THE CELL CYCLE Interphase. A period of replication of
cytoplasmic organelles, followed by a Cells reproduce by a process known as cell period when chromosomes (a) are division, in whichthe contents of a cell are duplicated, then a period when spindle divided between two daughter cells. fibers (bundles of microtubules) are made. *Plants grow through cell division together Prophase. At the first stage of mitosis, the with cell enlargement. chromosomes (a) become visible as long Mitosis –the division of the nucleus threads. For clarification only 3 Cytokinesis –the division of the cytoplasm chromosomes are shown. On each strand is *Two events associated with the a small body called a centromere (f). Then reproduction of eukaryotic cells. the chromosomes start to shorten and thicken and divide into 2 helical coiled strands called chromatids (g). DNA is replicated half to each chromatid. Metaphase is marked by the appearance of the spindle (h). It is at this time that the chromosomes migrate to the spindle and the centromeres (f) align in a flat equatorial plane. The pairs of chromatids (g) are held together at the centromeres (f). Anaphase is initiated with division and separation of the centromere, providing each chromatid with centromere (f). This phase ends with the chromatids, which are now called chromosomes, moving to opposite poles (i) of the spindle (h). Telophase. This phase begins with the chromosomes (a) completing their movement to the poles. It ends with the chromosomes once more becoming diffuse, as in Interphase. A new nuclear membrane (c) forms around each group of chromosomes (a) and nucleoli (b) reappear. During interphase, a new cell wall (e) forms between the nuclei. Important notes: •Mitosis is generally followed by cytokinesis, the divisionof the cytoplasm. •The cytoplasm is divided by a cell plate that begins to form during mitotic telophase. •The developing cell plate arises from fusing Golgi vesicles guided to the division plane by microtubules and actin filaments of the phragmoplast, an initially barrel- shaped system of microtubules that forms between the two daughter nuclei in early telophase.
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