zone - where the northeast
MODULE 1
The Potential Hazards from
Hydrometeorological
Phenomena and their Effects
Hydrometeorological Hazards
- Things we experience yearly
Hydrology - scientific field that
has something to do with
water
Meteorological or meteorology -
atmospheric phenomena
Hydrometeorological Hazards
● And/or kasi pwede
maghalo astronomic, hydro
● A process of atmospheric
and/or hydrological of
origin that may cause
potential damage or harm
on something or someone
Tropical Cyclone
● Typhoon term here in the
Philippines (east and
southeast asia) to identify
the TP that we experience
in our region
● Stages of TC usually starts
sa low pressure area
because there’s a south Pacific Ocean and Indian
probability that it will
become a typhoon or a
super typhoon
● Often form in the itcz
(intertropical convergence
winds meet with the
southeast)
● A severe weather
disturbance characterized
by strong winds and heavy
rains which revolve around
a central low-pressure
area (storm surge tho sa
net)
● Sometimes we describe
typhoons based on the
strength of wind and
amount of rainfall
● Lawin example
characterized by strong
winds, in terms of rain ay
not much
● TP in America is called
Hurricane
● Philipine, tc’s are called as
typhoon, easter portion of
asia ay typhoon called
● Typhoon can be predicted
therefore we can be ready
for it
Tropical cyclones are referred to
by different names depending on
where they originate in the world.
Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic
Ocean and the eastern north
Pacific Ocean. (H-AO-NEPO)
Typhoons occur in the western
Pacific Ocean. (T-WPO)(t-nwpo)
Tropical cyclones occur in the
Ocean. (TC-SPO-IO)
TROPICAL CYCLONE BELTS
(cumulative track of cyclones
From 1985 to 2005)
● Pacific ocean. Mid part is
equator
● Western pacific region dun
located Philippines
● Entire phil is covered with
tracks, meaning daanan
talaga tayo ng bagyo
● Philippines is In the middle
of pacific typhoon belt
TYPHOON INCIDENT MAP
● Giving an idea gaano
ka-expose diff provinces
and regions and areas
● Tug is dark blue, exposure
to typhoon is very high, we
have higher risk
● Mindanao di masyadong
nadadaanan ng typhoon
Cagayan - very high exposure to
typhoon, our disaster risk index
will also increase
Batanes - houses are designed
for strong typhoons
Central and southern luzon -
high
Visayas - low
Mindanao - very low
Events that may contribute in
the formation of tropical cyclone
(150 years of TC Tracks through
2006)
Typhoon cyclogenesis
- TC is a natural phenomenon.
beneficial to the planet,
maintaining
equilibrium/balance. TC’s are
formed somewhere in the
equator and then they move
from equator to northern
hemisphere or equator to
southern hemisphere. TC’s
maintain balance by
transferring energy from the
equator to colder parts of the
Earth. Sun is directly hitting
the equator, typhoons form,
they’ll move. Southern and
northern parts are cold
regions, with the movement of
these typhoons. Aside from
maintaining balance it also
recycles materials.
*TC is general form for all of
these
● If a TC originated in the
northwest pacific, above
the equator, it is called
TYPHOON. Typhoon is a
Chinese word
Tai- strong, fung – wind:
typhoon = strong wind
● If tc originated from Indian
ocean, a huge portion is in
the southern hemisphere
or if it is formed at the
southwest pacific it is
called CYCLONE.
)AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND
AND INDIA) (C-IO-SWP)
● If tc originates in the
Atlantic ocean, it is called
HURRICANE. Pwedeng
carribean sea, gulf od=f
Mexico and
*In the Pacific ocean = typhoon, move ( direction -
cyclone and hurricane pwedeng counterclockwise )
maform

*Eastern north portion of pacific

ocean - hurricane tawag Tc can be classified based on its
wind speed

● Classification system made

Tc belts by PAGASA

● found sa intertropical Knots- unit of speed; nautical

convergence zone, mile per hour
northeast and southeast
trade wind meets

*Lower portion southeast trade Tropical depression

winds meet
● Above low-pressure area
*Typhoon follows northeast and na rin
southeast sa 2 hemispheres ● Less than or equal to
61km/hour
*Typhoon follows circulation
northeast winds Tropical storm

*Cyclone follows southeast trade ● 62-88 km/h

wind
If naidentify at nakapasok sa PAR
or TD na or TS na ginagawa na
ng name
Conditions or factors that may
increase formation of TC

1. Cluster of thunderstorms in table

the ocean - formation of
clouds ( cumulonimbus- thick
and dark ones)

2. Warm ocean water - typhoons

are formed from huge bodies
of water

3. Converging winds – northeast

wind affects northern
hemisphere

4. Rotation of the earth - how

these typhoons circulate and
 1881 haiphong typhoon with
20,000 fatalities, deadliest, storm
surge

Thunderstorm

● Like a typhoon kaso short

lived like mabilis mare
● A violent short weather
disturbance that is almost
associated with lightning
and thunder, dense clouds,
heavy rain or hail, and
strong winds

Lightning

Yolanda ● electrical energy produced

by thunderstorm
● Most damages
● sound produced by
● Second sa casualties
thunderstorm
● Second sa fatalities ay ha
● 2013 Kidlat first nakikita kaso sabay
● Super typhoon, 5 and 20 talaga sila napproduce, light
min sustained wind lang ang unang nag travel

Lawin

● 2016 Dense clouds- cumulonimbus

● 10 minute sustained wind clouds

Rolly Effects of thunder

● Number 7 sa cost of 1. If natamaan pwede ma

damages deadz or injured
● 2020 2. Damage of property – one
● Super typhoon - 5 and 10 reasons why may forest
sustained wind fires and wildfires
3. Flash Floods
Floods - an overflow of water ● Tidal surge - one elements
onto normally dry land associated here is not only
presence of TC but existing
Flood vs flash flood astronomical tide
specifically, high tide
Flash Flood is a subtype and
● Storm tide? Postal flood
occurs in a short period, max
● Typical rise of water
hours ay 6 hours or lower than
generated by a storm
that
above the predicted
Tornado astronomical tide (high
tide)
● Violent rotating column of ● Most significant SS is sa
air extending from a Yolanda
thunderstorm (base of a ● Storm surge inundation
cumulonimbus cloud) down Map in Tacloban - portion
to the ground of city is being submerged
● Path of destruction of a in water here
tornado in oklahoma ● High tide pushed from
● Mas Malaki pa rin area na coastline moving from
sakop ng tornado other areas on land
● Ipo ipo ● Height of water reached 5
● Intensely narrow funnel or meters
cylindrically shaped ● Tacloban airport idk
● Dangerous forces of ● Of all the hazards, SS has
nature, its rotate to wind ay the most casualties,
max of 500 km/hr, strongest average 8000 people per
tornadoes can reach yang year are killed dahil sa SS
value pa yan
● Fujita scale idk f5 ay
strongest
Monsoon
The oath of destruction of a
tornado in oklahoma ● Traditionally a seasonal
reversing wind
- Limited area of destruction accompanied by
- Destroyed houses and can corresponding changes in
lift car precipitation
- Bangladesh- deadliest
tornado because of
densities
Southwest monsoon (hanging
Storm Surge habagat)

- Origin is from the

● Storm flood - associated
Southwest part of the world
with storms
(indian ocean)
 - Characteristics: warm and La Nina
humid
- Duration: June to October ● It is a prolonged unusual
- Effect: heavy rains and cooling of sea surface
flooding temperature in central and
eastern equatorial Pacific
Northeast Monsoon (hanging ● Warm water travel in the
amihan) western portion
● Eastern - dryer condition
- Origin is from the Eastern,
northeastern part of the
world (siberia)
- Characteristics: cold and HM HAZARDS
dry
- Duration: November to ● Tropical cyclone
June ● Thunderstorm
- Effect: light rains and cold ● Floods
weather ● Storm surge
● Tornado
El Nino ● Monsoon
● El nino
● It is a prolonged unusual
● La nina
warming of sea surface
temperature in central and Module 2
eastern pacific
● Naturally happening Fire Hazards
● Can be intensified
● Not seasonal Fire can cause disaster and
● 9 months to 2 years hazards
● 1900 there are 26 el ninos
● Severe drought and lack of Fire
rain ● Visible effect of the
process of
El nino year combustion(burning).
Occurs between oxygen in
- Becoming warmer than the air and some sort of
average fuel
- Sasabayan movement ng ● Combustion is a chemical
winds, moving towards reaction
eastern portion ● During combustion, the
- As warm water is moving, fuel must be heated to is
typhoons thunderstorms ignition temperature for
are also moving combustion to occur. The
- West - drought reaction will keep going as
- Strongest - 1997 - 1998 long as there is enough
- Most recent - 2014 - 2016 heat, fuel and oxygen
 ● Ign timp kahit mameet
minimum temp for
combustion to start
● Ignition temp is 260 degree
celsius for wood
● Heat, fuel and oxygen are
elements known as FIRE
TRIANGLE ( simple model
for understanding
necessary ingredients for
most fire)
● Fuel + oxygen + heat --- fire
+ heat + combustion
products (C02 AND H20)
● COMBUST CAN BE SLOW
OR FAST DEPENDING ON
THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN
● Minimum req is 16% of
oxygen in the atmosphere
for combustion to occur
Sources for the fire triangle
Oxygen
● Main source is the
atmosphere
Heat Source
● Sun, hot surfaces, sparks
friction, Electrical Energy
Fuel
● Can be solid, liquid, or gas
● Coal, wood, paper, leather,
plastic and sugar -- solid
● Gasoline, alcohol, paint
and olive oil -- liquid
● Natural gas (methane),
propane (samgyup gas),
hydrogen and carbon
monoxide -- gas
● Fuel the one that it eats,
heat the one that sustains
(ignition), oxygen air that it
breathes -- analogy if tao
● If objective is put off a fire,
u need to remove one
elements
Methods of fire extinguishment
Smothering
● Removing oxygen
● Frying pan that is currently
on fire you’ll use a fire
blanket to reduce the
oxygen below the 16%
required oxygen for it to
react
● Inside that blanket, oxygen
percentage reduces, lead
to a fire being
discontinued
● Light a candle then
covering it with a glass,
mawawala fire boi
● Applicable to solid figure
fires
Starvation
● Starve fire of its fuel source
or remove fuel source
● Sunog in the kitchen dahil
sa methane, turn off the
fuel source so mad
discontinue
● Pwede solid or fluid
Cooling
● Heat is being removed
● Use fire extinguisher
● Heat generated by the fire
is less than ewan ko basta
water
● Water is not appropriate to
be used sa electrical fires
and cooking oils (insoluble
in water)
3 causes of fire in the Philippines
accdg to BFP
● faulty electrical connection
● lit cigarette butts (wild fires
associated here)
● open flames from
unattended stoves
Commonly experienced Fires
Building Fires
● Household fires,
establishments,
commercial buildings
● 1996 ozone disco fire -
worst nightclub fire in Phil
History sa whole world 8th
place ; worst experienced
fire in the Philippines;
March 18,1996
● Fire started around 11:35
pm, caused by faulty
electric wirings then
accelerated sa acoustic
foam (bar surrounded by
that material)
● 162 people died, 95 non
fatal injuries
● No fire exit, only one which
is the main door
● Absence of water
sprinklers
Wildfires
● Happen in rural areas or
wilderness
● 2020 wildfire in benguet
● Feb 27, 2020 - burned 900
hectares yata
● Cause of damages - 2.077
million
● Cause of fire: slash and
burn or kaingin practiced
● dry weather + strong wind
also ay causes
Arson
● Crime of willingly setting
fire to a property or
establishment
● 1990 happy land nightclub
fire
Disaster Information and
Nationwide Awareness - DINA
Baka isali raw yung video sa test
something
Noong 2012- 4079 sunog sa
kabahayan
- 8798 sunog sa bansa
- 252 namatay
- 745 nasaktan
- 3.7B naabong ari-arian
March - fire prevention month
- Install smoke detector sa
mataas na
- May fire extinguisher for
using this use P-A-S-S
P- PULL THE PIN
A- AIM THE NOZZLE AT THE
BASE OF THE FIRE
S- SQUEEZE THE LEVER
S - SWEEP SIDE TO SIDE
- Make emergency plan and
ipaalam kanu
- If may kasamang bata or
matanda, plan din with
them
Para makaiwas sa sunog
- Wag iwanan ang niluluto
 - Itago posporo, lighter, para
ayon
- Malinis dapat kalan walang
gamit sa taas, walang
tagas ang lpg
- Tanggalin saksakan ng
appliance after gamitin
- Iwasan overload ng
saksakan at paggamit ng
sirang chord
- Layo kandila sa easily
nasusunog
- If nag luluto the biglang
nag on fire, dont pour
water instea d takpan ng
basang tela

During fire
- Lumabas agad kasama
pamilya stay calm
- Isara pinto ng nasusunog
na kwartp or like lahat ng
pinto para maiwasan
pagalata
- Bago umbas sa pinto
pakiramdaman muna
gamit back pal of hand,
pag maihnit baka may fire

Kung hindi makalabas ng gusali

- Punta sa windows and
iwagayway colorful na tela
- Kapag makapal,
gumapang palabas gamit
ng wet towel
- Kapag nadapuaan
Stop drop, cover face and roll

After sunog
- Suriin sarili and kasama
- Wag bumalik unless wala
pang abis bumbero
-