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Leaching Worked Problems
Leaching Worked Problems
1
ENp is given by (NNp, yNp)
B 100
NNp
A C A 0.215
B C 100
Slope of operating line, :
A C A C 0.215
465
C
yNp = 0.055 =
AC
A + C = 3.92
A = 3.92 – C = 3.92 – 0.215 = 3.705 kg
(i.e.) Amount o solvent in liver = 3.705 kg
Quantity of ether used
Extract s to contain 0.65 kg oil / kg extract
(i.e.) Extract contain 0.35 kg ether / kg extract
C
R1 0.65
AC
But C, oil in extract = total oil fed – oil in exhausted liver
= 4.3 – 0.215 = 4.085 kg
R1 0.65 A 4.085
4.085
A = 2.2 kg
Total ether used = Amount in extract + Amount in exhausted liver
= 2.2 + 3.705 = 5.905 kgs.
2. 10 tonnes / hour of day sea shore sand containing 1% by weight of salt is to be
washed with 10 tonnes / hour of fresh water running counter current to the sand
through two classifiers in series. Assume perfect mixing of sand and water occurs
in each classifier and that the sand discharged from each classifier contain one
part of water for every two parts of sand by weight. If the washed sand is dried in
2
kiln, what % of salt will it retain? What wash rate is required in a single classifier
in order to wash the sand equally wall.
Solution:
Let ‘x’ be the fraction of salt be in the underflow discharge fro stage 1
A = 4.95
A = 4.95 B = 9.9
B = 9.9 tons C = (1 – x) 0.1 A=0
C = x 0.1 B = 9.9 tons
N+1 C = 0.1 tons
0.75 0.1
10 T/hr
1 x
3.02
x
x = 0.249
3
A = 4.95 A = ----
B = 9.9 tons B = 0.9 tons
C = 0.0249 C = 0.1
Single stage
Single stage
A = ----
B = ----
C = 0.0751
x1 A C C 4.950.0249
0.0249
0.5 10 2
0.0751
x1 in overflow (same as underflow) = 0.5 10 2
A 0.0751
A = 14.93 (amount of water with extract)
Amount of water with sand = 4.95
Total feed water = water in extract + water in sand
= 14.93 + 4.95 = 19.88
3. 100 tonnes of underflow feed containing 20 tons of solute. 2 tons of H 2O, 78 tons
of inerts are to be leached with water to give an overflow of concentration 15%
solute. 95% recovery is desired. The underflow from each stage carries 0.5 kg of
solution / kg of inert. Estimate the number of stages needed.
Solution:
A + C = (78) (0.5) = 39
B = 78
A + C = 39 A=2
B = 78 B = 78
C = 20(1 – 0.95) =1.0 N–1 1 C = 20
A = 38 x1 = 0.15
yb = 0 ya =?
C = 20 – 1 = 19
A + C = ‘m’ A + C = 126.67
Fig. 11.20 Example 3
C 1
yb* 0.0256
A C 39
x1 (Desired outlet concentration of overflow) = 0.15
C 19
(i.e.) 0.15
AC A 19
4
A + C = 126.67 tons
Let us make a mass balance around stage 1,
Entering liquid = Leaving liquid
22 + m = 126.67 + 39
m = 143.67 tons
Similarly making a solute balance we get,
20 + 143.67 ya =19 + 39 0.15
ya = 0.034
Solving by McCabe’s method
yb = 0; yb* = 0.0256; ya = 0.034; ya* = 0.15 (the leaving streams are in
equilibrium)
yb yb *
log
N 1 ya ya * 0.6562 1.165
yb ya 0.5633
log
yb * ya *
N = 2.165.
Baker’s method:
R n 1 1 S1
R 1 Sn 1
S1 = 39 0.15 = 5.85; Sn+1=1.0
solution / solute or solvent in overflow 143.7
R = solution / solute or solvent in underflow = 3.685
39
3.685 n 1 1 5.85
; n + 1 = 2.159 stages
2.685 1
4. A plant produces 100 Tonnes/day of TiO2 pigment which must be 99.9% pure
when dried. The pigment is produces by precipitation and the material as prepared
is contaminated with 1 ton of salt solution containing 0.55 ton of salt / ton of
pigment. The material is washed counter currently with water in a number of
thickeners arranged in series. How many thickeners will be required if water is
added at the rate of 200 tons / day and the solid discharged from each thickener
removed 0.5 ton of solvent / ton of pigment. What will be the number of
thickeners if the amount of solution removed in association with pigment varies in
the following way with the concentration of the solution in the thickeners.
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
N 3.333 3.125 2.94 2.78 2.63 2.5
5
Solution:
A = 150 0.5 = 50 A = 50
B = 100 B = 100
C = 0 K S1 =
N +1 1
A = 200
Fig. 11.21 Example 4
Concentrated wash liquor is fed with the feed top concentrator = 1
A + C = 100; A = 45; B = 100
C = 0.55 100 = 55
B
NF 1.0
AC
C
yF 0.55
AC
C = 55 – 0.1 = 54.9
A = 200 + 45 – 50 = 195
C 54.9
y 0.22
A C 249.9
C
x1 = 0.22 =
AC
R n 1 1 S1
R 1 Sn 1
200
R 4
50
S1 = 14.1
Sn+1 = 0.1
4 n 1 1 14.1
4 1 0.1
n + 1 = 4.36
ii) Feed point F, (NF, yF) = (1, 0.55)
Leached solids leaving, ENP (NNP, yNP) = (?, ?)
Solvent entering, RNP +1 (NP +1, xNP +1) = (0, 0)
Solution leaving, R1 (N1, x1) = (0,?)
6
F.y F RNP 1 xNP 1 (100)(0.55) 0
y 0.1833
F RNP 1 100 200
B 100
N 0.333
A C 300
Join F and RNP + 1. Locate m ( N, y)
7
0.5
(i.e.) wax in the extract (overflow) solution = 671.3 33.565 kgs
100
Concentration in underflow in II unit = Concentration in overflow from I stage
Wax in underflow leaving I solution = Weight of kerosene in underflow wax
concentration
5
= (200) = 10 kgs
100
The wax in the overflow from II cell to I cell by wax balance
[Wax in underflow leaving I + wax in overflow solution leaving I – wax in pulp
entering I]
10 + 33.565 – 33.33 = 10.235 kg
10.235
Concentration of this solution is 0.0117
871.3
xa = ya* = 0.05 and ya = 0.0117
0.2
xb = yb* = 0.001 yb = 0.0005
200
0.0005 0.001
log
0.0117 0.05 1.88423
N–1= = 2.94
0.0005 0.0117 0.641
log
0.001 0.05
N = 3.94 stage; N 4 stage
6. A five stage counter current extraction battery is to be used to extract the sludge
from the reaction
Na2CO3 + CaO + H2O CaCO3 + 2NaOH
The CaCO3 leaving each carries with it 1.5 times its weight the solution, in flowing
from one unit to other. It is desired to recover 98% of NaOH. The products from the
reaction enter the first unit with no excess reactant but with 6.5 kgs of water/kg 0f
CaCO3.
i) How much waste water must be used for 1 kg of CaCO3?
ii) What is the concentration of leaving solution assuming CaCO3 is insoluble?
iii) Using the same quantity of waste water, how many units must be employed to
recover 99.5% NaOH.
Solution:
8
F
(NF, YF) ENP (NNP, yNP)
R1
(N1, x1) RNP+1 (NNP+1, xNP+1)
Fig. 11.22 Example 6
Basis:
100 kg CaCO3 formed
B (Inert) : 100 kg
A (Solvent) : 650 kg
C (Solute) : 80 kg (From stoichiometry)
B 100
NF = 0.137
A C 650 80
C 80
yF 0.1096
A C 730
F (0.137, 0.1096)
1
NNP 0.667
1.5
Recovery of NaOH is 987 = 78.4 kgs
NaOH in leaving stream = 1.6 kgs
C C
yNP
A C ENP
B 100
ENP 150
NNP 0.667
1.6
yNP = 0.0107
150
Point ENP is (NNP, yNP) = (0.667, 0.0107)
Assume x1 and hence locate R1. (0, x1) locate ENP (0.667, 0.0107), F (0.137,
0.1096) and RNP +1 (0, 0)
Join ENP, RNP + 1 and F, R1 and produce them to cut at R.
By stepwise construction check whether both 5 stages and ENP (assumed) match.
If not, make a fresh assumption of x1 and proceed till the stages and x1 match.
By trial and error x1 = 0.1
Total amount of waste water
9
i) Water in sludge (A + C) = Weight of solution in sludge – weight of solute
= 150 – 1.6 = 148.4 kg
ii) Weight of water in overflow
C 78.4
Concentration in overflow = x1 = 0.1
AC AC
Weight of solution A + C = 784 kg
Weight of solvent (A) = 784 – 78.4 = 705. 6 kg
Total weight of water added = 148.4 + 705.6 – 650 = 204 kgs
Concentration of leaving solution from each stage:
x1 = 0.1; x2 = 0.068; x3 = 0.044; x4 = 0.026; x5 = 0.0107
c) For 99.5% recovery:
Concentration of NaOH leaving = 0.995 80 = 0.14.
F
(NF, yF) F(0.137, 0.1096)
R
R1(N1, x1) R1(0, 0.1)
C C
yNP
AC ENP
B
ENP 150
NNP
0.4
yNP 2.667 10 3 0.002667
150
ENP(0.667, 2.667 10 3 )
RNP 1(0, 0)
10
Fig. 11.23. Example 6
11
In the previous problem worked out, it is found that the sludge retains the solution
varying with the concentration as follows:
NaOH 0 5 10 15 20
Kg of solution 1
, 1.5 1.75 2.2 2.7 3.6
Kg of CaCO3 N
12
3. Seeds containing 20% by weight oil is extracted counter currently with oil – free
hexane as a solvent. Calculate the number of theoretical stages required is 90% of
the oil is recovered in extract with 40% oil by weight and the amount of liquid
(solvent + oil) in the underflow from each stage is 0.60 kg per kg of insoluble
matter.
Use triangular coordinates or rectangular coordinates.
4. In a lime – soda process a slurry containing 10 kg water, 1 kg sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and 1 kg calcium carbonate particles. The slurry is washed counter
currently with water in four stages. The solid discharged from each stage contains
3 kg water per kg calcium carbonate. Calculate the amount of wash water needed
when the discharged calcium carbonate after drying contains a maximum of 0.01
kg sodium hydroxide per kg calcium carbonate.
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