Tropical Cyclone

Introduction
Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Many holidaymakers are forsaking Mediterranean locations such as
Spain and Greece for longer haul destinations in the Caribbean and
the south-eastern states of the USA like Florida. Bermuda in place of
Benidorm, Miami instead of Magalluf!

A wise move it would seem; warm
tropical
i l seas, high
hi h temperatures andd
sunshine are guaranteed….
...but it is just these characteristics that make
Tropical cyclones such a danger in late
summer and early autumn.
Why???

In the west Atlantic and
C ibb
Caribbean J l August
July, A
and September are the
months
h when
h most
Tropical cyclones
(H i
(Hurricanes)) occur.

These intense storms are found in most tropical oceans; called
Hurricanes in the Atlantic and Caribbean, Typhoons in the Pacific,
Cyclones in the Indian Ocean and Willy Willies in northern
Australia, they all originate in the same way.

Infra--Red
Infra
Dark areas are
relatively warm.
Lighter areas are
relatively cold.
Question
Whyy are they
y so
many clouds in
equatorial
regions?
g
Armstrong F. Sompotan,
Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
Focus / Questions
z What is Tropical Cyclone?

z How Tropical cyclones (Hurricanes) form and
move?
move ?
What does cyclone need?
What makes it happen?
pp
Why does the system rotate?
z What are the problems/damage
problems/damagess caused?
z How can these Tropical Regions prepare for
future natural disasters?
Definition

Tropical Cyclones are defined by the
following characteristics:
• They are tropical, meaning that they are generated in tropical areas
of the ocean near the Equator
Equator.
• They are cyclonic, meaning that their winds swirl around a central
eye. Wind direction is counterclockwise (west to east) in the
Northern Hemisphere and clockwise (east to west) in the Southern
Hemisphere (more about this later).
• They are low-pressure systems. The eye of a hurricane is always
a low-pressure area. The lowest barometric pressures ever recorded
h
have occurredd iinside
id hhurricanes.
i
• The winds swirling around the center of the storm have a sustained
speed of at least 74 mph (119 kph / 64 kt).
Parts of a Hurricane Armstrong F. Som
mpotan, SSi / UNIM
MA/ ITB
Eye
E : The llow-pressure, calm
Th l center
t off circulation
i l ti
Eye wall : Area around the eye with the fastest, most violent winds
Rain bands : Bands of thunderstorms circulating outward from the eye
th t are partt off the
that th evaporation/condensation
ti / d ti cycle
l that
th t
feeds the storm
Hurricane Forms

Hurricanes form in tropical
g
regions where there is warm
water (at least 80 degrees
Fahrenheit / 26,5 degrees
Celsius), moist air and
converging equatorial winds.
Most Atlantic hurricanes begin
off the west coast of Africa,
starting as thunderstorms that
Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB move out over the warm,
tropical ocean waters.
Peaks of activity worldwide
Warm sea
temperatures needed
f cyclones!
for l !
Loop of SST anomalies in the
Tropical Pacific

Stages of development of a tropical cyclone
Stage Description
A trough of low pressure in the trade-wind
Tropical wave
easterlies
A moving g area of thunderstorms in the
Tropical
T i l
tropics that maintains its identity for 24
disturbance
hours or more
A tropical
p cyclone
y in which the maximum
Tropical
T i l
sustained surface wind is _38 miles/hour
depression
( _61 km/hour; _33 knots)
p
Tropical storm A tropical
p cyclone
y in which the maximum
sustained surface wind ranges from 39
miles/hour (62 km/hour; >33 knots) to
73 miles/hour (117 km/hour; <64 knots)
Hurricane/ A tropical cyclone in which maximum
typhoon/ sustained surface wind is _74 miles/hour
cyclone ( _118 km/hour; _64 knots)
Three events must happen for hurricanes to form:
• A continuing evaporation-condensation cycle of warm,

humid ocean air.
• Patterns of wind characterized by converging winds
at the surface and strong, uniform-speed winds at
higher altitudes.
• A difference in air pressure (pressure gradient)
b
between the
h surface
f and
d high
hi h altitude.
li d
Tracking
g a Hurricane
Satellite images and video are from Hurricane Wilma, a category 5 storm that devastated southern Florida in 2005.
M t information
Most i f ti was taken
t k from
f Ch i ti Kid
Christian Kids E
Explore
l E
Earth
th and
dSSpace by
b St
Stephanie
h i R Redmond
d d and
d
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/hurricane1.htm

Tracking
g a Hurricane
Satellite images and video are from Hurricane Charley, Aug 13, 2004
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/hurricane1.htm

Hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise (west to east)
and move through the ocean clockwise (east to west).
p
In the Southern Hemisphere, hurricanes rotate clockwise ((east to west)) and
move counterclockwise (west to east). These motions, known as the Coriolis
effect, are caused by the Earth's rotation.
Theory
y

Storm Parameters
The Ocean
Th O Response
R to
t Hurricanes
H i is
i governedd by
b the
th parameters
t off
the applied atmospheric Forcing, which are given in this table.
(Geisler,1970)

Wind Stress
A common reprasentation of a Hurricane Wind Strees Distribution is
the Rankine Vortex (Chang and Athens 1978).
The tangential and radial Wind Stress components are given by :
Notes : Rmax is radius of maximum winds

Rout is radius to the outer edge
g of the Hurricane

Nondimensional Framework
An important nondimensional number in the mixed layer is the Burger
Number (M), which measures the importance of the horizontal pressure
gradients (Price,1983):
M = (1 + 1/S2)g’ h / (2Rmax f)2
Notes: S is the nondimensional storm speed (Uh/2Rmaxf)

h is the mixed layer depth
g’ is reduced gravity
g
Uh is the storm translation speed
2Rmax is ratio of the scale of the wind stress
Price (1983) suggests that the frequency shift above the local inertial
frequency {(σ-f)/f} is equal to M/2.

Ocean Current
Upper ocean current measurements are contaminated
U i d by
b storm-generated
d
surface wave. Sanford et al (1987) developed a least-squares model to
account for surface wave motion, which for the u-component of current
velocity is
um = [Au cos (σt) + Bu sin (σt)]ekz
Notes : Au and Bu are the least squares coefficients for the u-velocity componet (Table 17)
σ is the surface wave frequency (2π/T)
T is wave periode (nominally 5 5-15s)
15s)
k is the wavenumber (σ2/g)
g is the acceleration of gravity.
These current velocities are subtracted from the original AXCP current
profiles using
p g the coefficients in Table 17 and 18.

CATEGORIES
SSAFFIR
SAFFIR--SSIMPSON
M SON SC
SCALE
Meteorologists rate hurricanes according to their

wind speeds. The higher the wind speeds, the
higher the category, the more severe damage
the hurricane will cause.
Category Sustained Winds (MPH) Storm Surge Effects Damage
Some flooding
1 74--95
74 4-5 ft Little or no structural damage
Minimal
Trees down
2 96--110
96 6-8 ft Roof damage
Moderate
Severe flooding
3 111--130
111 9-12 ft Structural damage in house
Extensive
Severe flooding inland
4 131--155
131 13
13--18 ft Major structural damage
Extreme
Severe flooding further inland
5 > 155 > 18 ft Serious damage to most
Catastrophic
wooden strctures
Hurricane names
Atl ti Names
Atlantic N
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 The World Meteorological
Andrea Arthur Ana Alex Arlene Alberto Organization names
Barry Bertha Bill Bonnie Bret Beryl hurricanes, rotating between
Chantal Cristobal Claudette Charley Cindy Chris
Dean Dolly Danny Danielle Dennis Debby men and women’s names.
Erin Edouard Erika Earl Emily Ernesto There's 6 different
ff name lists
Felix Fay Fabian Frances Franklin Florence that alternate each year. If a
Gabrielle Gustav Grace Gaston Gert Gordon
Humberto Hanna Henri Hermine Harvey Helene hurricane does significant
Ingrid Isidore Isabel Ivan Irene Isaac damage its name is retired
damage,
Jerry Josephine Juan Jeanne Jose Joyce and replaced with another.
Karen Kyle Kate Karl Katrina Kirk
Lorenzo Lili Larry Lisa Lee Leslie
Melissa Marco Mindy Matthew Maria Michael
Noel Nana Nicholas Nicole Nate Nadine
Olga Omar Odette Otto Ophelia Oscar
Pablo Paloma Peter Paula Philippe Patty
No hurricane
Rebekah Rene Rose Richard Rita Rafael names begin with
Sebastien Sally Sam Shary Stan Sandy the letters
Tanya Teddy Teresa Tomas Tammy Tony
Van Vicky Victor Virginie Vince Valerie q,u,x,y,z.
Wendy Wilfred Wanda Walter Wilma William
Eastern North Pacific Names
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Alvin Alma Andres Agatha Adrian Aletta
Barbara Boris Blanca Blas Beatriz Bud
Cosme Cristina Carlos Celia Calvin Carlotta
D lil
Dalila D
Douglasl D l
Dolores D b
Darby D
Dora D i l
Daniel
Erick Elida Enrique Estelle Eugene Emilia
Flossie Fausto Felicia Frank Fernanda Fabio
Gil Genevieve Guillermo Georgette Greg Gilma
Henriette Hernan Hilda Ho ard
Howard Hilar
Hilary Hector
Ivo Iselle Ignacio Isis Irwin Ileana
Juliette Julio Jimena Javier Jova John
Kiko Karina Kevin Kay Kenneth Kristy
Lorena Lowell Linda Lester Lidia Lane
Manuel Marie Marty Madeline Max Miriam
Narda Norbert Nora Newton Norma Norman
Octave Odile Olaf Orlene Otis Olivia
Priscilla Polo Patricia Paine Pilar Paul
Raymond Rachel Rick Roslyn Ramon Rosa
Sonia Simon Sandra Seymour Selma Sergio
Tico Trudy Terry Tina Todd Tara
Velma Vance Vivian Virgil Veronica Vicente
Wallis Winnie Waldo Winifred Wiley Willa
Xina Xavier Xina Xavier Xina Xavier
York Yolanda York Yolanda York Yolanda
Zelda Zeke Zelda Zeke Zelda Zeke
These lists are also re-cycled every six years (the 2006 list will be used again in 2012).
Hurricane Wilma
Satellite images and video are from Hurricane Wilma, a category 5 storm that devastated southern Florida in 2005.

Satellite video are from Hurricane Wilma,
a category 5 storm that devastated southern Florida in
2005
Most information was taken from Christian Kids Explore Earth and Space by Stephanie Redmond
and http://www.weatherwizkids.com/hurricane1.htm

Hurricane Gilbert
(J
(Jamaica)
i )
• September 12, 1988

• Tore directly through the island
• Caused inland flooding
• Destroyed crops
crops, buildings
buildings, roads
• Damaged half of entire water supply
• Damage: $4 billion
• Casualty:
Casua y 455 peop
peoplee
• Homeless: 500,000 people
Hurricane
u ca e G Gilbert’s
be t s Path
at
Hurricane Ivan
(Jamaica)
• September 11-12, 2004

• Caused severe wind and flood damage
• Looters roamed the streets of Kingston
• Robbed emergency workers at gunpoint
• Damage: $360 million
• Casualty: 17 people
• Homeless: 18,000 people

Hurricane
u ca e Ivan’s
a s Path
at
Hurricane Ivan (USA)
Photo courtesy NOAA

Hurricane Ivan over the Gulf Coast of the United States
2:45 p.m. EDT, September 15, 2004
Hurricane Andrew
Hurricane Andrew as the most destructive and costly

Hurricane of all time. Andrew had devastated the holiday
coast of Florida between Palm Beach and Miami in late
August 1992, causing $18 billion worth of damage.
Hurricane Andrew’s path
Photo courtesy NASA

This photo is a composite of three days' views (August 23, 24 and 25, 1992) of
Hurricane Andrew as it slowly moved across south Florida from east to west.
Hurricane Katrina

In late August 2005 Katrina crossed Florida and entered the Gulf of
Mexico Here
Mexico. Here, fuelled by the high summer temperatures of this partially
enclosed sea, the storm intensified to reach a maximum 5 on the Saffir-
Simpson Hurricane scale. Once inside the confines of the Gulf its
movement became as unpredictable as a ‘bullbull in a china shop
shop’.

Katrina entered the Gulf Coast

Katrina hit New Orleans
When it hit the Gulf Coast of the USA at New Orleans wind speeds topped 150
mph and a 2525--foot storm surge destroyed levees,
levees flooding 80% of the city
city.
Almost 2000 people were killed, a million homes destroyed and $75 billion of
damage done to an area around the same size as the UK.
Hurricane Katrina
z August 2929, 2005
z Katrina made landfall near Buras-Triumph,Louisiana at 6:10a.m
z 160 MPH Winds
z Torrential Rains
z 30 Foot Storm Surge
z Tornadoes
z 90,000 Square Miles declared a disaster zone(the same size
as the UK.
z Almost 2000 people were killed
z Over a million people affected
z Th city
The it off New
N Orleans
Ol is
i without
ith t th
the b
basic
i needs
d off lif
life. Th
There
is no running water, electricity, or sewage. The standing water
is a breeding ground for bacteria.
z The estimated cost of Katrina is said to be around 200 Billion
Dollars. could pay for 100 Space Shuttles or the War in Iraq.
Hurricane Floyd
Photo courtesy NASA/GSFC

Photo courtesy NASA/GSFC
Hurricane Floyd, which hit the eastern United States in September 1999, was felt
Hurricane Floyd,
y , which hit the eastern United States in September
p 14th 1999,, was
from the Caribbean islands to New England
England. It was a Category 3 storm that
felt from the Caribbean islands to New England. It was a Category 3 storm that
brought intense rains and record flooding to the eastern United States and
brought intense rains and record flooding to the eastern United States and
Canada. Nearly 90 percent of the fatalities associated with this storm were
Canada. Nearly 90 percent of the fatalities associated with this storm were
drownings due to inland flooding.
flooding
drownings due to inland flooding.
Hurricane Bertha
Photo courtesy National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Hurricane Bertha (July 1996) was also a Category 3 storm, but Bertha's
power and impact were contained in a much smaller area than Floyd's.
Huriicane Grace
Satellite images from Hurricane Grace,

The Flemish Cap (Bermuda) 1991.
Hurricane Mitch
Hurricane Mitch
east of Florida, US
Hurricanes Over Western
Europe
A depression over Western Europe

Western North Pacific Names
Contributor I II III IV V
Cambodia Damrey Kong-rey Nakri Krovanh Sarika
China Longwang Yutu Fengshen Dujuan Haima
DPR Korea Kirogi Toraji Kalmaegi Maemi Meari
HK, China Kai-Tak Man-yi Fung-wong Choi-wan Ma-on
Japan Tembin Usagi Kanmuri Koppu Tokage
Lao PDR Bolaven Pabuk Phanfone Ketsana Nock-ten
Macau Chanchu Wutip Vongfong Parma Muifa
Malaysia Jelawat Sepat Rusa Melor Merbok
Micronesia Ewiniar Fitow Sinlaku Nepartak Nanmadol
Philippines Bilis Danas Hagupit Lupit Talas These names are
RO Korea Gaemi Nari Changmi Sudal Noru
Thailand Prapiroon Vipa Megkhla Nida Kularb also used
U.S.A. Maria Francisco Higos Omais Roke sequentially. If the last
Vietnam Saomai Lekima Bavi Conson Sonca
Cambodia Bopha Krosa Maysak Chanthu Nesat storm of the year is
China Wukong Haiyan Haishen Dianmu Haitang Cimaron, the first
DPR Korea Sonamu Podul Pongsona Mindule Nalgae
HK, China Shanshan Lingling Yanyan Tingting Banyan storm of the next year
Japan Yagi Kaziki Kuzira Kompasu Washi is Chebi.
Lao PDR Xangsane Faxai Chan-hom Namtheun Matsa
Macau Bebinca Vamei Linfa Malou Sanvu
Malaysia Rumbia Tapah Nangka Meranti Mawar
Micronesia Soulik Mitag Soudelor Rananin Guchol
Philippines Cimaron Hagibis Imbudo Malakas Talim
RO Korea Chebi Noguri Koni Megi Nabi
Thailand Durian Ramasoon Hanuman Chaba Khanun
U.S.A. Utor Chataan Etau Kodo Vicete
Vietnam Trami Halong Vamco Songda Saola
Super Thypoon Cimaron
Duration May
y 7- 21,, 2001
Intensity 50 kts (10-min), 985 hPa

Typhoon Chebi (Emong)
Duration June 19-27,, 2001

Intensity 75 kts (10-min), 960 hPa

Typhoon
yp Linda ((Openg)
p g)
Typhoon Linda, after moving through the Philippines and the South China Sea, hit the
Malay Peninsula on November 3 1997. It restrengthened in the Bay of Bengal, but vertical
shear caused Linda to dissipate on the 9th. Linda caused 330 deaths from flooding and
h
heavy d
damage.

Tropical Depression Barok
Duration April
p 18- 19,, 2001
Intensity 25 kts

Tropical Depression Auring
Duration Feb 17-20,, 2001

Intensity 30 kts

Tropical
p Storm Levi (Bining)
( g)
Tropical Depression 5W drifted eastward through the Philippines in late May.

May The heavy
rain it brought caused mudslides that killed 33 people. The depression continued
northeastward, becoming a tropical storm, and transitioning to an extratropical storm
on May y 30 1997. From May y 26-29 1997,, Philippine
pp Atmospheric,
p , Geophysical
p y and
Astronomical Services Administration tracked the storm, and named it Bining.

Super
p Typhoon
yp Paka (Rubing)
( g)
Paka remained a tropical storm until December 10 1997, when it was able to become a
typhoon. Five days later, Paka reached Super Typhoon strength, the eleventh of the
year. The next day it crossed over Guam, and on December 18, Paka reached a peak of
185 mphh winds.
i d After
Aft causingi major
j damage
d across the
th smaller
ll Western
W t P ifi island
Pacific i l d
groups, Paka rapidly weakened and dissipated on December 22
Super Typhoon Isa
Isa very gradually intensified, and on April 20 1997 the typhoon reached peak 1-min winds of
70 km/h ((165 mph),
p ), as reported
p byy the Joint Typhoon
yp Warning g Center;; Japan
p Meteorological
g
Agency reported maximum 10-min winds of 155 km/h (100 mph). After turning northward, it
accelerated to the northeast, and merged with a larger extratropical cyclone on April 24.
Super Typhoon Rosie (Elang)
On July 18 1997, Tropical Depression 10W formed near Caroline Islands. 10W was upgraded to Tropical
Storm Rosie and became a Category 5 Super Typhoon on July 22 1997. Rosie moved northward and began
to weaken.
weaken Rosie made a landfall as a Category 1 typhoon at Shikoku,
Shikoku Japan on July 26.
26 Two people were
killed because of Rosie. From July 22-26, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration tracked the storm, and named it Elang
Super Typhoon Winnie (Ibiang)
On August 5 1997, a tropical depression formed near the Marshall Islands. It headed northwestward,
slowly strengthening to a tropical storm on the 9th. Intensification became more rapid as conditions
became more favorable,, and Winnie reached typhoon
yp strength
g on the 10th. 2 days
y later,, it became
the 4th Super Typhoon of the season with peak winds of 160 mph. Soon after, the eye became ragged
and large, with an outer eyewall reaching 200 miles in diameter. On the 18th, a minimal Typhoon
Winnie passed north of Taiwan and hit eastern China,
Typhoon Amber (Miling)
By August 26 1997, Tropical Storm Cass formed to the west-southwest, which

accelerated Amber
Amber's
s forward motion to the northwest due to a fujiwara interaction.
interaction It
underwent eyewall replacement cycles from August 25 through August 27, and tracked
across Taiwan/Taipei with maximum sustained winds of 95 kts, then through the
Formosa Strait into China as a minimal typhoon. Throughout much of its duration,
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration tracked
the storm, and named it Miling.
Super
p Typhoon
yp Oliwa
Oliwa rapidly strengthened on September 9 1997 to reach a peak of 160 mph winds; the
sixth Super Typhoon of the year. Oliwa slowly weakened as it moved westward, and hit
Japan on September 15 and September 16. It turned to the northeast, and dissipated on
September 17 after causing 7 deaths and widespread damage from flooding.
flooding

Super Typhoon Keith
Keith formed at low latitudes in the Marshall Islands on August 19 1997.

1997 It was one of ten TCs which
formed east of 160° E and south of 20° N — within the "El Niño". Keith was a recurving TC which
passed between the Islands of Rota and Tinian (only 50 nm (93 km) apart) on the west-bound leg of
its recurving track. NEXRAD imagery from Guam indicated the eye wall cloud of Keith never touched
land as it threaded the narrow channel between these two islands.
islands

Hurricane Damages
• Hurricane create inland flooding

• Hurricane’s
H i ’ winds
i d
• Hurricane push a wall of water (a storm surge)

Hurricane; Flooding
Hurricanes bring with them huge amounts of rain. rain

A big hurricane can dump dozens of inches of rain
in just a day or two, much of it inland. That amount
off rain
i can createt inland
i l d flooding fl di th t can totally
that t t ll
devastate a large area around the hurricane's
center. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
Hurricane winds
• High sustained winds

cause structural damage.
Th
These winds
i d can also
l rollll
cars, blow over trees and
erode beaches
• Hurricane winds often
spawn tornadoes, which
are smaller, more intense
cyclonic storms that cause
additional damage

Hurricane; a storm surge
Bands of thunderstorms circulating

outward from the eye are part of the
water cycle that feeds the storm.
If the storm surge happens during a high tide,

it causes beach erosion and significant inland
flooding.


Tropical Cyclone

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Tropical Cyclone

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Introduction

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

z What is Tropical Cyclone?

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

• A continuing evaporation-condensation cycle of warm,

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

The tangential and radial Wind Stress components are given by :

Notes : Rmax is radius of maximum winds

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

M = (1 + 1/S2)g’ h / (2Rmax f)2

Notes: S is the nondimensional storm speed (Uh/2Rmaxf)

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Meteorologists rate hurricanes according to their

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

• September 12, 1988

• September 11-12, 2004

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Photo courtesy NOAA

Hurricane Andrew as the most destructive and costly

Photo courtesy NASA

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Photo courtesy NASA/GSFC

Photo courtesy National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Satellite images from Hurricane Grace,

A depression over Western Europe

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Duration June 19-27,, 2001

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Duration Feb 17-20,, 2001

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Tropical Depression 5W drifted eastward through the Philippines in late May.

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

By August 26 1997, Tropical Storm Cass formed to the west-southwest, which

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Keith formed at low latitudes in the Marshall Islands on August 19 1997.

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

• Hurricane create inland flooding

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Hurricanes bring with them huge amounts of rain. rain

• High sustained winds

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

Bands of thunderstorms circulating

If the storm surge happens during a high tide,

Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB

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