-clinic p u p , we
pretend to know if the i n m a s e d physiological
answers of anxiety (measured with the ISRA
(Miguel Tobalk Can0 Vindel, 198 1 in the daily
situations (fourth factor of the ERA) are a
good predictor of the physiological symptoms,
as well as their severity, that women can
suffer in the perimenstrual moments.
IN0698
Psychosocial types and state-trait anger
expression Shigehua, 31 Tokyo Kasei Ga-
kuin University, Japan. In order to establish
the predictive accuracy of the Western the-
ories (Eysenck. Spielberger) and the proce-
dures used to determine the psychosocial
types or disease-prone personality and the
state-trait anger expression or main toxic
component of Type A behavior, it was at-
tempted in the present study to revalidate the
procedures in a wider range of non-Western
subjects (n = 1168).Results provided general
support for the theories, and offered further
insight into the determinants of the disease-
prone personality in terms of age, sex, work
condition (stress sources) and marital status
(stress coping resources).
IN069.9
Predictors of responses to acute pain.
Stevens, M.J. Illinois State Uniuersity,Nor-
mal, Illinois, USA. Demographic, global and
situational variables hypothesized to moder-
ate responses to acute pain were examined.
Subjects completed measures of social desira-
bility, trait and state anxiety, cognitive rig-
idity-flexibility, general and situational
coping expectations, coping style and situ-
ational coping, major and minor stressom,
and pain history, Males, higher self-efficacy
for tolerance, fewer hassles predicted toler-
ance times. Older age, higher social desira-
bility, higher self-efficacy for intensity, and
cognitive coping predicted intensity ratings.
Results highlight demographic dilTerences in
pain responsiveness and the cognitive moder-
ation of acute pain. Implications for the man-
agement of acute clinical pain are discussed.
358 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
rnMO.1
Variables to predict academic perlor-
mance of studenta from the School of
Medicine at National University of Mex-
ico. B w m Wolknatein, S. School of Me-
dicine, Unarn, Mexico. An ex-post-fa&
research was made to find out ifit was possible
to predict the academic performance of h s h -
men a t this h o l . In the study were: IQ,
academic history, study habits, kcioemnomic
level, psycho-pathology.Arandom sample was
taken of 480 students: per p u p (classes of
1984-1987)with a 95% reliability and determ
coeficient with a .05 significance. Multiple
regression analyses were used and Pearson’s
correlations were determined.
INMO.2
Developmental patterns of test anxiety:
a study with Portuguese high school and
college students. CNZ, J.F., & Meequita, A.
University ofMinho, Portugal. This presenta-
tion reports the remlta of a study conducted
to assess the developmental patterns of test
anxiety and its subcomponents (worry and
emotionality) among Portuguese studenta. A
portuguese form of the Test Anxiety Inventory
was administered to a sample of 400 high
school and 300 mllege students, at the middle
of the school year. The effects of sex, year, and
academic level (high school versus college) are
also analysed. The results are discussed and
implications for future test anxiety theory,
research and intervention are suggested.
IN0708
Di€ficult& d’adaptation sociale dea
&wee dou& et envie des pairs. Habimo-
na, E., & Mas&, L. Universitd du Quebec d
“kois-Rivi&res,Canada. Plusieurs recherches
ont montd que les bleves doubs out plus de
probkmee socio-affectifs que les non doubs.
Des entrevues a u p d s de cinquante blhves de
chaque p u p e montrent que les doubs plus
que les non doubs expliquent leurs dificultks
interpersonnelles comme r6sultant de l’envie
de leurs camarades. Cette recherche explore
ce phbnomene d‘envie selon le degd de
douance, le sexe, l’age ainsi que les comporte-
ments adaptatifs utilisbs par les personnes
doubes pour faire face B l’envie de leurs pairs.
INM0.4
Temperament, school environment and
pupa’ emotional eta-. Jarmuz, S.
University of Wmclaw, Poland. The main goal
of this research is to estimate the influence of
school edvironment (e.g. prestige, size) and
pupila’kmperament on emotionality. The the-
oretical basis ie Eliasz’s transactional model
of temperament and the ‘pereonenvimnment
fit” theory. It is assumed that discrepancy
between individual need for stimulation and
stimulation “offered” by school increases
anxiety and anger and decreases curiosity.
463 pupils from nine different Polish high
schools were tested with the Strelau STI and
the Spielberger STA. Emotional echo01 adap-
tation was influenced by temperament, school
environment and their interaction.
JNMOI
Individual epistemological type~s and
their transformation under socializa-
tion. Maruyama, M. Aoyama GorCuin
University, !Ibkyq Japan. Several epistemo-
logical types among individuals have been
identified independently in two sets of
studies: (1)Maruyama’s c u e studies in sev-
eral professions and in different cultures; (2)
Harvey’s large-scale statistical studies among
American students in different fields ofmajor
and at different academic levels. Both re-
searchers agree on the most fresuently found
type? H-type,homogenist, hierarchical,
classifying, I-type,hetemgenist, independent,
randomizing; 5-type,heterogenist, interac-
tive, pattern-maintaining; G-type, hetero-
genist, interactive, pattern-generating. Ma-
ruyama is currently studying transformation
of individual types under socialization: Chan-
nelling into niches; Camouflaging; Biepi-
stemologism; Suppression into unconscious;
Irreversible loss.
JNM0.6
Psychology of youngsters selected differ-
ent ways to adult life. Plurnin, J.M.(l), &
Mokshantzev, R.I.(2) ( I ) Institute of Philos-
ophy and Law Siberian Branch of RAN;(2)
Siberian Institute of Social Politic, Novosi-
birsk, CIS. The i d u e n c e of individual factors
on the choice of social behaviour strategy of
youngsters was studied in 3 p u p s (frum 16
to 21 years old): student-mathematicians of
the Novosibirsk University (25 men); cadets
of the Higher Military College (25 men);
prisoners (18men). Mathematicians have 80-
cial unsteadiness and physical steadiness of
temperament, high IQ,external IC; they are
anxiety introverts, independent, and lively.
 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
Cadets have social steadinem and physical
unsteadiness of temperament, high IQ,high
risk-seeking, they are lively, social-adapted
extraverts. Prisoners are realistic extraverts,
anxiety subordinates, gloomy with high direct
and indirect hostility.
INo70.7
Mediational function of selhfficacy in a
structural model of mathematics
achievement.R a n d h a , B.S.(l), Beamer,
JX.(l), & Lundberg, 142) (I) Uniuersity of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; (2)
University of Ume$ Sweden. A structural
model of mathematics achievement was
tested involving 117 male and 108female high
school seniors. T w o attitude measures, three
mathematics self-eficacy scales, and a math-
ematics achievement test were administered
in the same order to all the subjects. Teacher-
assigned marks in a selected mathematical
course the subjects were taking were also
obtained. The covariance matrices of males
and females were analyzedusing a two-group
LISREL procedure. The postulated model, in
which mathematics selfefficacy was the
mediator between attitudinal and achieve-
ment variables, was found to be an excellent
fit to the data.
INo70.8
Academic performance of the students
from the business school at the National
University of Mexico. Simon, N.,& Arias,
F. UniversidadNacional Autonoma de M . c o ,
Mexico.Aresearch was made to frndout which
variable can predict academic performance of
freshmen at this school. In the class of 1986,
we took a random sample of380 students. The
variables in the study were academic history,
study habits, socioeconomic level and mental
skills. In 1991, we calculated how many of
these students droppedout, andused multiple
regression analysis to explain the variance of
academic development. A discriminant func-
tion was determined, which classified correct-
ly about 80% of the cases.
INo70.9
High academic achievement in an egali-
tarian society. Undheim, J.O. Department
of Psychology, AVH, University of l'kondheim,
Norway. In a society dominated by the social-
democratic ideology of egalitarianism, data on
high achievements are examined. National
statistics on level of education in parents and
offspring, cohort data for academic achieve-
ments of 15-year-alda in Trondheim (N =
17001, and a longitudinal study ofhigh-ability
359
students (N = 43) are brought to bear on the
influence of socioeconomic background and
sex. The results indicate the importance of
socioeconomic factors and sex prior to any
educational selection.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
ORGANISATIONS (INM1)
INo71.1
Personality significantly related to die-
tress and turnover in staff working with
schizophrenics. Bylund, M. University of
Uppsala lNyn(lsh Hospital, Johanneshoo,
Sweden. As staff turnover and staff distress
affect the quality of treatment, the goal of the
study was to evaluate ifthere were any signi-
ficant Merences in the personality between
those remaining compared to those who lelt.
In a prospective study, all staff (n = 33) at 2
schizophrenia treating units were tested.
Atter 5 years retests of "Remained and
'Quitters' were compared. A third gmup,
Veterans' (having worked more than 6 years
at an institution with pmven good treatment
results), was also studied at retest.The groups
were compared on a number of personality
variables, and levels of distress and burn-out
were studied. Social background variables
were also tested. The results showed that
certain personality factors significantly dif-
ferentiated 'Quitters' from Wemainers' and
Veterans', and also were signifkantlyrelated
to coping deficiency level.
INo71.2
Choosing a career in p o l i c i n ~service,
law and order and the effects of gender.
Christie, C. Queensland University of Tech-
nology, Queensland, Australia. An attitude
survey of 125 police recruits and 125 serving
police oficers was conducted using 22 state-
ments regarding perceivedreasons why males
and females join the police. Results for both
male and female police and police recruits
indicated a strong preference for helping
people as reasons for joining the police. How-
ever, females viewed males as joining the
police for reasons of power and control, and
males viewed males as joining the police for
reasons of excitement. Both males and fe-
males viewed females as joining the police to
help people. Results are discussed from the
perspective of gender differences. The nature
of police professional enculturation is con-
sidered as it affects both male and female
perceptions of the police role.
360 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
IN0713
Relative deprivation, perceived die-
crimination, and militancy. Dion, K L
Uniuersityof Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mem-
bers of oppressed groups do not alwaya re-
spond to disadvantage and deprivation by
becoming militant or violent. Relative depri-
vation theory and dimrimhation theory are
Merent social psychological perspectives
that try to predict when and why members of
oppressed p u p a will become militant. To ad-
dress these perspectives, Chinese etudents at
the University of Toronto completed measures
of relative deprivation (egoistic RD, dective
fraternahtic RD) perceived disrrimination,
militancy, etc. Both theoretical perspectives
were supported. Perceived discrimination and
affective fiaternalisti RD predicted Chinese
student militancy. Perceived discrimination
and egoistic RD predicted satisfaction. Impli-
cations of these findings w i l l be discussed.
lN071.4
SelP-monitoringand early career beha.
vior. Ellia, R.J., Cawsey, T., & Deszca, G.
WilfiidLaurier University, Waterloo,Ontario,
Canada. Thia research seeks to further our
understanding of early career behavior. It does
so by examining the influence of the person-
ality trait of self-monitoringoncareerinterests
and job applications within the field of busi-
ness. In a study conducted with graduating
university business students, it was found that
high self-monitors had greater interest and
made more job applications in occupational
areas where behavioral sensitivity and flexi-
bility are critical to career success (sales and
marketing). Conversely, they show less inter-
est and fewer applicationsin areas where these
behavioral attributes are less critical to BUC-
cess (technical areas of business).
IN0715
Diffehncee l i h e a 1'Age et prediction dee
attitudes Pace aux ordinateurs. Lemur,
E(11,Vbzina, J.(2), & Foltin, C.(2) (1) Univer-
sitidu Quebec ti !lhis-Rivieres,nois-Riuieres,
Canadn; (2) Universitd Laval, Ste-Fq, Cam-
dn.Min de documenter d'eventuelles differen-
ces l i k s A L'Bge au niveau des attitudes
vis-A-vis des ordinateurs, et d'identifier les
pddicteurs de telles attitudes, des question-
naires out 6% administds & tmis khantillons
de sujets: adolescents, adultes et ah&. Les
r6sultats pdcisent que les a h & out des atti-
tudes moins favorables que les adolescents ou
que les adultes face aux ordinateum. L'eflica-
cite personnnelle perpe, I'utilisation de pro-
duits informatids, une scolarite elevee et
l'internalit.4 du lieu de mntrdle dussiseent B
p n k i h m e attitude positive. Lee dsultats
sont discutea en termea d'acceesibilith. d'expo-
sition et de formation pereonnelle B des ex-
periences et pmduits informati&.
IN071.6
A etudy oP We-style by values on
Japanese workers. Morishita, 3: Ryutsu-
kagaku UniversiQ, Kobe, Japan. This study
investigated the life-style of Japanese wor-
ken. A life-style and valueea item question-
naire was presented to 896 male and 366
females. Items were classified into types by
factor analysis. Two questions will be die-
cussed at the conference: (1) are there dif-
ferencee among types of values, and (2) which
characteristics am found in their life-style?
IN071.7
Individual diPfemencerr in driving dis-
tance headway. Ohta, I?. Tokoku Institute
of lbchnology, Japan. "his study was con-
ducted to investigate the correspondence be-
tween change in t d c envimnment and
individual drivers' car following behavior. To
this end. a field experiment was performed
using two cars. Subjects were young, middle
aged and old drivers. In the discussion, refer-
ences are made to the concept of pmxemics
developed by E. Hall andFH. Allport's double
J curve theory.
IN0711
Value differences in police-to-be. Par-
rott, C.L(l), pritchard, 5421, Talaga, M.(2),
Smith, V(2) ( I ) California State University,
Sacramento, USA; (2) Professional School of
Psychology, San Francisco, USA. Since the
classic work on the 'authoritarian person-
alitf, the exercise of power and its impact on
personality has been an issue in psychology.
The social unrest in America during the early
1970s saw police frequently use excessive
force in cmwd control and currently video-
taped examples of police brutality have cre-
ated a need to reconsider this potential for
violence. Using a modified Rokeach Value In-
ventory many of the same value differences
(p<.O2)between criminal justice students and
psychology majors found in the 1970s are still
present. Suggestions for value education of
police are given.
IN071.9
Small groups' psychology and behaviour
in the Arctic: the "polar person" proto-
type. Pluanin, J.M. . The behaviour and
psychology of three isolated groups (37 men
 10. IIVDIVIDUAL. DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
aged 35,O 0,9) were studied. They were at
sea in the Arctic on small vessels for one
month. The individuals didn't differ from a
mntrol group in ngpssion, rid-seeking,
locus of control, motivation or proxemic par-
ametern. The main Werences mncernedtem-
perament and personality traits: 1) tolerance
to natural stressors (cold and hunger) and
sensibility to social stressors; 2) unusual com-
municative behaviour; 3) introversion (-Ql),
anxiety (+QII),independence (+QIV).Clear
features of the men give an opportunity to
construct a 'polar person" prototype, which
W e r s from the image created by our men-
tality.
IN071.10
Models of creativepersodtyinscience.
Roco, M. Institute of Psychology of Academy,
Buchurest, Romania The behavior of 30 high-
ly creative personalities in biomedical re-
search has been investigated by using specific
questionnaires, surveys and interviews. The
results of the researchperformed in 1991refer
to the factors affecting the formation and de-
velopment of creative behavior, such as
heredity-education, specific instruction and
general knowledge, age, consistent-inconsist-
ent-preconsistent, understanding and solving
problems, imagination and intelligence. The
proposed investigation approach (question-
naires, surveys) has been compared to pre-
viously applied methods. Although we have
found several common traits for the chosen
gmup of highly creative personalities, each
personality has its particular model for the
development of creativity in science.
IN071.11
Unemployed young adults' personal
goals and control beliefs. Salmela-Am,
IL, Nuxmi,J.-E., & Kinnunen, H. University
of Helsinki, Finland. A problem behaviour
group of 20 unemployed young adults, a
health problem group of 14 handicapped and
a normal p u p of 23 students were asked
about their personal goals, related internality,
externality and likelihood of accomplishment.
The goals of the problem behaviour group
were most frequently related to leisure acti-
vities, while those ofthe health problemgroup
dealt with their own health and family. The
problem behaviour group was most external
and least internal and optimisitic about goal
accomplishment. The results are discussed
from the standpoint of coping with major life
transitions during early adulthood.
361
IN071.12
Analyee dea d i f f h n c e e i n d i v i d u d e a
dans le travail:proc4durea et etrat6gies.
v a n de Leemput, C. Laboratoire de Psycho-
logie Indwtrielle et commerciale. Universitd
Libre de Bruxelles. Belgique. Pour systk-
matiserl'analyse des diE6rences individuelles
en psychologie ergonomique, nous avons re-
pris les concepts de procedures et de strategies
mgnitives e n les opbrationnalisant par rap-
port B l'exhtion d'une t h h e de recherche
d'informations sur banque de donnees.
L'Btude interet intra-individuelle des actions
entreprises par lee sujets de l'exp6rience per-
met &identifier les proCedures et les
stratkgies. Now presenterom, mis part
quelques pmddures, les deux strategies
mises en 6vidence en les interpdtant en fonc-
tion de leur h a l i t e e t des caract4ristiques de
la thhe et de l'activitk des sujets.
IN071.13
Framing effects in different situations:
testa of prospect theory. Wahluncl, R
Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden.
Tests of prospect theory have so far mostly
been concerned with fruming effects on risk
seeking. The paper reports results fmm a
number of questionnaire experiments. where
both framing and situational influences on
risk and chance seeking were studied. The
results suggest that the situational effects
(loss or gain situations) on risk and chance
seeking are greater th'an the framing effects.
The results further suggest that people are
more risk and chance seeking privately than
as an agent, and ingroups more than individ-
ually. AU results are in line with prospect
theory. Chance was also found to be a function
of probabilities to a greater extent than risk,
and risk to be a function of consequences to a
greater extent than chance. The subjects were
students or business people.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND
SPORT PERFORMANCE (IN0721
IN072.1
Perception of causality in competitive
athletics: an alternative explanation of
motivational biases.Belciug, M.P. Uniuer-
sity of South Africa, Pretoria, South m a . A
field study waa conducted to examine athletes'
(actors) and coaches' (active observers) per-
ceptions of causality in competitive athletics.
No differences were found between the ath-
letes' and their coaches' perceptions. However,
unlike success, failure attributions were per-
362 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
ceived as being unstable and uncontrollable.
As it has been shown that the dimension of
control is related to affective experiences and
the stability dimension is related to the mag-
nitude of expectancy change following the o u t
come, it may be possible that these biases at
the dimensional level reflect the athletes' and
their coaches' concern with maintaining a
high expectancy of future success.
IN0722
Motivational dif?erences among talented
teenage athletec the significance of gen-
der, type of sport and level of excellence.
Braathen, E X ,& Svebak, S. University of
Bergen, Bergen, N o m y . A range of motiva-
tional characteristics were studied in a
sample of 228 males and 124 females (age:
16-16) recruited h m the most promising per-
formers of different sports in Norway. They
all completed a suwey measuring mmpeti-
tiveness, win and goal orientation, sensation
seeking, optimism, reactive and proactive ne-
gativism as well as the importance of friend-
ship and being the best in the sport.
Differences in motivational styles were tested
between males and females, performers of
endurance, explosive and team sports, risk
and safe sports, and moderately versus highly
successful performers. Our findinp indicate
a role of gender, type of sport, and level of
excellence in motivational differences among
these promiaing atheletes.
IN0723
Psychological skills for sports of Por-
tuguese elite athletes. CNZ, JJz..(l),&
Viana, M R (I) University of Minho, Portugal;
(2) Sports Medicine Center of Lisbon, Portu-
gal. The present study analyses the nature of
psychological skillsrelevant t,athletic perfor-
mance. The Psychological Skills Inventory for
Sports (PSIS) Form R5 (Mahoney, 1983) was
administered to a sample of 150 Portuguese
elite athletes and 150 nonelite athletes. The
elite sample comprised athletes that have won
the national championshipdcups and/or have
been placed third or above in Olympics, world
or European championshipdcups in that
sport, during the last five years. In general,
statistical analysis revealed the importance of
concentration, self-confidence, mental prep-
aration, anxiety management, motivation and
team emphasis. Findings are discussed and
directions for future psychological research
and practice are suggested.
IN072.4
Participation in high-riskeporta and ad-
diction. Geifman Stein, E. Meaican Psycho-
andyticalhsociation, M&o.The purposeof
this investigation was (1)to find a personality
profile of the people who participate in high-
risk sports and to see if them profiles were
similar,even though the high-risk sports were
different; (2) to find a link between addiction
and participation in high-risk sports. The re-
sults ahowed that people who engage in high-
risk sports have a similar personality profile,
even though the sport they engage in is differ-
ent. We found evidence that participation in
high-risk sports has a n addictive quality and
that the personality profiles of our subjects
have similarities to profiles of known addic-
tive personalities.
IN0728
Variables de prsonualitd et dussite
sportive. W i n , IW), & de Leval, N. (I)
Universiie Cathdique de Lauvain. Belgique.
Afin de dbpister le plus tdt possible, lee en-
fants et lee adolescents B haute probabilite de
duesite dans la camere sportive, MUBawns
entam6 une etude longitudinalc. Is premier
moment de cette etude est un essai d'op4r-
ationalisation au moyen de mensurations
portant Bur: l'intellegence, la motivation, la
vocation, l'anxiet4, l'estime de soi sur une
populatbn ciblBe, 76 6tudianb de premiere
annbe en Education Physique B I'UCL. Nous
pdsenterons la dthodologie suivie, lea tests
utilids et les premiers dsultats.
IN072.6
Personnalite et relatione aux autres:
etude Merentielle chez des basket-
teure. Le S C M ~ ~ C.(l),
, Ballarini, 1.(2), &
Mathian, H42)(I) Centre de Recherche en
APS,Universik! de Caen; (2)Institut National
d u Sport et de I'Education Physique, Fmnce.
Trente basketteurs de haut-niveau et trente
basketteurs de =loisif ont bt4 vu B l'aide de
diffbrents tests: Test Couleur-mot de Stroop,
Questionnaire de Spielberger,
Echelle de Bortner, GPP-I de Gordon, Echelle
d'affmation de soi de Rathus, Inventaire des
mkanismes de defense de Gleser et Ihilevich,
Questionnaire #attribution de Cottraux,
MIPG #Abraham, Questionniare dkisionnel
de Fourcade et Bremond. Les dsultats des
statistiques (analyse en mmposante princi-
pale, analyse discriminate) differencient net-
tement les deux populations au niveau de
composantes Bmotionnelles, relationnelles et
de la speCiIicite des mbcanismes de d6fense.
 10. mDIVIDUAL, DIFFERENCESAND PERSONAUTY
IN072.7
Psychological perspectives of the Indian
women in sport. Nangia, S. MKP College,
LkhraDun India. Over the last few years the
Indian sportswomen have gradually broken
through the barriers of custom and tradition
and have emerged as a force to be reckoned
with. This paper presents a psychological per-
spective of the personality, motivation, emo-
tional maturity, performance, stress,
risk-taking, anxiety and attitudes of Indian
sportswomen. Data h m the author's exten-
sive researches will be presented. Feedback
fmmStress Management andYoga workshops
will also be discussed and analysed.
IN0728
Specificith de l'adaptation B la comp6ti-
tion de h u t - n i v e a u chez les escrimeure
et lee eacrimeusea. Rornet, 6 Laboratoire
de Psychdogie Appliqude de Reims, France.
Mi de d6terminer des caracteristiques psy-
chologiques spkifiques h l'adaptation B la
compdtition de haut-niveau, une soixantaine
d'escrimeurs de haut-niveau cadets et juniors
ont pa& une batterie d'Bpreuv~Bvaluant
l'adaptation au stress et les caracteristiques
gthkrales de la personnalite, de la prise de
decision et du traitement des informations.
Les dsultats pdsentent les facteurs lies B la
pratique du haut-niveau et montrent une sp6-
dicite marquee des escrimeurs et des escri-
meuses par rapport aux autres sprotifs de
haut-niveau. Ils sont discutes en termes de
style d'adaptation B la situation de comgti-
tion.
IN072.9
Personality differences between high
and low performance hockey players: a
discriminant analyein study. Shergill, H.
Gum Nanek Lkv Universily, Amritsar, India.
The present study was conducted to find out
if significant differences exist in the person-
ality of two difTerent p u p s of female hockey
players. The total sample consisted of44 hoc-
key players. The data was collected using 16
PF and STAI forms, and was anlaysed using
discriminant analysis. The results show that
actual value (68.50) is greater than the
critical value (67.48) showing that two
p u p s are significantly different. The study
recommends that two p u p s can be discrimi-
nated on the basis of personality traits, and
individual personality profiles are useful for
better as well as individualised training pro-
grammes according to individual needs of the
players.
363
GENDER, SEX-ROLES AND SEX
DIFFERENCES (INOW
IN073.1
Intimacy as a life task.Acker; M.(l), Can-
tor, NS2) (1) University of Michigan, USA; (2)
Princeton University, USA. In much of the
researchonintimacy, ithasbeenassertedthat
there are diiTerences between men and
women. Data from two studies allowed us to
focus on intimacy as a life-task. Data were
obtained from an all female sample at a so-
rority and a male sample in the laboratory.
Conflict about intimacy interacted with
whether the women were currently in a rela-
tionahip in understanding how they viewed
the intimacy task. These resulta were not
obtained for the male sample suggesting that
there may be fundamental Merences in the
important issues surrounding the task of inti-
macy for males and females.
IN0733
Instrumentality, expressivity, and self
concept. Alfermann, D. University of
Giessen, Germany. The EPAQ-scales by
Spence and Helmreich and several self con-
cept scales were administered to German
samples.The main results can be summarized
as follows: (1)Positive instrumentality (M+)
is highly correlated with self esteem and the
academic self concept, and is moderately
mrrelated with phyaical self concept and
physical exercise. (2) Positive expressivity
(F+)is highly correlated only with social self
concept. Negative expressive traits (F-)are
highly correlated with depressive tendencies
and with a negative self concept. The
meaningfulness of the EPAQ-scales and the
contribution of instrumental vs. expressive
traits to success and mental health in Western
industrial societies are discussed.
IN0733
Gender differences in adolescent de-
pression: testing for invariant m e a s u r e
ment and structure for the BDI (French
version). Byrne, BM., Bamn, P., & Camp-
bell, L. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Cana-
do.Recent confirmatory factor analyses of the
Beck Depmssion Inventory (English and
French versions) have revealed an underlying
hierarchical %factor structure for nonclinical
adolescents. The purpose of the present study
was to test for the equivalence of item meas-
urements and factorial structure BC~OSS
French Canadian adolescent males (n = 276)
and females (n = 301). Cross-validated find-
364 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
ings, based on independent samples of 276
males and 300 females, were consistent with
previous research in demonstrating a differ-
ential pattern of factor loadings across gender.
lN073.4
Relationship of assertiveneee and masc-
fern, locus of control, achievement orien-
tation, coping styles and self concept.
Plores-Gala, M., & Diaz-Loving, R. Univer-
sidud Nacional Autonoma & Mexico.Within
the Mexican culture, the preferred form of
coping style has been self-modification. Ib
obtain the indigenous conceptualization and
measurement of asae*ivenesa, exploratory
population centered techniques were used to
develop the multidimensional assertiveness
scale (MAS) (Florea Galaz and Diai-Loving,
1991). ‘Ib assess the relational validity of the
MAS, 800 male and female subjects of differ-
ent educational levels were administered the
multidimensional inventories of selfconcept
(LaRosa et al., 1990). masculinity-femininity
(Diaz-Lovinget al., 1981),achievement orien-
tation (Diaz-Lovinget al., 19891,locus of con-
trol (La Rosa, 1988) and coping style
(Diaz-Guerrem,1983)together withthe MAS.
Correlations for all scales and differences on
variables will be presented.
IN0736
Androgyny and leadership emergence.
Konzbik, IL University of Guelph, Guelph,
Canada Undergraduate psychology students
discussed human relations problems in 16
same-sex and 16 mixed-sex groups. Each
group was mmposed of two masculine males
or two feminine females and one androgynous
individual of either the same or opposite sex.
The dependent variables were the p u p
members’ post-discussion rankings of who in
their group (1)had the best ideas, (2) best
guided the discussion, (3) was liked the most,
and (4) was the leader. Androgynous women,
but not androgynous men, were significantly
more likely than either masculine men or
feminine women to be seen as having kept the
discussion moving and as being the group
leaders.
m073.6
An analytical study of marriage adjust-
ment of working and conventional Ln-
&an couples as related to their sexual
role orientation. Mehta, N. Gujarat
University, Ahmedubad, India. The present
investigation is an attempt to examine a new
approach to the concept of androgyny empha-
sising equal endorsement of both masculinity
and femininity (Bem, 1977).For this purpose,
60 working couples and 60 conventional
couplesfmmAhmedabad(hdia) were individ-
ually administered Bem’s Sex Role Orienta-
tion Inventory adapted in Gujarati as well as
Patel’s marriage and sex adjustment scale.
Their responses were statistically analyeed in
a (2x4) factorial design. Results revealed sig-
nificant role of sex role orientation and its
significant interaction with working level of
couples.
IN073.7
Eler-relateddifferenctasin apatial ability
inagroupofSouthACiicanetudents.Oor-
thuizen, S. Potchefstroom University for
CHE, South Africa. In a study on the conver-
gence of scoresof males and females on spatial
tests, two spatial tests and two fields of study
were included. Atwo-dimensionaland a h e -
dimensional spatial test h m the SeniorApti-
tude testa were used, and an arts p u p and a
science p u p was included. In the compari-
sons forthe 2-D test as well as for the 3-D test,
statistically significant differences were
found between the sexes for both fields of
study. Although no conclusions can be drawn
about trends from this study, the indications
are that for these specific p u p s sex differen-
ces defintely exist.
IN073.8
Progress report on women 1972-1992.
S t o w , DB. In Ibkyo 1972, I urged (a) libe-
ration of both sexes fmm the rigidity of the
past, and (b) advancement as equal partners
in all endeavors. Results: (1) Only Western
women have much greater aocess to education
and employment opportunities. (2) Life-style
options do not seem beneficial to children. (3)
More women hold political office-few wield
power. (4) Men and women are from equal.
Worldwide, women continue to be subjugated
by men.
IN073.9
Personality and time urgency: gender
Merences. Thayer,J.E(l), & Pitariu,H.(2)
( I ) Penn State University,Pennsylvania, USA;
(2) aBabes-Bdyai” University, Cluj-Napma,
Romania;. The Type A behavior pattern
(TABP)has been implicated in coronary heart
disease (CHD) and time urgency has been
considered as a noxious aspect of the TABP.
Few studies have examined the relationship
ofTABP to broader conceptionsof personality.
While there are known gender differences in
CHD, the relationship to personality has been
largely overlooked. The present study exam-
 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY 365

ined the relationship among the 16 PF and IN0743

time urgency in 253 male and 62 female en- Self-organisation theory of creative
gineers. Results indicated that males ex- thinkhg. G-Qing, B. Guangxi Education
hibited more relationships between Institute, China. This paper is concerned with
personality and time urgency than females. self-organisationaccordingto System Theoryl
These differences may help to explain the Dissipative Structure, Synergetics and Cata-
higher incidence of CHD in males. strophe, (1) external stimulus activates RAS
excitation, providing energy for thinking, (2)
IN073.10 discreteness of thinking space information
A measurement of temperament in leads to far-away-fromequilibrium, expands
young children h m the Chinese main- possibility space; (3) thinking trends towards
Land. Hcching, Z Child Development Centre unstability, which is dominated by random
of China, China. We investigated tempera- force and new mental operation is dominated
ment differences in 1000 boys and girls (aged by methodology; (4) the intensity of drive sup
3 to 6 years) in Chinese children from main- ports such operation (5) aRer several times
land China. The Chinese language version of failures, attracted by creative goal, the se-
children's temperament q ~ ~ t i o ~ a de- i r e lected information is amplified, from micm-
veloped by A. Thomas and C. Chess has been fluctuation to macro-fluctuation.
used. Ss were selected from kindergartens
and communities in Beijing, F'uzhou, Zhengz- IN074.4
hou and Shijiazhuang. The resulte generally The influence of maternal parenting
support the studies on Chinesechildren's tem- styles on child's d e o n c e p t . Herntindkz,
perament in Taiwan. The detailed results are G L , Andrade, l?, & Ortega, S . National
presented in a paper. University of Mexico. The relationshipbetween
parenting styles and child's selfancept was
investigated. Nearly 200 fi!?,h- and sixth-
SELF-CONCEPTAND SELF-ESTEEM gradersattendingapublica31001inMenmCity
(IN074) responded to two inventories, on self-concept
and on parenting styles. Significant (pc.001)
IN074.1 and positive correlations were found between
The relationship between anxiety and mother's acceptance and child describing him-
height of self-aseesement and of aspira- self as being independent, selfanfident, and
tione. Borozdina, L K l & Zaluchyonova, decisive. Maternal punishmentcorrelated pod-
EA.Moscow State University, MOSCOW, CIS. tively and signiscantly (pcOl) with child's
The relationshipbetween self-assessmentand viewing himself as diaobedient, disrespectful.
level of aspiration height and anxiety index and ud-iendly. Resultsextend those of previous
was studied. Dembo-Rubinstein,HoppeJuck- studies, suggesting parental warmth and ac-
nat and Taylor (MAS) techniques were admin- ceptance facilitate a positive selfancept in
istered to 80 subjects of 21-35 years. Anxiety children, and specifically linking punishment
index is acknowledged to increase with the with negative child's self-image.
decrease of self-assessmentheight. More com-
plex relationship was found medium or low IN0746
anxiety scores were registered for converging The cognitive modalling of the I and its
self-assesament and aspiration levels, anxiety reflection in spatial ~ ~ n s t r u e &DO- ti~~.
scores heightened for diverging self-assess- cev, N A University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana.
ment and aspiration levels when aspirations Slovenia. The subject's ability to experience
were higher or lower than self-assessment. oneself as an indivisible whole is rooted in the
integrative forces ofhis personality. Theirmg-
IN07422 nitive articulation results in the formation of
Self-definition: The a r t of self-creation a relatively firm structure, the I, whose skele-
Cairn, J.B. University of California, Sun tan is still flexible enough to allow the addition
Francisco, USA. Traditional models of adult of new, intermediate elements, and the loosen-
development are based on a dichotomy be- ing of the Structure, or even its split. The
tween conformity (fulfillmentof societal roles) pmcess of further personality structuraliza-
and unique self-development(a solitary, her- 6 tion enables its integration into a complex
oic battle). Emerging models frum cognitive whole and its projection into space. So the
science emphasize basic assumptions and or- articulated spatial constructions reflect the
ganization of self-experience, allowing for a architecture of human mind.
wider range of developmental possibilities.
366 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONAUTY
IN074.8
A new perspective on eell-reallzafion.
giwr, E. ‘Il?l-Aviv University, Ismel. The
exbting theories attribute self-realization
who succeededin satisfying all thelower steps
of the need-pyramid. This contradicta human
history and experimental evidence. The new
theory broadens the scopeof the phenomenon.
Self-actualization ie the result of realizing
aspirations in life areas central to the peraon
while adjusting to limiting conditions in non-
salient areas. Self-realization functions with-
in the framework of aaustment. This meam:
objective achievements in central life areas
with adjustment to the mcceas criteria of the
social reference group, the afljustmenttoone’s
job in order to avoid preeaura and frustration.
Self-realization is possible in every life stage
and in every social stratum.
m074.7
The construction of peroonal identity.
h W 8 O n , M.C. Australian Catholic Unwer-
sity. To model the construction of peraonal
identity, boys in their final school year re-
peated persons and occupations repertory
grids. An interactive computer program gave
immediate feedback, which subjects inter-
preted and evaluated. Patterns of change
acmsa time and condition were examined.
There were no eyetematic condition effects,
but the proms of construing, and particularly
the graphical feedback, appeared to facilitate
the developmentofpersonal identity. Previous
findings about the meanings and relation-
ships of a number of grid measures were not
supported, and alternative interpretations
were suggested.
m074.8
Strese, personality factors and their In-
fluence in construction of the d - i m a g e
in adolescence.Lopez Clutedq A,& San-
toe Calle, I. University of Vio, Spain. ‘This
research evaluated family stress, psychologi-
cal and social strew and personality factors
implicated in the self-esteem. It’s used like
measure’s instrument Staxi HS and EPQ-A.
The pattern ie composed by 86 Bubjecta. The
results reveal that the m e r e n t stress factors
and personality factors help to iqjure self-es-
teem in the adolescents.
IN074.9
Enduring ef!fecta of eelf-esteem training.
Malloy, M.R. California State University,
Fresno, USA. University students (n=150)
taking an interdisciplinary m u m in self-es-
teem in education, mental health, and social
work, were trained in specific intraperaonal
and interpersonal k i l l s over 16 weekly sea-
sions. R e -and post-intervention testing with
the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory
revealed a significant 19%average increase in
global self-esteem and significant changes in
10 separate mbecales. One year follow up
suggests lasting effects of educational inter-
vention in selfevaluation processes.
IN074.10
Analyses des difYhnta diecourr pour
Bvaluem l’identit.6 adolescente. MOrtinez,
M.,Monreal, P., & Mulloz, J. Universidad
Autonoma & Barcelona, Espaih. Lea btudes
sur l’identite occuppent ces derni&reaannbea,
dann la recherche peychosociale un endroit
privil6gi6. L’acc6s au ‘construct‘identibi peut
etre fait A partir de diff6rent.a techniques,
mais auasi fi partir de M6renta informateurs.
Dam cetts Btude MUE nous propoaons d d e r
aux elements qui configurent le sysGme qui
entourne Padolescent et d‘analyser lee W6r-
ents discours des sujets d m e s sur leur ident-
i u , et lee discoura que les colkgues, le
professorat et la famille conetruisent. Apartir
de l’analyse de la production discursive et le
logiciel SPAD-Tnous montrerons les vari-
ables avec lea quelles se d6fmiaeent l’identiu.
INO?4.11
A metatheory of the self. Pwngen, B.
Psychologisches Institut, Bonn, Germany. In a
metatheoretical approach, the selfconcept ie
defined as the possible result of the person
taking in an Ilntentional Stance”: see$g
himherself as a reflective agent. In an empm-
cal test (a)the self-conceptsin job and partner-
ship and (b) central desires in these domains,
beliefs as how to reach them and behaviors
shown to reach them were explored. Ae ex-
pected, the Del-Analysis showed that the 92
men and women explored tended to identify
with these desires, beliefs or behaviors in
their selfconcepts if desires were rated im-
portant beliefs as efficient and behaviom aa
often.
INo74.12
The self concept and the semantic ca-
tegories. Vddez, M.J.L(l),& Reyes, L.I.(2)
(1) Univ.Autdnoma del Estado de Mexico,; (2)
Univ. Nacwnal Autdnoma de Merico. In the
present research, self concept was concep-
tualized as a psychosocial and cognitive
structure which implies an organization in-
cluding real and ideal behavioral, affective
and physical characteristics which guide a
subject in his internal and external environ-
 10. IiVDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
ment. 400 Mexican subjects from different
academic levels and gender participated in a
studyin whichasemantictechnique wasused
toobtainthe psychologicalmeaning(Valdez&
Reyes, 1991)of self concept. Gender M e r e n -
ces were found for self concept: males de-
scribed themselvesin behavioral terms while
females used affective concepts. The results
show the importance of developing new in-
struments whichevaluate these categories.
IN074.13
Self-concept: an integrated approach.
Virser, P.J. Univ. of SA.,Pretoria. This is an
endeavour to develop an integrated approach
towards selfconcept research, based on ac-
knowledged Literature and redefined in order
6 illustrate the theory-integrating character
of selfconcept. The discussion will focus on:
the self-consistency motive, general s p t e m s
theory, developmental theory, cognitive con-
sistence theory, the existential paradigm, ac-
commodation and assimilation maget). The
different paradigms are integrated to provide
a new perspective on existing theory and re-
search.
LN074.14
Cross-culturalassessmentof self-esteem.
Watkins, DA. Univ. of Hong Kong, Self-es-
teem research has been plagued by poor
quality measuring instmmenta. The current
strength of this area of research is due in part
to the formulation of a hierarchical, multi-
faceted model of the self by Shavelson. This
paper reviews evidence generally supportive
of the Shavelson model of the self in research
with school and university students in Hong
Kong, Nepal, Nigeria, and the Philippines.
However, limitations of the current model for
adults in any culture and for children in less
developed areas of Third World muntries are
also acknowledged. Ways of developing mod-
els for such populations will also be discussed.
IN074.16
Autobiographical memory and the self:
significant event memories in construct-
ing the self-concept. Yamarhita, sen-
shu University, Kawasaki, Japan. Three types
of autobiographical event memories (life his-
tories, event memories of their relationship
with the parents and with friends) were de-
scribed by university students. The subjects
also performed the Twenty Statements Test
(TST)which is a technique for investigating
selfconcept. The contents of the self-concept
were compared to their remembered concrete
events about their inter-personal relation-
367
ships and to the formation of their biogmphi-
cal facts. The results suggestedthe significant
role of autobiographical memories in con-
structing the selfconcept.
IN074.16
The construction process of the psycho-
logist's identity. Zardel J d o ,B.E. The
present investigation intends to identify the
processes of the psychologist's identity in four
oficial schools of Psychology in M6xico City
(PsychOlOgy-LJNAM, ENEPI-LJNAM, UAM-X
and UAM-I)with different theoretical frames:
Foucault (the relation knowledge-power);
Loureau (Institutional Analysis); Jackson
(hidden cumculum); Castoriadis (imaginary-
symbolic relations) and Freud (process of
identification). The question is in what way
relations and oppositions, the institution's
structure, its bidden everyday practices, the
informal evaluations and the transfer process
in a specific imaginary framework, articulate
to conform to a particular or geneFal identity
of the psychologist. A questionnaire was used
to obtain information. The data were inter-
preted according to our theoretical frame.
INDrvTDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
CLINICAL SETlWGS (INcn6)
IN076.1
Models of developmental and pay-
chotherapeutic growth that chaos the-
ory inspires. BOtz, M.R Wright Institute,
CA, & Eastern Montana State College. USA.
This presentation discusses, psychodynami-
ally, both the life cycle and the process of
psychotherapy through the models consistent
with the principles of chaos theory. The devel-
opmental concept of the transitory self(Btitz,
1991) and the therapeutic five stage concept
of the transcendent cycle (Biitz, 1990) will be
illustrated as new models derived from chaos
theory's fractal geometry and dynamical sys-
tems. A descriptive practical application will
also be given to illustrate the therapeutic ex-
change between therapist and client from dy-
namical systems point of view.
IN0769
Psychological study of Chinese Qigong.
Ji-Sheng, W. Institute of Psychology, The
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Chinese
Qigong is a precious part of Chinese tradi-
tional culture. Since 1979, I have been doing
some research work on several thousand
people who exercise Qigong. My research re-
sults indicate that: (1) Qigong can promote
368 10. INDMDUAL DIFFERENCESAND PERSONALITY
mental health (Pd.OS), (2) Qigong can re-
markably improve the factors on emotion
(P<O.OS), (3)Qigong can improve the behavior
pattern (P<O.O6), (4)the effect of Qipng on
the symptoms of psychosomatic disorders is
obvious, (6) Qigong has remarkable analgesia
effect (P<O.OS), (6) Qigong can promote intel-
ligence development of students (Pd.O6), (7)
correlation of degree of Qigong state and men-
tal health is remarkable (Pd.05).
IN0763
The effect of '?)ohm Method"(MotorAc-
tion Training)for improving autistic dia-
turbauces. finno, E Bunkyo Univerkity,
Saitama, Japan. Autistic children have been
suffering h m a distortion in the linkage be-
tween mind and body h m very early life, and
failed to eatabliah a body-identification or
body-image which is an integral mnstruct of
the mind. Conaequently, they have failed in
establishing the self-activity with which they
relate to both themselves and their environ-
ment. One of the most important educational
themes for them is to establish self-activities
based on a reorganized body-identification or
body-image. "Dohsa Method" (Motor Action
Training)is aneffective educational approach
for improving autistic disturbances.
IN076.4
Follow-upstudy on MereJntiation of de-
linquents in a birth cohort: challenging
attitude theory on delinquency. Mugish-
ima, P. n i k y o University, !hkyo, Japan. We
investigated about 12,000 boys and girls by
questionnaire on their social attitudea when
they were 14 years old in junior high school.
After this,we followed their delinquent career
in police records. The ratio of delinquents
among subjects who were arrested by police
as if they committed crime under the age of 20
were 8.0% in boys tind 1.2%in girls. Compar-
ing the answers of delinquents and non-delin-
quents to the questionnaire in the age of 14,I
hypothesized that the lack of challenging at-
titudes in low-teens would be a factor to dif-
ferentiate delinquent from non-delinquent
adolescents.
IN076.6
Applied art therapyto art education. Mu-
rayama, K Women's Junior College of Fine
Arts,Japan. In this study, art therapy tech-
niques were applied to art students as P x -
pressiw Training". Self evaluation scales,
aesthetic tests and K-H-T-P drawings were
repeated at pre- and postcourse to check the
effects of this training. The purpose of main
program was to support the career success.
First, subjects drew Landscape-Montage-
Technique. Next,a picture painted in the past
was remembered. Then two pictures of Yeel-
iug now" based on Focusing method were
drawn. At last, an image of future work was
depicted. During the murse, both self evalu-
ation and aesthetic interests were signifiiant-
ly graded up.
IN076.6
REES: A questionnaire for recidivists.
Nair, E. National Unwersity of Singapore,
Singapore. Development of the REES ques-
tionnaire was embarked on as there was a felt
need for such an instrument which could be of
assistance in helping to focus the direction
and qualitative nature of rehabilitation ef-
forts both with incarcerated individuals and
juvenile delinquents on probation. The item
bank was written to measure the dimensions
of attribution of responsibility and self-es-
teem, as applicable in the Singapore context.
REES was administered to 176 prisonere and
123 probationers over a three month period.
Factor analyeis with principal componentsex-
traction and varimix rotation identified ro-
bust items on two factors.
IN075.7
Etude Whntielle de la personnalite
des pedophiles en fonctionde leur orien-
tations e d e . Pietrulewicz, A, 8 Gravel,
R. Clinique Extenre de Psychiatrie, Centre
Hospitalier Robert-Giffard, Canada. La
pr6sente recherche utilise le questionnaire de
personnalite en seize facteurs, formes A et B,
de R.B. Cattell et H.W. Ebu pour mmparer lee
dsultats r6partis en d e w gmupes: 30 @do-
philes homosexuels et 30 pedophiles hbtero-
sexuels. Utude pork sur des sujeta &pis entre
21 et 65 ans. R ressort que chacun des deux
gmupes demontre des tendances analogues
dans plusieurs dimensions de la personnalite.
On note que les parametres statistiques obte-
nus pour les formes A B puis A+B sont sem-
blables et que les similarit& de pmEl sont t d s
eleves. La pr6sence de problemes importants
chez les pedophiles pennet d'btablir un lien
entre la personnalite, l'orientation eexuelle et
les comportements sexuels deviants.
IN076.8
Satisfaction vitale et traits de person-
n a l i t B dam les syndromes Bpileptiquae.
Ratti, M.T., De Gregori, E., & Tartara, A.
Institut Neurologique "C. Mondinol: Pavie-
Itdie. Pour determiner les rapports entre le
niveau de satisfaction vitale et les traits de
 10. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PERSONALITY
personnalit4 chez les sujete bpileptiques, un
questionnaire psychosocial et une batterie de
tests de persomalit4 ont W applique A plus
de 100 patients. Le questionnaire (value la
satisfaction relative A merents aspects de
l'existence. La batterie de tests examine
l'anxiet4, la depression, les phobies, lee obses-
sions et contient une version abdg6e de
1'E.P.Q. Ims dsultats sont discut4s en termes
des principales hypothbes Bur le bien4tre
psychologique.
IN0763
An integrated psychology for man's psy-
chophysical and spiritualwellbeing.%-
-hi, M.,& Papeschi, LL.C.E.U., Row,
Itnly. The authors'aim is to show a method for
training and intervention in the field of both
psychology and psychotherapy in order to ful-
N better and better the three basic functions
of the psychotherapist: prevention, diagnosis
andtherapy. The method ie based on the latest
acquisitions of neurophysiology and neuro-
psychology applied and integrated into the
Merent psychological 'schmls'.
INMS.10
Ego identity and emotional disturbance
at adolescence. Tzuriel, D., Ben-Moshe, R.
School of Education. Bar Ilan University, Is-
rael. The main objective of this study was to
investigate the relationship between behavio-
ral disturbance, ego identity at adolescence
and previous psychosocial stages in high- and
low-risk families. A sample of 68 adolescents
from high-risk (HR)and 80 adolescents from
low-risk (LR)families were administered the
Adolescent Ego Identity Scale (MIS),Achen-
bach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and
a Developmental Stages Questionnaire
CDSQ). LR adolescents were lower than HR
adolescents on emotional disturbance ca-
tegories and higher on ego identity compo-
nents and earlier developmental stages.
Positive correlations were found between ego
identity components and earlier stages and
negative correlations with emotional ca-
tegories.
INMS.11
Psychocbirology-hand signs-and der-
matoglyphic patterns in schizophrenia.
Whiswol,N. Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hos-
pital, Raanana, Israel. Dermatoglyphic pat-
tern are used as an anatomic-genetic tool to
investigate unique schizophrenic and other
disease patterns, as well as ethnic or race
369
Merences. The present study combines two
approaches in studying the uniqueness of
hand patterns among schizophrenic patients:
psychochirological and genetic. The sample
consisted of 170 schizophrenic patients (para-
noid and schizoaf€ective, men and women),
and 25 juvenile inmates of a psychiatric hos-
pital. They were compared to the mntml
group of 100 men and women who had never
been referred for psychological or psychiatric
treatment. Differences between the ex-
perimental and mntrol groups were found
with regard to a number of characteristics-
variables as expressed in palm analysis.
INM6.12
Senseofcoherence and stress symptoma-
tology. Wuring, MA., De Beer, I., De Waal,
M.,and mlleagues of Department of Psycho-
logy.Department ofPsychology,Polchefstroom
University for CHE, Potchefstroom.South Af-
rica. The relationship between the degree of
"sense of coherence" (SOC) and the manifes-
tation of symptoms of streas was investigated
in several groups.Antonovsky (1987)mncep-
tualized the SOC as a dispositional orienta-
tion which may function as a generalized
source of resistance against negative reac-
tions to stress. The hypothesis that there is a
negative relationship between the strength of
SOC and the incidence of stress symptomato-
logy was supported. It was a h found that
chronic (traumatizing)stress serioudyunder-
mines the experience of a sense of mherence.
It is concluded that the influence of sense of
mherence and stress is interactive and circu-
lar.
INMS.13
Analysis of clearing a space experiences
of focusing. Yoshimi,I. Nagqa University,
Nagoya, Japan. Clearing a space experiences
in university students were analysed. Clear-
ing a space was conducted through both pmb-
lem-feeling (kigakari) method and bodily
sense (kamda no kanji) method in gmup situ-
ations. Focusers were 154 undergraduates.
The percentage of positive experiences and
negatives on the whole were 63% and 21.4%
respectively. The ratio of positive experiences
through both of two methods. 17.5% of the
focusers reported positive experiences only
through problem-feelingmethod and 16.940of
them reported positives only through bodily
sense method. There were no sex-difference
and method-differencein percentage.