Short Circuit Analysis Modeling and Protective Devices

Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Certificate in
Power System Modeling and Analysis
Training Course in
Short Circuit Analysis
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 2
Course Outline
1. Short Circuit Currents

2. Power System Models for Short Circuit
Analysis
3. Short Circuit Calculation by Network
Reduction
4. Analysis of Faulted Power System
5. Computer Solution
6. Protective Device Duties
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Short Circuit Currents
 Types of Fault
 The Shunt Fault Point
 Sources of Short Circuit Currents
 Characteristics of Short Circuit Currents
 Short Circuit Studies

Types of Fault
Shunt Fault: Unintentional Connection between
phases or between phase and ground.
1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Three Phase Fault
Series Fault: Unintentional Opening of phase

conductors [Not included in this course]
Simultaneous Fault [Not included in this course]

Types of Fault
Three Phase Line-to-Line
Double Line-to-Ground Single Line-to-Ground

Shunt Faults
The Shunt Fault Point

The system is assumed to be balanced, with
regards to impedances, except at one point called
the fault point.
F
a
b
c
Line-to-      
Ia Ib Ic
ground Va Vb Vc Fault
voltages Currents
Ground

Sources of Short Circuit

Currents
G
Utility
MV Fault
LV
Fault Current Contributors

Characteristic of
R L
E sin (t+)
di
Ri  L  E sin  t   
dt
E sin  t      E sin(   ) R t
i   e X
2 2 2 2
R X R X
I Asym  Isym AssymetryFactor

Characteristic of
E sin  t      E sin(   ) R t
i   e X
R2  X 2 R2  X 2
Source: Cooper Power Systems

Characteristic of
Positive Sequence Impedance of Generator
The AC RMS component of the current following a
three-phase short circuit at no-load condition with
constant exciter voltage and neglecting the
armature resistance is given by
E  E E   t 
I( t )      exp 
X ds  X d ' X ds   d' 
 E E   t 
    exp 
 X d" X d'   d" 
where E = AC RMS voltage before the short circuit.
Characteristic of

Short Circuit Studies

 Comparison of Momentary and Interrupting
Duties of Interrupting Devices
 Comparison of Short-time or withstand
rating of system components
 Selection of rating or setting of short circuit
protective devices
 Evaluation of current flow and voltage levels
in the system during fault

Power System Models for Short

Circuit Analysis
 Sequence Networks of Power System

 Equivalent Circuit of Utility
 Equivalent Circuit of Generators
 Equivalent Circuit of Transformers
 Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Sequence Networks of
Power System
Since we mentioned that various power system
components behave/respond differently to the flow
of the currents’ sequence components, it follows
that the there will be a unique power system model
for each of the sequence component. These are
called the sequence networks.
• Positive-Sequence Network
• Negative-Sequence Network
• Zero-Sequence Network

Sequence Networks of
Power System
F F F
+ + +
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
Vf
- - -
V V – I Z V -I Z Vao  - I ao Z o
a1 f a1 1 a2 a2 2
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Sequence Components of
Electric Currents
From Symmetrical Components:
Any Unbalance System of Phasors can be

resolved into three balanced system of
phasors
a) POSITIVE-SEQUENCE PHASOR
b) NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE PHASOR
c) ZERO-SEQUENCE PHASOR

If the fault is balanced (Three Phase Fault)
only the Positive Sequence Current exists.
If the fault is unbalanced (e.g, SLGF, LLF &

DLGF) Positive Sequence Current, Negative
Sequence Current exists. Zero Sequence
Current exists depending on the connection of
generators and transformers.

ZERO-SEQUENCE CURRENTS: Ic0
c
Ia0
a Ia0
b
3Io a Ib0
b
Ic0 c Zero-sequence currents
Ib0 circulates in the delta-connected
The neutral return carries transformers. There is
the in-phase zero-sequence “balancing ampere turns” for
currents. the zero-sequence currents.

Equivalent Circuit of Utility
Positive & Negative Sequence Impedance

From Three-Phase Fault Analysis
I TPF 
Vf
S TPF  V f I TPF 
Vf
2
 
Z1 Z1
Where, Z1 and Z2 are the
equivalent positive-
Z1 
kV
2
  sequence and
 Z 2 negative-sequence
Fault MVA 3 impedances of the
utility
Zero Sequence Impedance

From Single Line-to-Ground Fault Analysis
I SLGF 
3V f
S SLGF  V f I SLGF 
 
3Vf
2
Z1  Z 2  Z0 2Z 1  Z 0
Z1  Z 2
2Z 1  Z 0 
 
3Vf
2
Resolve to real and imaginary

S SLGF components then solve for Zo


The equivalent sequence networks of the Electric
Utility Grid are:
+ + +
R1 +jX1
 + R2 +jX2 R0 +jX0
Eg
-
- - -
Positive Negative Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
Utility Thevenin Equivalent Circuits

Equivalent Circuit of Generators

Positive-Sequence Impedance:
Xd”=Direct-Axis Subtransient Reactance
Xd’=Direct-Axis Transient Reactance
Xd=Direct-Axis Synchronous Reactance
Negative-Sequence Impedance:
X2  12 (X d "X q " ) for a salient-pole machine

X2  X d " for a cylindrical-rotor machine
Zero-Sequence Impedance:
0.15X d "  X0  0.6X d "

Grounded-Wye Generator
The sequence networks for the grounded-wye
generator are shown below.
F1 F2 F0
jZ1
 + jZ2 jZ0
Eg
-
N1 N2 N0

Grounded-Wye through an Impedance
If the generator neutral is grounded through an
impedance Zg, the zero-sequence impedance is
modified as shown below.
F1 F2 F0
jZ1 jZ0
 + jZ2
Eg 3Zg
-
N1 N2 N0


Ungrounded-Wye Generator
If the generator is connected ungrounded-wye or
delta, no zero-sequence current can flow. The
sequence networks for the generator are shown
below.
F1 F2 F0
jZ1
 + jZ2 jZ0
Eg
-
N1 N2 N0
Equivalent Circuit of Transformers

Positive– & Negative Sequence Networks
Z1 Z2
+  + +  +
Primary I1 Secondary Primary I2 Secondary
Side Side Side Side
- - - -
Positive Negative
Sequence Z1  Z 2 Sequence
Network Network


Zero Sequence Network*
Transformer Connection Zero-Sequence Network
Z0  Z1
+
 +

VH VX
- -
Z0  Z1
+
 +

VH VX
- -
*Excluding 3-phase unit with a 3-legged core.

Zero Sequence Network *
Z0  Z1
+
 +

VH VX
- -
Z0  Z1
+
 +

VH VX
- -


Zero Sequence Network *
Z0  Z1
+
 +

VH VX
- -
Z0  Z1
+
 +

VH VX
- -
Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Phase to Sequence Impedances
Consider a transmission line that is described by
the following voltage equation:
 
Va   Z aa Z ab Z ac   I a 
 Z   
V
 b  =
 ab Z bb Z bc   I b  volts

Vc   Z ac Z bc Z cc   I 
    c
or  
Vabc  Z abc I abc
From symmetrical components, we have
   
Vabc  AV012 and I abc  AI 012

Substitution gives
 
or
AV012  Z abc AI 012
 1

V012  A Z abc AI 012
which implies that
Z 012  A 1 Z abc A
Performing the multiplication, we get
 Z 0   Z s 0  2 Z m0 Z s2  Z m2 Z s 1  Z m1 
Z    Z  Z Z s 0  Z m0 Z s 2  2 Z m 2 
 1   s1 m1
 Z 2   Z s 2  Z m 2 Z s 1  2 Z m1 Z s 0  Z m0 
Note: Z012 is not symmetric.

It can be shown that
Z s 0  31 ( Z aa  Z bb  Z cc )
Z s 1  31 ( Z aa  aZ bb  a 2 Z cc )
Z s 2  ( Z aa  a Z bb  aZ cc )
1
3
2
Z m0  31 ( Z ab  Z bc  Z ca )
Z m1  ( a Z ab  Z bc  aZ ca )
1
3
2
Z m 2  31 ( aZ ab  Z bc  a 2 Z ca )

If the line is completely transposed,
Z s0  Z s Z m0  Z m
Z s1  Z s 2  0 Z m1  Z m 2  0
The sequence impedance matrix reduces to
 Z 0  Z s  2Z m 0 0 
Z    0 Zs  Zm 0 
  1
 Z 2   0 0 Z s  Z m 
Note: The sequence impedances are completely decoupled.


For a completely transposed line, the equation in
the sequence
 domain is 
Va 0 Z 0 0 0   I a0 
  
Va 1  
 0 Z1 
0   I a1 
 
Va 2 
0 0 
Z2   I a 2


where
Dm
Z 1  Z 2  ra s  jks ln 
Ds
3
De
Z 0  ra s  3rd s  jks ln 2

D s Dm

Sequence Capacitance
Using matrix notation, we have
   
I abc  YabcVabc I abc  jC abcVabc
   
From Vabc  AV012 and I abc  YabcVabc, we get
 
AI 012  jC abc AV012
or  
I 012  jA C abc AV012
1
Thus, we have
C012  A 1C abc A

For a completely transposed line,
C s 0  C aa  C bb  C cc
C m0  C ab  C bc  C ac
Substitution gives
( C s0  2C m0 ) 0 0 
C012 =
 0 ( C s 0  C m0 ) 0 
 
 0 0 ( C s0  C m0 )
or
C 0  C s 0  2C m 0 C1  C 2  C s 0  C m0
Short Circuit Calculation by

Network Reduction
 Thevenin Equivalent
 Network Reduction Techniques
 Reduced Sequence Networks

Thevenin Equivalent
Thevenin’s Theorem states that, with respect to a

given pair of terminals, any electric circuit can be
represented by a single voltage source in series
with a single impedance.
Zth
 a
Vth = voltage from terminal a  +
to b at open-circuit
 Vth
Zth = ratio of Vth to the short -
circuit current from terminal a b
to b

Thevenin Equivalent
Recall: Fault MVA
The short circuit current at any point in the power
system is generally expressed in terms of a fault
MVA. By definition,
MVAF  3 (kVL ) (kA)
where
kVL = nominal line-to-line voltage in kV
kA = short circuit current in kA
Note that
kVL x 1000
Vth  Volts
3
Thevenin Equivalent
Vth
From Zth 
Isc
we get kVL x 1000 kVL
Zth  
3(kA) x 1000 3(kA)
From the fault MVA, we get
MVA F
kA 
3(kVL )
Substitution gives
(kVL )2
Zth 
MVA F
Thevenin Equivalent
Example: The three-phase fault MVA for a 138-kV
bus is given to be 5,975. Find the positive-
sequence representation of the system at the bus.
kVL x 1000
Vth   1
3
(138,000)  79,674 V
3
(kVL )2 1382
Zth    3.19 
MVAF 5,975 Zth
a
 +
Vth
-
b
Network Reduction
Combination of Branches in Series
Zeq  Z1  Z2
Z1 Z2  (R1  jX1 )  (R2  jX 2 )
 (R1  R2 )  j( X1  X 2 )
Combination of Branches in Parallel
Z1 Z2
Z1 Zeq 
Z1  Z2
Z2 (R1  jX1 )(R2  jX2 )

(R1  R2 )  j( X1  X2 )
Network Reduction
Transforming Wye to Delta Z A  Za Zb  Zb Zc  Zc Za
Za
Zc ZB 
Za Zb  Zb Zc  Zc Za
Zb
Za Zb  Zb Zc  Za Zc
ZC 
Zc
Za
b
Z
ZB ZC
Za 
Z ZA  ZB  ZC
B ZA Z A ZC
Zb 
ZA  ZB  ZC
ZC Z A ZB
Zc 
Transforming Delta to Wye ZA  ZB  ZC

Network Reduction
1. Draw the Single Line Diagram.
2. Draw the Impedance Diagram.
3. Convert all parameters to per-unit.
4. Reduce the network between the
source(s) and the fault location.
5. Calculate the fault current
Vf
If 
Z equiv
Example: Three Phase Fault
Determine the fault current for a three phase

bolted fault in each bus for the 4 bus system
below. G
LINE FB TB Z(p.u.)
Line 2 1 Line1 1 4 j0.2
Line2 1 3 j0.4
Line 5 Line 4 Line3 1 2 j0.3
2 3 4
Line4 3 4 j0.5
4-bus system
The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV Line5 2a 3

and has j0.6
subtransient reactance of 10%. Base Values: 100 MVA, 6.9 kV

Solution:
Draw the impedance diagram
E 1.0
0.1
1
0.3 0.2
0.4
2 4
0.6 0.5
3

a) Fault @ Bus 4 Reduce the network

Xa  X12  X 23
 0.3  0.6
 0.9
X a X 13
Xb 
X a  X 13
(0.9)(0.4)

0.9  0.4
 0.276923
Xc  X b  X 34
 0.276923  0.5
 0.776923
Xc X14
Xd 
Xc  X14
-
(0.776923) (0.2) E
 1.0
0.776923  0.2 If
 0.159055
+
Xequiv  X gen  Xd 0.25905

 0.1  0.159055
 0.259055 100 x1000
1.0 Ibase   8367.64 A
If  3(6.9)
0.259055
If  3.860184 x 8367.64
 3.860184 p.u.
= 32,300.63 A

b) Fault @ Bus 3
Xa  X23  X12
 0.3  0.6
-
E 1.0
 0.9
+
Xb  X14  X34
0.1
If  0.2  0.5
1
0.3 0.2  0.7
0.4
2 0.6
3
0.5 4 Xequiv  (Xa||Xb ) ||X13
 0.198425

X Xgen  X equiv
= 0.1  0.198425
= 0.298425 -
E 1.0
If
1.0 +
If 
0.298425 0.298425
= 3.350923 p.u.

c) Fault @ Bus 2
Xa  X14  X34
-
E 1.0  0.2  0.5
+
 0.7
0.1
If
1 a
b X X13
0.3 0.2 X  a
0.4 X  X13
(0.7)( 0.4)
0.6 0.5 4

2 3 0.7  0.4
 0.254545

Xc  Xb  X23
 0.254545  0.6 -
 0.854545 E 1.0
d X X12 c If +
X  c
X  X12 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3)

0.854545  0.3
 0.222047
1.0
X  Xgen  X d If 
0.322047
 0.322047  3.095525 p.u.

d) Fault @ Bus 1
X  Xgen
-
E 1.0  0.1
+
0.1
If 1.0
1 If 
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
 10.0 p.u.
0.6 0.5
2 3 4

Network Reduction
Reduced Sequence Networks
Applying what we have learned so far:
 There are three distinct network models
 Every complex network can be reduced into an
equivalent circuit.
Therefore, we can come up with the following:

• Reduced Positive-Sequence Network
• Reduced Negative-Sequence Network
• Reduced Zero-Sequence Network

Network Reduction
Where in the entire network do we apply this?
It was earlier mentioned that we assume the

network to be balanced except at the fault point.
Therefore we reduce the networks
as seen at the fault point

Network Reduction
The Thevenin equivalent of the power system at
the fault point is called the sequence network.
F1 F2 F0
  
Ia1 Z +  Ia2 +
 Ia0 +

1
 + Va1 Z2 Va2 Z0 Va0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
      
Va1  Vth  Ia1Z1 Va2   Ia2Z2 Va0   Ia0Z0
Analysis of Faulted Power System
 Methodology
 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
 Line-to-Line Fault
 Double Line-to-Ground Fault
 Three Phase Fault

Methodology
Objective: to analyze each of these types of faults
1. Setup the boundary conditions
2. Analyze using symmetrical components
3. Derive expressions relating the symmetrical
networks
4. As appropriate, derive an equivalent circuit
for the symmetrical networks interconnection
5. Solve the symmetrical components of the
fault currents
6. Solve the phase fault currents

Methodology
Shunt Faults

4. Three-Phase Fault

Single Line-to-Ground Fault

Assuming the fault is in phase a,
a
b
c  
    Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc Ia Zf
Ground
 
Boundary Conditions: (1) Va  Zf Ia
 
(2) Ib  Ic  0

Transformation: From (2), we get

 1

I012  A Iabc
  
Ia0 1 1 1 Ia Ia
1 1
Ia1
=
3
1 a a2 0 = 3 Ia
Ia2 1 a2 a 0 Ia
   
which means Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  1
I
3 a
From (1), we get

     
Va0  Va1  Va2  Zf (Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 )
or    
Va0  Va1  Va2  3Zf Ia0

Sequence Network Interconnection:
F1 F2 F0
+  +  + 
 Z1 Ia1  Ia2  Ia0
Va1 +  Va2 Va0 3Zf
Z2 Z0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
The sequence fault currents


   Vth
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 
Z0  Z1  Z2  3Zf

Example 2: A single line-to-ground fault occurs at

point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the
phase currents in the line and the generator.
Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%
Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common
MVA base.

Positive-Sequence Network:
F1

IA1 F1
j0.05 j0.15
 j0.05
Open  +
IA1L j0.6 IA1 
j0.4
+
+ VA1
  1.0
Eg Ia1g -
- -
N1
N1
   
Note: IA1L  IA1 but IA1L  Ia1g

Negative-Sequence Network:
F2

IA2 F2
j0.05 j0.15
Open  +
 j0.05 IA2
 IA2L 
Ia2g j0.4 j0.6 VA2
-
N2
N2
   
Note: IA2L  IA 2 but IA 2L  Ia2g

Zero-Sequence Network:
F0

IA 0 F0
j0.05 j0.35
 Open  +
Ia0g  j0.05 IA 0
IA 0L 
j0.2 j0.044 VA 0
N0 N0
  
Note: IA 0L  IA 0 and Ia0g  0


F1 F2 F0
  
J0.6 IA1 IA2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-
N1 N2 N0
Sequence Fault Currents
   1.0
IA 0  IA1  IA2 
j(0.6  0.6  0.044)
  j0.804 p.u.

Phase Fault Currents

 
IA  3IA 0   j2.411 p.u.
 
IB  IC  0
Sequence Currents in the Transmission Line
 
IA1L  IA1   j0.804 p.u.
 
IA2L  IA2   j0.804 p.u.
 0.05 
IA 0L  IA0   j0.089 p.u.
0.05  0.4
Phase Currents in the Transmission Line
   
IAL  IA 0L  IA1L  IA2L   j1.696 p.u.

  2
 
IBL  IA 0L  aIA1L  a2 IA2L  j0.714 p.u.
ICL  IA 0L  a IA1L  a IA2L  j0.714 p.u.
Sequence Currents in the Generator: Using the 30o
phase shift,
 
Ia1g  IA1L   30o  0.804  120 o p.u.
 0.402  j0.696 p.u.
 
Ia2g  IA2L   30o  0.804  60o p.u.
  0.402  j0.696 p.u.
Ia0g  0
Phase Currents in the Generator
   
Iag  Ia0g  Ia1g  Ia2g   j1.392 p.u.

  2
 
Ibg  Ia0g  a Ia1g  a Ia2g  j1.392 p.u.
   2

Icg  Ia0g  a Ia1g  a Ia2g  0
Three-line Diagram:
j1.392 T1 j1.696 j0.714 T2

a a A A
X1 H1 H1
X3 j2.411
c
C C
0 X2 H3 H2 B j0.714 H3 H2 B
b b
j1.392
j0.714
0 j0.268 j2.143

Example 3: The following data apply to the power

system shown:
Utility
T1: 150/150/45 MVA Bus
138-69-13.8 kV Ynyn0d1
%Z: H-X @ 150 MVA=14.8 L1 138 kV
H-Y @ 45 MVA=21.0
X-Y @ 45 MVA=36.9 13.8 kV
T3: 20 MVA 67-13.8 kV T1

Dyn1 X=8% 69 kV T4
F L2
T4: 6.5 MVA
G1
13.8-2.4 kV T3
Ynd1 X=5.85% T2 2.4 kV
13.8 kV

T2: 20/15/6 MVA 67-13.8-2.4 kV Ynyn0d1

%Z: H-X @ 15 MVA=6.65
H-Y @ 6 MVA=4.69
X-Y @ 6 MVA=1.51
G1: 5 MVA 2.4 kV X1=X2=32% X0=10%
L1: X1=X2=8.26  X0=31.46 
L2: X1=X2=2.6  X0=7.8 
The Fault MVA at the 138-kV utility bus is 875.3 for

a three-phase fault and 617.2 MVA for a single
line-to-ground fault. Assume X1=X2 for the utility
bus. Analyze the system for a single line-to ground
fault at point F. Neglect the fault impedance. Use
100 MVA and 138 kV as bases at the utility bus.

Representation of the Utility’s System: From the

three-phase short-circuit MVA,
(138)2
X1  X2   21.76
875.3
From the single line-to-ground short-circuit MVA,
we get the SLG fault current
617.2
IF   2.58 kA
3(138)
Since
3Vth 3(138)
IF  
X1  X2  X0 2(21.76)  X0
we get X0 = 49.05 .

Base kV = 138 at the utility bus and line L1
= 13.8
69 in at the locationline
transmission of T4
L2
= 14.2 at the distribution feeders
= 2.47 at the location of G1
Base MVA(1,000)
Base Current 
3(Base kV)
= 418.4 Amps at 138 kV
= 836.7 Amps at 69 kV
= 4,062 Amps at 14.2 kV
= 4,184 Amps at 13.8 kV
= 23,359 Amps at 2.47 kV

(Base kV)2
Base Impedance 
Base MVA
= 190.44  at 138 kV
= 47.61  at 69 kV
For transmission lines L1 and L2:
Actual Impedance
Zpu 
Base Impedance
Conversion of the Impedances to the new Bases:
2
 kVold   MVAnew 
Z pu ( new )  Z pu ( old )   x  
 kVnew   MVAold 
Autotransformer T1: At 100 MVA 138-69-13.8 kV,

ZHX = 14.8(100/150) = 9.87%
ZHY = 21.0(100/45) = 46.67%
ZXY = 36.9(100/45) = 82.0%
ZH = 0.5(9.87+46.67-82.0) = -12.75%
ZX = 0.5(9.87-46.67+82.0) = 22.60%
ZY = 0.5(-9.87+46.67+82.0) = 59.40%
Transformer T2: At 100 MVA 69-14.2-2.47 kV,
ZHX = 6.65(67/69)2(100/15) = 41.8%
ZHY = 4.69(67/69)2(100/6) = 73.7%
ZXY = 1.51(67/69)2(100/6) = 23.73%

ZH = 0.5(41.8+73.7-23.73) = 45.9%
ZX = 0.5(41.8-73.7+23.73) = -4.09%
ZY = 0.5(-41.8+73.7+23.73) = 27.82%
Transformer T3: At 100 MVA 69 kV,
Z = 8.0(67/69)2(100/20) = 37.72%
Transformer T4: At 100 MVA 13.8 kV,

Z = 5.85(100/6.5) = 90%
Generator G1: At 100 MVA 2.47 kV,
X1 = X2 = 32(2.4/2.47)2(100/5) = 603.4%
X0 = 10(2.4/2.47)2(100/5) = 188.6%

Transmission Line L1:

X1 = X2 = 8.26/190.44 = 4.34%
X0 = 31.46/190.44 = 16.52%
Transmission Line L2:
X1 = X2 = 2.6/47.61 = 5.46%
X0 = 7.8/47.61 = 16.38%
Utility’s System:
X1 = X2 = 21.76/190.44 = 11.43%
X0 = 49.05/190.44 = 25.76%

Positive Sequence Network

j0.1143
The equivalent impedance +
ZX = j0.256 j0.0434 1.0
ZY = j6.771 138
Z1=j0.055+ZX//ZY) -j0.127
13.8 N1
= j0.302 j0.594
j0.226
F1  F1
Ia1 j0.055 69

Ia1 Z + j0.459 j0.278 j6.03
1 
+ Va1 j0.377
+
1.0 2.47 1.0
-j0.041
- - 14.2
N1 14.2

Negative Sequence Network

j0.1143
The negative-sequence
impedances are the j0.0434
same as the positive- 138
sequence impedances.
-j0.127
Z2=j0.302 13.8
j0.594
j0.226
F2  F2
 j0.055 N2
Ia2 69
Ia2 +
 j0.459 j0.278 j6.03
Z2 Va2 j0.377
- -j0.041 2.47
14.2
N2 14.2

Zero Sequence Network

j0.2576
XX = 0.2958//0.594=0.197
XY = 0.459+0.278=0.737 j0.1652
138
XW = (XX+0.226)//XY=0.269 13.8
-j0.127
Z0=j(0.164+XW)=j0.433
j0.594 j0.9
j0.226
F0  F0
 j0.164 N0
Ia0 69
Ia0 +
 j0.459 j0.278 j1.89
Z0 Va0
j0.377
- -j0.041 2.47
14.2
N0 14.2


F1 F2 F0
  
j0.302 IA1 IA2 IA 0
+
j0.302 j0.433
Vth
-
N1 N2 N0

Sequence Fault Currents: Let Vth  1.090o p.u.
   1.090o
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 
j2(0.302)  j0.433
 0.965 p.u.


   
IaF  3Ia0  2.896 p.u. IbF  IcF  0
Fault Currents at 69-kV (from the Utility)

  6.771 
IA1  IA2  Ia1  0.93 p.u.
6.771  0.256
 0.737 
IA 0  Ia0  0.613 p.u.
0.737  0.423
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  2.474 p.u.
  2
 
IB  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  0.317 p.u.
   2

IC  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  0.317 p.u.

Fault Currents at 69-kV (from generator G1)

 
IA1  IA2  0.965  0.93  0.035 p.u.

IA 0  0.965  0.613  0.352 p.u.
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  0.423 p.u.
  2
 
IB  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  0.317 p.u.
   2

IC  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  0.317 p.u.
Fault Currents at the 2.4-kV side of generator G1

Ia1  0.035  30o p.u. 
 Ia0  0
Ia2  0.035  30o p.u.

   
Iag  Ia0g  Ia1g  Ia2g  0.061 p.u.
   
Ibg  Ia0g  a2 Ia1g  a Ia2g  0.061 p.u.
   2

Icg  Ia0g  a Ia1g  a Ia2g  0
Phase Currents at the 138-kV side
 
IA1  IA2  0.93 p.u.
 0.594
IA 0  (0.613)  0.410 p.u.
0.594  0.295
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  2.27 p.u.
  2
  
IB  IA0  a IA1  a IA2  0.521 p.u.  IC

Three-line Diagram for transformer T2:

A B C
2.474 0.317 0.317
0 2,070 265 265
0
0.061
0.423 0.317 0.317 1,425
2.896 354 265 265 b
2,423 H2 Y1 Y2
Fault 0
c
H1 H3 Y3
Note: The X side a
is not shown. 884 A 0.061
1,425
Balancing Ampere Turns:

  NH  
NH IH  NY IY or IH  IY
NY
67 / 3 
Phase a: (354)  Iab  5,700 A
2.4
67 / 3  
Phases b,c: (265)  Ibc  Ica  4,275 A
2.4
Check KCL:
Nodes a and b: 1,425 + 4,275 = 5,700 Amps (ok)
Node c: 1,425 – 1,425 = 0 (ok)

Three-line Diagram
a
for transformer T1: 0
b
Y2 0
0.521
218 Y1
B’ 0
c
H2 Y3
B
47.4 X2
2.27 0.317
1,120 47.4
950 265
C’ X1 H3
A’ X3 C
H1
514 0.317
1,025
265
0.521 A
218 2.474
2,070
Line-to-Line Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c   
   Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
Zf
Ground

Boundary Conditions: (1) Ia  0 
(2) Ib   Ic
  
(3) Vb  Vc  IbZf

Transformation: From (1) and (2), we get


I012  A 1Iabc

Ia0 1 1 1 0 0
1  1 2

(a  a )Ib
Ia1 1 a a2 Ib =
=
3  3 
Ia2 1 a2 a  Ib
2
(a  a)Ib
which means 
Ia0  0
  2
 
Ia1   Ia2  13 (a  a )Ib  j 1
3
Ib

From (3), we get

  
(Va0  a2 Va1  aVa2 )
  2
  2
 
 (Va0  aVa1  a Va2 )  (Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2 )Zf
  
Since Ia0  0 and Ia1   Ia2 , we get
2
 2
 2

(a  a)Va1  (a  a )Va2  (a  a)Ia1Zf
or   
Va1  Va2  Ia1Zf


F1 Zf F2 F0
+  +  
 Z1 Ia1  Ia2 IA 0
Va1 +  Va2 Z0
Z2
Vth
- - -
N1 N2 N0

Ia0  0 
  Vth
Ia1   Ia2 
Z1  Z2  Zf

Example: The data for this power system was

given in the previous example.
Utility
Assuming zero fault impedance, Bus
analyze the system for a line-to-
line fault at point F. L1 138 kV
Note: The sequence networks 13.8 kV
for this power system were
determined in the previous T1
example. 69 kV T4
F L2
G1
T3 T2 2.4 kV
13.8 kV


F1 Zf F2 F0
+  +  
 Ia1 j0.302  Ia2 IA 0
Va1 + Va2 j0.302 j0.433
Vth
- - -
N1 N0 N2


Ia0  0
  1.00o
Ia1   Ia2    j1.658 p.u.
j2(0.302)


   
IaF  0 IbF   IcF   j 3 Ia1  2.872 p.u.
  6.771 
IA1   IA2  Ia1   j1.597 p.u.
6.771  0.256

IA 0  0
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  0
   
IB  IA 0  a2 IA1  a IA2  2.767 p.u.
   
IC  IA 0  a IA1  a2 IA2  2.767 p.u.


 
IA1   IA2   j1.658  ( j1.597)   j0.06 p.u.

IA 0  0
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  0
  2
 
IB  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  0.105 p.u.
   2

IC  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  0.105 p.u.

Ia1   j0.06  30o p.u. 
 Ia0  0
Ia2  j0.06  30o p.u.

   
Iag  Ia0g  Ia1g  Ia2g  0.06 p.u.
   
Ibg  Ia0g  a2 Ia1g  a Ia2g  0.06 p.u.
   2

Icg  Ia0g  a Ia1g  a Ia2g  0.121 p.u.
 
IA1   IA2   j1.597 p.u.

IA 0 0
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  0
  2
 
IB  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  2.766 p.u.
  2
 
IC  IA 0  a IA1  a IA2  2.766


A B C
2.872 2.767 2.767
2,403 0
2,315 2,315
0
0.060
2.872 0.105 0.105 1,412
0 87.6
2,403 87.6 b
H2 Y1 Y2
Fault 0.121
2,825
c
H1 H3 Y3
Note: The X side a
is not shown. 0.060
1,412
Balancing Ampere Turns:

  NH  
NH IH  NY IY or IH  IY
NY
67 / 3  
Phases b,c: (87.6)  IcB  Ica  1,412 A
2.4
Check KCL:
Nodes a and b: 1,412 –1,412 = 0 (ok)
Node c: 1,412 + 1,412 = 2,824 (ok)

Three-line Diagram
a
for transformer T1: 0
b
Y2 0
2.766
1,157 Y1
B’ 0
c
H2 Y3
B
1,158 X2
1,158 2.767
0 2,315
C’ X1 H3
A’ X3 C
H1
2.767
2,315
2.766 A
1,157 0

Double Line-to-Ground Fault

Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c   
   Ia Ib Zf Zf Ic
Va Vb Vc  
Zg I  I
b c
Ground

Boundary Conditions: (1) Ia  0  
(2) Vb  (Zf  Zg )Ib  Zg Ic
  
(3) Vc  (Zf  Zg )Ic  Zg Ib

Transformation: From (1), we get

   
Ia  0  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2
From    
2
Vb  Va0  a Va1  aVa2
   2

Vc  Va0  aVa1  a Va2
we get
  2
 2

Vb  Vc  (a  a)Va1  (a  a )Va2
Likewise, from
  2
 
Ib  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2
   
Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a2 Ia2

we get
  2
 2

Ib  Ic  (a  a)Ia1  (a  a )Ia2
From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get
   
Vb  Vc  Zf (Ib  Ic )
Substitution gives
2
 2

(a  a)Va1  (a  a )Va2
 
 Zf [(a2  a)Ia1  (a  a2 )Ia2 ]
Simplifying, we get
   
Va1  Zf Ia1  Va2  Zf Ia2

From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get

   
Vb  Vc  (Zf  2Zg )(Ib  Ic )
We can also show
    
Vb  Vc  2Va0  Va1  Va2
    
Ib  Ic  2Ia0  Ia1  Ia2
Substitution gives
     
2Va0  Va1  Va2  Zf (2Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 )
  
 2Zg(2Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 )

Rearranging terms, we get

    
2Va0  2Zf Ia0  4Zg Ia0  Va1  Zf Ia1
   
 Va2  Zf Ia2  2Zg(Ia1  Ia2 )
Earlier, we got
   
Va1  Zf Ia1  Va2  Zf Ia2
  
Ia1  Ia2   Ia0
Substitution gives
    
2Va0  2Zf Ia0  6Zg Ia0  2(Va1  Zf Ia1 )
   
Va0  (Zf  3Zg )Ia0  Va1  Zf Ia1

Zf Zf Zf+3Zg
+ F1 F2  F0 
 Z1 Ia1 + Ia2 + IA 0
Va1 +   
Va2 Z2 Va0 Z0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Let Z0 T  Z0  Zf  3Zg
Z2 T  Z2  Zf
Z1T  Z1  Zf



 Vth
Ia1 
Z0 T Z2 T
Z1T 
Z0 T  Z2 T
From current division, we get
 Z0 T 
Ia2   Ia1
Z0 T  Z2 T
From KCL, we get
  
Ia0   Ia1  Ia2


given in a previous example.
Utility
analyze the system for a double
line-to-ground fault at point F. L1 138 kV
Note: The sequence networks 13.8 kV
for this power system were
determined in a previous T1
example. 69 kV T4
F L2
G1
T3 T2 2.4 kV
13.8 kV


F1 F2 F0
  
j0.302 IA1 IA2 IA 0
+
j0.302 j0.433
Vth
-
N1  N0 N2
 1.090o
Ia1 
0.302(0.433)
j0.302  j
0.302  0.433
 2.087 p.u.

 0.433 
Ia2   Ia1  1.23 p.u.
0.433  0.302
  
Ia0   Ia1  Ia2  0.857 p.u.

IaF  0
  2
 
IbF  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2
 0.857  2.087  120o  1.23120o
 1.285  j2.872  3.146  114.1o p.u.
   
IcF  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2  3.146114.1o p.u.
2


 6.771 
IA1  Ia1  2.01 p.u.
6.771  0.256
 6.771 
IA2  Ia2  1.185 p.u.
6.771  0.256
 0.737 
IA 0  Ia0  0.544 p.u.
0.737  0.423
   
IA  IA 0  IA1  IA2  0.281 p.u.

IB  0.957  j2.767  2.928  109.1o p.u.

IC  2.928109.1o p.u.



IA 0  0.857  0.544  0.313 p.u.

IA1  2.087  2.01  0.076 p.u.

IA2  1.23  1.185  0.045 p.u.

IA  0.281 p.u.

IB  0.328  j0.105  0.345  162.3o p.u.

IC  0.345162.3o p.u.



Ia0  0

Ia1  0.076  30o p.u.

Ia2  0.045  30o p.u.

Iag  0.027  j0.061  0.066  65.9o p.u.

Ibg  0.027  j0.061  0.066  114.1o p.u.

Icg  j0.076  j0.045  j0.121 p.u.



IA1  2.01 p.u.

IA2  1.185 p.u.
 0.594
IA 0  (0.544)  0.364 p.u.
0.594  0.295

IA  0.462 p.u.

IB  0.776  j2.767  2.874  105.7o p.u.

IC  0.776  j2.767  2.874105.7o p.u.


A B C
801+ 801-
235 j2315 j2315 All currents
in Amperes
1076-j2403
1076+j2403
632+
0 275 275 j1413
235
+j88 -j88 b
H2 Y1 Y2
Fault j2825
c
H1 H3 Y3
Note: The X side a
is not shown. 632-
j1413
Example: For the power system shown, a double

line-to-ground fault occurs at bus 4. Assuming zero
fault impedance and neglecting the loads, find the
phase currents in transmission lines L2 and L3.
T 2 3
L1
G1 G2
L2 L3
4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80

L2: X1=0.30 X2=0.30 X0=0.60

L3: X1=0.20 X2=0.20 X0=0.40
F1 
Ia1
The network cannot be 4
simplified using series-
j0.3 j0.2
parallel combination. We
j0.08
have to use delta-wye
transformation. 2 j0.4 3
j0.4 j0.5
 + +
EG1 EG2
- -
N1
0.2 Xa
0.3 Xb
Xc
0.4
0.2(0.3)
Xa   0.067 p.u.
0.2  0.3  0.4
0.3(0.4)
Xb   0.133 p.u.
0.2  0.3  0.4
0.2(0.4)
Xc   0.088 p.u.
0.2  0.3  0.4

Equivalent Circuit:
XL = 0.4+0.08+Xb = 0.6133 F1 
Ia1
XR = 0.5+Xc = 0.5888 4
Xa
X1 = Xa+XL//XR Xc
j0.08
= 0.3671 Xb 
 Iy
F1 j0.4 Ix 2 3 j0.5
 + +
 EG1 EG2
jX1 IA1 - -
+
Vth N1
-
N1 Note: X1=X2
Zero-Sequence Network:
F0 
0.4 Xa
0.6 Ia0
Xb 4
Xc
0.8 j0.6 j0.4
j0.08
Xa = 0.133
j0.8
Xb = 0.267 2 3
j0.2 j0.25
Xc = 0.178
N0

Equivalent Circuit:
XL = 0.08+Xb = 0.3467 F0 
Ia1
XR = 0.25+Xc = 0.4278 4
Xa
X1 = Xa+XL//XR Xc
j0.08
= 0.3248 Xb 
 Iy
Ix 2 3
j0.25
N0


F1 F2 F0
  
j0.3671 IA1 IA2 IA 0
+
j0.3671 j0.3248
Vth
-
N1  N0 N2
 1.00o
Ia1 
0.3671(0.3248)
j0.3671  j
0.3671  0.3248
  j1.8538 p.u.

 0.3248 
Ia2   Ia1  j0.8703 p.u.
0.3248  0.3671
  
Ia0   Ia1  Ia2  j0.9835 p.u.

IaF  0
  2
 
IbF  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2
 2.3591  j1.4753 p.u.
   2

IcF  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2
 2.3591  j1.4753 p.u.

Sequence Voltages at the Fault (bus 4)

 ( 4)  ( 4 )  ( 4 ) 
Va0  Va1  Va2   Ia0Z0
  j09835( j0.3248)  0.3195 p.u.
Positive Sequence Voltages at buses 2 and 3
 0.5889 
Ix   Ia1   j0.9081 p.u.
0.5889  0.6133
 (2)
Va1  1.0  j0.9081( j0.48)  0.5641 p.u.

Iy   j1.8538  j0.9081   j0.9457 p.u.
 (3)
Va1  1.0  j0.9457( j0.50)  0.5271 p.u.

Negative Sequence Voltages at buses 2 and 3

 0.5889 
Ix   Ia2  j0.4263 p.u.
0.5889  0.6133
 (2)
Va2   j0.4263( j0.48)  0.2046 p.u.

Iy  j0.8703  j0.4263  j0.4440 p.u.
 (3)
Va2   j0.4440( j0.50)  0.2220 p.u.
Zero Sequence Voltages at buses 2 and 3. Can
show that  (2)
Va0  0.0435 p.u.
 (3)
Va0  0.1101 p.u.

Sequence Currents in Transmission Line L2
2 X1=X2=0.3 X0=0.6 4
 (2)  ( 4)  ( 4)  ( 4)
Va0  0.0435 p.u. Va0  Va1  Va2
 (2)  0.3195 p.u.
Va1  0.5641 p.u.
 (2)
Va2  0.2046 p.u.
 0.0435  0.3195
Ia0   j0.46 p.u.
j0.60
 0.5641  0.3195
Ia1    j0.8156 p.u.
j0.30
 0.2046  0.3195
Ia2   j0.3828 p.u.
j0.30
Phase Currents in Transmission Line L2

   
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  j0.0273 p.u.
  2
 
 1.0378  j0.6764 p.u.
   2

Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2
 1.0378  j0.6764 p.u.

Sequence Currents in Transmission Line L3
3 X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.4 4
 (3)  ( 4)  ( 4)  ( 4)
Va0  0.1101 p.u. Va0  Va1  Va2
 (3)  0.3195 p.u.
Va1  0.5271 p.u.
 (3)
Va2  0.2220 p.u.
 0.1101  0.3195
Ia0   j0.5235 p.u.
j0.40
 0.5271  0.3195
Ia1    j1.0383 p.u.
j0.20
 0.2220  0.3195
Ia2   j0.4874 p.u.
j0.20
Phase Currents in Transmission Line L3

   
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2   j0.0273 p.u.
  2
 
 1.3213  j0.7990 p.u.
   2

Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2
 1.3213  j0.7990 p.u.

Example: An unloaded generator has the following

impedances:
X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.20
a) Assume that the generator is connected in wye
and the neutral is solidly grounded. For a bolted
fault at the generator’s terminals, which shunt
fault will yield the largest fault current?.
b) Assume that the generator is connected in wye
but the neutral is ungrounded. For a bolted
single line-to-ground fault at the generator’s
terminals, find the voltages from phases b and c
to ground. Neglect all sequence capacitances.

Sequence Networks
F1 F2 F0
  
Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 +
j0.4   
+ Va1 j0.4 Va2 j0.2 Va0
1.0
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
a) Single line-to-ground fault

   1.0
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2    j1.0 p.u.
j[2(0.4)  0.2]
IF  Ia  3Ia0  3.0 p.u.

Line-to-line fault

Ia0  0
  1.0
Ia1   Ia2    j1.25 p.u.
j2(0.4)
IF  Ib  3Ia1  2.165 p.u.
Double line-to-ground fault
 1.0
Ia1    j1.875 p.u.
j[0.4  0.4 // 0.2]
 0.2
Ia2   ( j1.875)  j0.625 p.u.
0.4  0.2
  
Ia0   Ia1  Ia2  j1.25 p.u.

   
Ib  Ia0  a Ia1  a Ia2  2.864139.1o p.u.
2
IF  Ib  2.864 p.u.
Three-phase fault
 
Ia0  Ia2  0
 1.0
Ia1    j2.5 p.u.
j0.4
IF  Ia1  2.5 p.u.
Conclusion: The single line-to-ground fault yields

the largest fault current.

b) Sequence Network Interconnection

F1 F2 F0
  
Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 +
j0.4   
+ Va1 j0.4 Va2 j0.2 Va0
1.0
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Because of the open-circuit in the zero-sequence
network,   
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  0
  
Va1  1.0 Va2  0 Va0  1.0

Phase Voltages at the Fault

   
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2  0
   
Vb  Va0  a Va1  aVa2  1.732  150o p.u.
2
   
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a Va2  1.1124142.05o p.u.
2
Comments:
1. Despite the fault in phase a, no current flows.

2. The magnitude of the line-to-neutral voltages
in phases b and c is line-to-line.
3. There will be possible damage to equipment
that are connected from line to ground.

Three Phase Fault
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ig
Note: The system is still balanced

Three Phase Fault
 On a balanced three phase system, the

same magnitude of fault currents will
flow in each phase of the network if a
three phase fault occurs.
 Since faults currents are balanced, the

faulted system can, therefore, be
analyzed using the single phase
representation.

Three-Phase Fault
a
b
c   
   Ia Zf Ib Zf Ic Zf
Va Vb Vc 
Zg Ig
Ground
Note: The system is still balanced. Currents and

voltagesare positive sequence only. The ground
current Ig is zero.


F1 F2 F0
+   
 Z1 Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0
Va1 +   
Zf Va2 Z2 Va0 Z0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Sequence currents

 Vth
Ia1 
Z1  Zf
 
Ia0  Ia2  0


given in a previous example.
Utility
analyze the system for a three-
phase fault at point F. L1 138 kV
Note: The positive-sequence 13.8 kV
network for this power system
was determined in a previous T1
example. 69 kV T4
F L2
G1
T3 T2 2.4 kV
13.8 kV


F1 F2 F0
  
j0.302 IA1 IA2 IA 0
+
j0.302 j0.433
Vth
-
N1 N2 N0
 o
Fault Currents: Let Vth  1.090 p.u.
  1.090o
IaF  Ia1   3.316 p.u.
j0.302
 
Ia0  Ia2  0


IAF  3.316(836.7)  2,774 A
Fault Contribution from the Utility (138 kV side)

 6.771
IA1  (3.316)  3.195 p.u.
6.771  0.256

IAF  3.195(418.4)  1,337 A
Fault Contribution from G1 (2.4 kV side)


Ia1  3.316  3.195  0.121 p.u.

IaF  0.121(23,359)  2,825 A

Computer Solution
 Development of the Model

 Rake Equivalent
 Formation of Zbus
 Analysis of Shunt Fault

Development of the Model

Observations on Manual Network
Solution
The procedure is straight forward, yet tedious and
could be prone to hand-calculation error.
Is there a way for a computer to implement this

methodology?

Development of the Model

Consider the three-bus system shown below. Let us
analyze the system for a three-phase fault in any
bus.
1 2
L1
G2
G1
L2
G1, G2 : X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.1

L1 : X1=X2=0.6 X0=1.2
L2 : X1=X2=0.24 X0=0.5

1 j0.6 2
j0 -
.2 
4 j0.2 EG
j0.2
+ +
 + 3
EG1 EG2
- - j0.2 j0.2
j0.6
1 2
Combine the sources
and re-draw. Assume
EG = 1.0 per unit. j0.24 3

For a three-phase fault in bus 1 (or bus 2), we get

the positive-sequence impedance.
Z1  j[0.2 //(0.2  0.6)]  j0.16
 EG 1
IF     j6.25
Z1 Z1
For a three-phase fault in bus 3, we get
Z1  j[0.24  0.2 //(0.2  0.6)]  j0.4

 EG 1
IF     j2.5
Z1 Z1

Let us connect a fault switch to each bus. In order

to simulate a three-phase fault in any bus, close
the fault switch in that bus.
- 
EG
Next, use loop currents to +
describe the circuit with all
fault switches closed. j0.2 j0.2
Since there are four loops, j0.6
we need to define four 
j0. I4
loop currents. 24
1 3 2
  
I1 I3 I2

The loop equations are   

loop 1: 1.0  j0.2(I1  I3  I4 )
 
loop 2: 1.0  j 0.2(I2  I4 )
   
loop 3: 1.0  j0.2(I1  I3  I4 )  j 0.24 I3
  
loop 4: 0  j0.2(I2 I4 )  j0.6 I4
 j0.2(I4  I1  I3 )
or 
1.0 0.2 0 0.2  0.2 I1

1.0 0 0.2 0 0.2 I2
=j 
1.0 0.2 0 0.44  0.2 I
3
0  0.2 0.2  0.2 1.0 I4

Current I4 is not a fault current. It can be eliminated

using Kron’s reduction. We get
 
V  Z(bus
1)
I
where
Z(bus
1)
 Z1  Z2Z41Z3
and
0.2 0 0.2  0.2
Z1 = j 0 0.2 0 Z2 = j 0.2
0.2 0 0.44  0.2
Z3 = j[-0.2 0.2 -0.2 ] Z4 = j[1.0]

Substitution gives

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1

1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3
 (1)

V  Zbus I
Note:
(1) The equation can be used to analyze a three-
phase fault in any bus (one fault at a time).
(1)
(2) Z is called the positive-sequence bus-
bus
impedance matrix, a complex symmetric matrix.

Rake Equivalent
Consider the matrix voltage equation

1.0 Z11 Z12 Z13 I1

1.0 = Z12 Z22 Z23 I2

1.0 Z13 Z23 Z33 I3 -
Suppose we are asked to 1.0
find a circuit that satisfies +
the matrix equation. Z12 Z23
Z11 Z22 Z33
One possible equivalent   Z13 
circuit is shown. This circuit I I2 I3
1
is called a rake-equivalent.
Consider again the three-bus system. The circuit is

described by the matrix equation

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1

1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3 -
1.0
The rake equivalent is +
shown. The diagonal
j0.04 j0.04
elements of the matrix are
j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
self impedances while the
  j0.16

off-diagonal elements are
I1 I2 I3
mutual impedances.

For the three-bus system, assume a fault in bus 3.

The equation for bus 3 is
  
1.0  j0.16 I1  j0.04I2  j0.4I3 -
Since only bus 3 is faulted, 1.0
+
I1=I2=0. We get
 j0.04 j0.04
1.0  j0.4I3 j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
or + + j0.16
 1   
I3    j2.5 V1 V2 I3
j0.4 - -
From KVL, we get the voltage in bus 1.

  Z13
V1  1.0  Z13 I3  1.0   0.6
Z33
Similarly from KVL, we get the voltage in bus 2.

  Z23
V2  1.0  Z23 I3  1.0   0.9
Z33
Note: Once the voltages in all the buses are
known, the current in any line can be calculated.
In general, for a three-phase fault in bus k of a
system with n buses, the fault current is
 1
Ik  k=1,2,…n
Zkk
The voltage in any bus j is given by
 Z jk
Vj  1.0  j=1,2,…n
Zkk
The current in any line, which is connected from

bus m to bus n,
 canbe found using
 Vm  Vn
Imn 
zmn 1 2
j0.6
where zmn is the actual
j0
impedance of the line. .2 -j0.5
4 j0.2
j0.2 -j2.0
+ +
For example, the  3
current in the line EG1 EG2
-j2.5 -
between buses 2 and -
1 is  
 V2  V1 0.9  0.6
I21     j0.5
z21 j0.6

Formation of Zbus
Zbus can be built, one step at a time, by adding one
branch at a time until the entire network is formed.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
Subsequent additions, which may be done in any
order, fall under one of the following categories:
(1) Add a generator to a new bus;
(2) Add a generator to an old bus;
(3) Add a branch from an old bus to a new bus;
(4) Add a branch from an old bus to an old bus.
Assume that 
at the current 1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n I
1
stage, the 1.0 Z21 Z22 … Z2n I2
dimension of =
…
Zbus is n. 
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 … Znn In
- old
1.0 Zbus
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn Let us examine
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn each category in
 1  2  k  n the addition of a
I1 I2 Ik In new branch.

Add a generator 
to a new bus: 1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n 0 I
1
Let Z be the 1.0 Z21 Z …Z
22 2n 0 I2
g 
impedance of 1.0 = Zn1 Zn2 … Znn 0 I
n
the generator 1.0 0 0 0 Zg In 1
to be added.
- The dimension is (n+1).
1.0
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn Zg
 1  2  k  n  n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In 1

-
Add a generator 1.0 
to an old bus k: + Iw
Let Zg be the Z12 Z2k
Zg Znn
impedance of Z11 Z22 Zkk
the generator  1  2  k  n
to be added. I1 I2 Ik In
The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+Iw). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are
    
1.0  Z11 I1  Z12 I2  ...  Z1k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z1n In
    
1.0  Z21 I1  Z22 I2  ...  Z2k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z2n In
    
1.0  Zn1 I1  Zn2 I2  ...  Znk (Ik  Iw )  ...  Znn In

For the added generator loop, we get

     
0  Zk1 I1  Zk 2 I2  ...  Zkk (Ik  Iw )  ...  ZknIn  Zg Iw
In matrix form, we get

1.0 Z11 Z12… Z1k … Z1n Z1k I1

1.0 Z21 Z22… Z2k … Z2n Z2k I2
=
…
…
…

1.0 Zn1 Zn2… Znk … Znn Znk I
n
0 Zk1 Zk 2… Zkk … Zkn Zw Iw
where Zw=Zkk+Zg. The last row is eliminated using

Kron’s reduction. The dimension remains as n.

Add a branch -
from an old bus k 1.0
+
to a new bus:
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Zb Znn
 1  2  k  n  n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In 1
The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+In+1). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are
    
1.0  Z11I1  Z12 I2  ...  Z1k (Ik  In 1 )  ...  Z1n In
    
1.0  Z21I1  Z22 I2  ...  Z2k (Ik  In 1 )  ...  Z2n In
    
1.0  Zn1I1  Zn2 I2  ...  Znk (Ik  In1 )  ...  Znn In

For the new bus, weget  

1.0  Zk1I1  Zk 2 I2  ...  Zkk (Ik  In 1 )  ...
 
 Zkn In  Zb In 1

1.0 Z11 Z12… Z1k … Z1n Z1k I1

1.0 Z21 Z22… Z2k … Z2n Z2k I2
=
…
…
…

1.0 Zn1 Zn2… Znk … Znn Znk I
n
1.0 Zk1 Zk 2… Zkk … Zkn Zw In 1
where Zw=Zkk+Zb. Kron’s reduction is not required.
The dimension increases to (n+1).

Add a branch from

-
an old bus j to an
1.0 
old bus k: + Iw
Z12 Z2j Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zjj Zb Zkk Znn
 1  2   k  n
I1 I2 Ij j Ik In
The new current in impedance Zjj is (Ij+Iw). The

new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik-Iw). The new
equations forbuses 1 to n are  
1.0  Z11I1  Z 12
  I2  ...  Z1 j ( Ij 
 Iw )
 Z1k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z1n In

   
1.0  Z21I1  Z22 I2  ...  Z2 j(Ij  Iw )
  
 Z2k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z2n In
   
1.0  Zn1 I1  Zn2 I2  ...  Znj(Ij  Iw )
  
 Znk (Ik  Iw )  ...  Znn In
For the added loop, we get
     
0  Z j1 I1  Z j2 I2  ...  Z jj(Ij  Iw )  Z jk (Ik  Iw )
   
 ...  Z jn In  Zb Iw  [Zk1 I1  Zk 2 I2  ...
    
 Zkj(Ij  Iw )  Zkk (Ik  Iw )  ...  Zkn In ]

… 
1.0 Z11 Z12 Z1n Z1 j  Z1k I1
…

1.0 Z21 Z22 Z2n Z2 j  Z2k I2
=
…
…
…

1.0 Zn1 Zn2 … Znn Znj  Znk I
n
0 Z j1  Zk1 Z j2  Zk 2 … Z jn  Zkn Zv Iw
where Zv=Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk+Zb. The last row is

eliminated using Kron’s reduction. The dimension
remains as n.

Example: For the network shown, use the step-by-

step building algorithm to form the bus impedance
matrix.
1 j0.6 2
Step 1. Add generator
j0
G1 to bus 1. .2
4 j0.2
1 j0.2
+ +
Xbus = 1 [0.2] 3 1.0
1.0
- -
Step 2. Add generator G2 to bus 2.

1 2
1 0.2 0
Xbus =
2 0 0.2

Step 3. Add the line from bus 1 to bus 2.

1 2
*
1 0.2 0 0.2
Xnew = 2 0 0.2  0.2
* 0.2  0.2 1.0
Apply Kron’s reduction to eliminate the last row

and column. We get
0.2
1
X2 X X3 
4
[0.2 -0.2]
 0.2

1 0.04  0.04
X2 X X3 
4
 0.04 0.04
We get 1 2
1
1 0.16 0.04
Xbus  X1  X2 X X3 = 4 2 0.04 0.16
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.
1 2 3
1 0.16 0.04 0.16
No Kron
Xbus = 2 0.04 0.16 0.04 reduction is
3 0.16 0.04 0.4 required.

Example: For the same network, use a different

sequence of addition in forming the bus impedance
matrix.
2
Xbus = 2 [0.2]

2 1
2 0.2 0.2
Xbus =
1 0.2 0.8


2 1 * 2 1
2 0.2 0.2 0.2
2 0.16 0.04
Xnew = 1 0.2 0.8 0.8 Xbus =
1 0.04 0.16
* 0.2 0.8 1.0
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.
2 1 3
2 0.16 0.04 0.04
Xbus = 1 0.04 0.16 0.16
3 0.04 0.16 0.4

Example: Determine the positive-sequence bus-

impedance matrix for the four-bus test system
shown. 1 T 2 3
L1
G1 G2
L2 L3
4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80
L2: X1=0.30 X2=0.30 X0=0.60
L3: X1=0.20 X2=0.20 X0=0.40

Positive-sequence network 4
1. Add G1 to bus 1. j0.3 j0.2

1
j0.08
Xbus = 1 [0.4]
1 2 j0.4 3
j0.4 j0.5
2. Add the transformer + +
from bus 1 to bus 2. 1.0 1.0
1 2 - N1 -
1 0.4 0.4
Xbus = 1 2 3
2 0.4 0.48
1 0.4 0.4 0.4
3. Add the line from Xbus = 2 0.4 0.48 0.48
bus 2 to bus 3.
3 0.4 0.48 0.88

1 2 3
*
1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
2 0.4 0.48 0.48 0.48
Xnew =
3 0.4 0.48 0.88 0.88
* 0.4 0.48 0.88 1.38
Apply Kron’s reduction.
0.4
X2X 41X3  1
1.38 0.48 [0.4 0.48 0.88]
0.88

We get
0.1159 0.1391 0.2551
X2X 41X3  0.1391 0.1670 0.3061
0.2551 0.3061 0.5612
The new bus impedance matrix is
Xbus  X1  X2X 41X3

1 2 3
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449
Xbus = 2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188


1 2 3 4
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130
Xbus =
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609 0.1159
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130 0.1391
Xnew= 3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739  0.1449
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130 0.4391
* 0.1159 0.1391  0.1449 0.4391 0.784

Apply Kron’s reduction. We get
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X bus 
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
Note: This is the positive-sequence bus-impedance

matrix for the four-bus test system.

Negative- and Zero-Sequence Zbus

The same step-by-step algorithm can be applied to
build the negative-sequence and zero-sequence
bus impedance matrices.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
The negative-sequence and zero-sequence bus-
impedance matrices can also be described by a
rake equivalent circuit.

Example: Find the zero-sequence bus-impedance

4
Zero-sequence network
j0.6 j0.4
1. Add G1 to bus 1. 1 j0.08
1
2 j0.8 3
Xbus = 1 [0.15] j0.15 j0.25
2. Add the transformer N0
from bus 1 to bus 2.
1 2
Note: The impedance
is actually connected
1 0.15 0 from bus 2 to the
Xbus =
2 0 0.08 reference bus.

3. Add the line from

1 2 3
bus 2 to bus 3.
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.08 0.08
3 0 0.08 0.88
Step 4. Add generator
G2 to bus 3. 1 2 3
*
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.08 0.08 0.08
Xnew =
3 0 0.08 0.88 0.88
* 0 0.08 0.88 1.13

0 0 0
X2X 41X3  0 0.0057 0.0623
0 0.0623 0.6853
The new bus impedance matrix is
1 2 3
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.0743 0.0177
3 0 0.0177 0.1947


1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743
Xbus =
3 0 0.0177 0.1947 0.0177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.15 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743 0.0566
Xnew= 3 0 0.0177 0.1946 0.0177  0.177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743 0.6566
* 0 0.0566  0.177 0.6566 1.2336

1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
(0)
2 0 0.0717 0.0258 0.0442
X bus 
3 0 0.0258 0.1693 0.1119
4 0 0.0442 0.1119 0.3248
Note: This is the zero-sequence bus-impedance


Positive-Sequence Zbus
(1) (1) …
The positive-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(1n)
bus-impedance matrix 1) …
(1) Z(21
1)
Z(22 Z(21n)
describes the positive- Zbus 
…
sequence network.
Z(n11) Z(n12) … Z(nn
1)
- N1
1.0
+
(1)
Z12 Z (1)
2k Z(kn1) Rake
(1)
Z 11 Z(22
1)
Z (1)
kk Z(nn
1)
Equivalent
1 2 k n

Negative-Sequence Zbus
(2) (2) …
The negative-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(2n)
bus-impedance matrix (2) Z(212) Z(222) … Z(22n)
describes the negative- Zbus 
…
sequence network.
Z(n21) Z(n22) … Z(nn2)
N2
(2) (2) (2)

Z 12 Z 2k Z kn Rake
(2)
Z 11 Z (2)
22 Z (2)
kk Z (2)
nn Equivalent
1 2 k n

Zero-Sequence Zbus
(0 ) (0 ) …
The zero-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(0n)
bus-impedance matrix (0) Z(210) Z(220) … Z(20n)
describes the zero- Zbus 
…
sequence network.
Z(n01) Z(n02) … Z(nn0)
N0
(0) (0) (0 )
Z 12 Z 2k Z kn Rake
(0)
Z 11 Z (0)
22 Z (0)
kk Z (0)
nn Equivalent
1 2 k n

Analysis of Shunt Faults

The bus-impedance matrices can be used for the
analysis of the following shunt faults:
1. Three-Phase Fault
Since the bus-impedance matrix is a representation
of the power system as seen from the buses, only
bus faults can be investigated.

Three-phase Fault at Bus k

The fault current is N1
 1
Ik  (1)
Zkk (1) (1) (1) (1)
Z 11 Z 22 Z kk Z nn
The voltage at 1 2 k n
any bus is
 Z jk
Vj  1.0 
Zkk  
 Vm  Vn
The current in any line is Imn 
zmn

Example: Consider a three-phase fault at bus 4 of

the four-bus test system. Find all line currents.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X bus 
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
The fault current is
 1 1
IF  (1)    j2.7241
Z44 j0.3671

The bus voltages are

 Z jk
Vj  1.0  j=1,2,…n
Zkk
 0.1959
V1  1   0.4663
0.3671
 0.2351
V2  1   0.3595
0.3671
 0.2551
V3  1   0.3051
0.3671

V4  0

 
 Vm  Vn
The line currents are given by Imn 
zmn
 1  0.4663
IG1    j1.3344
j0.4
 1  0.3051
IG2    j1.3897
j0.5
 0.4663  0.3595
I12    j1.3342
j0.08
 0.3595  0.3051
I23    j0.1360
j0.4
 0.3595  0
I24    j1.1984
j0.3
 0.3051  0
I34    j1.5257
j0.2
 4 
IF I34

j0.3 I24 j0.2
1 j0.08 j0.4 3
  2
 
j0.4 IG1 I12 I23 IG2 j0.5
+ +
1.0 1.0
- N1 -

Line-to-Line Fault at Bus k

N1 N2
(1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)
Z(2)
11 Z (2)
22 Z (2)
kk Z (2)
nn
1
 1
 n
2 k
Ia1n 2 k
Ia2
Sequence Fault Sequence Voltages at bus j

Currents 
 Va0  0
Ia0  0   (1)
  1 Va1  1  Ia1Z jk
Ia1   Ia2    (2)
Z(kk1)  Z(kk2) Va2   Ia2Z jk

Example: Consider a line-to-line fault at bus 4 of

the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents
in lines L2 and L3.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrices is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X bus 
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
(1) (2)
For this power system, Xbus  Xbus

The sequence fault currents are


Ia0  0
  1 1
Ia1   Ia2  (1) (2)
   j1.362
Z44  Z44 j2(0.3671)
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are

Va0  4  0
  (1)
Va1 4  1  Ia1Z44
 1  ( j1.362)( j0.3671)  0.5
  (2)
Va2  4   Ia2Z44  0.5



Va0 2  0
  (1)
Va12  1  Ia1Z24  0.6798
  (2)
Va2 2   Ia2Z24  0.3202


Va0 3  0
  (1)
Va1 3  1  Ia1Z34  0.6526
  (2)
Va2 3   Ia2Z34  0.3474

The sequence
 currents in line L3 are
Ia0 L 3  0
 0.653  0.5
Ia1L 3    j0.7628
j0.2
 0.347  0.5
Ia2 L 3   j0.7628
j0.2
The phase currents in line L3 are
   
IaL 3  Ia0 L 3  Ia1L 3  Ia2 L 3  0
  2
 
Ib L 3  Ia0 L 3  a Ia1L 3  a Ia2 L 3  1.3213
   
Ic L 3  Ia0 L 3  a Ia1L 3  a2 Ia2 L 3  1.3213

The sequence
 currents in line L2 are
Ia0 L 2  0
 0.68  0.5
Ia1L 2    j0.5992
j0.3
 0.32  0.5
Ia2 L 2   j0.5992
j0.3
The phase currents in line L2 are
   
IaL 2  Ia0 L 2  Ia1L 2  Ia2 L 2  0
  2
 
Ib L 2  Ia0 L 2  a Ia1L 2  a Ia2 L 2  1.0378
   
Ic L 2  Ia0 L 2  a Ia1L 2  a2 Ia2 L 2  1.0378

SLG Fault at Bus k N1

  
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 (1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)
1  n
 (0 ) 1 2 k
Ia1
Zkk  Z(kk1)  Z(kk2) N2
Sequence Voltages
(2)
at bus j Z11 Z(22
2)
Z(kk2) Z(nn2)
  (0 ) 1 2 k  n
Va0   Ia0Z jk N0
Ia2
  (1)
Va1  1  Ia1Z jk
  (2) (0 )
Va2   Ia2Z jk Z11 Z(220) Z(kk0) Z(nn0)
1

2 k
Ia0 n

Example: Consider a single line-to-ground fault at

bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase
currents in lines L2 and L3.
The sequence
  fault
 currents are
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2
1
 (0 ) (1) (2)
  j0.9443
Z44  Z44  Z44
  (0)
Va0  4   Ia0Z44  0.3067
  (1)
Va1 4  1  Ia1Z44  0.6534
  (2)
Va2  4   Ia2Z44  0.3466


  (0)
Va0 2   Ia0Z24  0.0417
  (1)
Va12  1  Ia1Z24  0.778
  (2)
Va2 2   Ia2Z24  0.222

  ( 0)
Va0 3   Ia0Z34  0.1057
  (1)
Va13  1  Ia1Z34  0.7591
  (2)
Va2 3   Ia2Z34  0.2409

The sequence currents in line L2 are

  0.0417  0.3067
Ia0 L 2    j0.4417
j0.6
 0.778  0.6534
Ia1L 2    j0.4154
j0.3
  0.222  0.3466
Ia2 L 2    j0.4154
j0.3
Thephase currents
 in line L2
 are
IaL 2  Ia0 L 2  Ia1L 2  Ia2 L 2   j1.2725
  2
 
Ib L 2  Ia0 L 2  a Ia1L 2  a Ia2 L 2   j0.0262
   
Ic L 2  Ia0 L 2  a Ia1L 2  a2 Ia2 L 2   j0.0262


  0.1057  0.3067
Ia0 L 3    j0.5026
j0.4
 0.7591  0.6534
Ia1L 3    j0.5289
j0.2
  0.2409  0.3466
Ia2 L 3    j0.5289
j0.2
 in line L3
 are
IaL 3  Ia0 L 3  Ia1L 3  Ia2 L 3   j1.5603
  2
 
Ib L 3  Ia0 L 3  a Ia1L 3  a Ia2 L 3  j0.0262
   
Ic L 3  Ia0 L 3  a Ia1L 3  a2 Ia2 L 3  j0.0262

Double Line-to-Ground Fault at Bus k

N2
N1 N0
(1)
Z11 Z(kk1) Z(nn
1) (2)
Z11 Z(kk2) Z(nn2) (0 )
Z11 Z(kk0) Z(nn0)
1 k n 1 k n 1 k n
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

 1
Ia1 
Z(kk1)  (Z(kk2) // Z(kk0) )

 Z(kk0) 
Ia2   (0 )
I
(2) a1
Zkk  Zkk
 Z(kk2) 
Ia0   (0)
I
(2) a1
Zkk  Zkk
Sequence Voltages at bus j
  (0 )
Va0   Ia0Z jk
  (1)
Va1  1  Ia1Z jk
  (2)
Va2   Ia2Z jk

Example: Consider a double line-to-ground fault at

bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase
currents in lines L2 and L3.
 1
Ia1  (1) (2) (0)
  j1.8538
Zkk  (Zkk // Zkk )
 Z(kk0) 
Ia2   (0) I  j0.8703
(2) a1
Zkk  Zkk
  
Ia0   Ia1  Ia2  j0.9835
    (0)
Va0  4  Va1 4  Va2  4   Ia0Z44  0.3195


  (0)
Va0 2   Ia0Z24  0.0435
  (1)
Va1 2  1  Ia1Z24  0.5641
  (2)
Va2 2   Ia2Z24  0.2046

  (0)
Va0 3   Ia0Z34  0.1101
  (1)
Va13  1  Ia1Z34  0.5271
  (2)
Va2 3   Ia2Z34  0.222


 0.0435  0.3195
Ia0 L 2   j0.46
j0.6
 0.5641  0.3195
Ia1L 2    j0.8155
j0.3
 0.2046  0.3195
Ia2 L 2   j0.3828
j0.3
The phase
 currents
 inline L2 are
IaL 2  Ia0 L 2  Ia1L 2  Ia2 L 2  j0.0273

Ib L 2  1.0378  j0.6764

Ic L 2  1.0378  j0.6764


 0.1101  0.3195
Ia0 L 3   j0.5235
j0.4
 0.5271  0.3195
Ia1L 3    j1.0383
j0.2
 0.222  0.3195
Ia2 L 3   j0.4874
j0.2
 in line L3
 are
IaL 3  Ia0 L 3  Ia1L 3  Ia2 L 3   j0.0273

Ib L 3  1.3213  j0.799

Ic L 3  1.3213  j0.799

Protective Device Duties
 Fault Current at Different Times

 ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
 ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
 IEC Calculation Method

Fault Current at Different Times


 First Cycle Fault Current
 Short circuit ratings of low voltage equipment
 Ratings of Medium Voltage (MV) to High Voltage
(HV) switch and fuse
 Close & Latch (Making) capacity or ratings of HV
Circuit Breakers
 Maximum Fault for coordination of instantaneous
trip of relays
 Momentary Short Circuit Current (ANSI)
 Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current (IEC)


 1.5 to 4 Cycles Fault Current
 Interrupting (breaking) duties of HV circuit
breakers
 Interrupting magnitude and time of breakers for
coordination
 Interrupting Short-Circuit Current (ANSI)
 Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (IEC)


 30 Cycles Fault Current
 For time delay coordination
 Steady State Short-Circuit Current (ANSI)
 Steady State Short-Circuit Current (IEC)

ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
 ANSI/IEEE: American National

Standards Institute/ Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 IEC:International Electrotechnical
Commission
Prescribes Test Procedures and

Calculation Methods
ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

½ Cycle Network: the network used to calculate
momentary short-circuit current and protective
device duties at the ½ cycle after the fault.
Type of Device Duty
High Voltage CB Closing and Latching Capability
Low Voltage CB Interrupting Capability
Fuse Interrupting Capability
Switchgear and MCC Bus Bracing

Relay Instantaneous settings


½ Cycle Network: also known as the subtransient
network because all rotating machines are
represented by their subtransient reactances
Type of Machine Xsc
Utility X’’
Turbo Generator Xd’’
Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Xd’’
Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd’’
Synchronous Motor Xd’’
Induction Machine (1.2 – 1.67) Xd’’


1.5-4 Cycle Network: the network used to
calculate interrupting short-circuit current and
protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the
fault.
Type of Device Duty
High Voltage CB Interrupting Capability
Low Voltage CB N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A

Relay N/A


1.5-4 Cycle Network: also known as the transient
Type of Machine Xsc
Utility X’’
Turbo Generator Xd’’
Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Xd’’
Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd’’
Synchronous Motor 1.5 Xd’’
Induction Machine (1.5 – 3.0) Xd’’


30 Cycle Network: the network used to calculate
the steady-state short-circuit current and
protective device duties 30 cycles after the fault.
Type of Device Duty
High Voltage CB N/A
Low Voltage CB N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A

Relay Overcurrent settings


30 Cycle Network: also known as the steady-state
Type of Machine Xsc
Utility X’’
Turbo Generator Xd’
Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous Motor Infinity
Induction Machine Infinity


ANSI Multiplying Factor: determined by the
equivalent X/R ratio at a particular fault location.
The X and the R are calculated separately.
Local and Remote Contributions
A local contribution to a short-circuit current is
the portion of the short-circuit current fed
predominantly from generators through no more
than one transformation, or with external
reactance in series which is less than1.5 times
the generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise
the contribution is defined as remote.


No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio
The NACD ratio is defined as the remote
contributions to the total contributions for the
short-circuit current at a given location
Iremote
NACD 
Ilocal
Itotal  Iremote  Ilocal


Momentary (1/2 Cycle Short-Circuit Current
Calculation (Buses and HVCB)
Assymetrical RMS value of Momentary Short-
Circuit Current
Vpre  fault
Imom,rms, symm 
3Zeq
Imom,rms, asymm  MFm  Imom,rms, symm
2

MFm  1  2e X R


Momentary (1/2 Cycle Short-Circuit Current
Calculation (Buses and HVCB)
Peak Momentary Short-Circuit Current
Imom, peak  MFp  Imom,rms, symm

 

X R

MFp  2 1  e 

 


High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle) Calculation
Interrupting Short-Circuit Current


Vpre  fault 2(1  e X R
)
Iint, rms, symm  MF  
Unfused power
3Zeq 
( X R )test
breakers
2(1  e )


1  2e X R
MF  Fused power
breakers &

 Molded Case
( X R)test
1  2e


High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle) Calculation
AMFi  MFl  NACD  MFr  MFl 

Iint, rms, adj  AMFi  Iint, rms, symm


Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1/2 Cycle) Calculation
Symmetrical RMS value of Interrupting Short-
Circuit Current V pre  fault
Iint,rms, symm 
3Zeq
4
 t
X R
MFr  1  2e
AMFi  MFl  NACD  MFr  MFl 
Iint, rms, adj  AMFi  Iint, rms, symm
IEC Calculation Method

An equivalent voltage source at the fault location
replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is
applied to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage
source for minimum and maximum current
calculations.
All machines are represented by internal impedances
Line capacitances and static loads are neglected, except
for the zero-sequence network.
Calculations consider the electrical distance from the
fault location to synchronous generators.


Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I’’k) RMS
value of the AC symmetrical component of an available
short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short-circuit
if the impedance remains at zero time value.
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)

Maximum possible instantaneous value of the available
short-circuit current.
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)

RMS value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC
component of of the available short-circuit current at the
instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching
device


Steady-state Short Circuit Current (Ik)
RMS value of the short-circuit current which remains after the
decay of the transient phenomena.
Subtransient Voltage (E’’) of a Synchronous Machine

RMS value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a
synchronous machine which is active behind the subtransient
reactance Xd’’ at the moment of short circuit.
Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the
symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit current
remains essentially constant


Near-to-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine
contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current which is more
than twice the generator’s rated current or a short-circuit condition to
which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current (I” k) without motors.
Subtransient Reactance (Xd’’) of a Synchronous Machine
Effective reactance at the moment of short-circuit. MS value of the
symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which is active
behind the subtransient reactance Xd’’ at the moment of short circuit.

ZK  KG R  jX d''  kVn = nominal voltage of the terminal bus
kVr = motor rated voltage
kVn cmax Xd” = subtransient reactance
KG 
kVr 1  xd'' sin r r = machine rated power factor


Minimum Time Delay (Tmin) of a Circuit Breaker
Shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit current
and the first contact separation of one pole of the switching
device
Voltage Factor (c)
Factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source
for the minimum and maximum current calculations
Voltage Factor Voltage Factor

Max SC Calculation Min SC Calculation
230/400 V 1.00 0.95
>400 V to 1 KV 1.05 1.00
1 kV to 35 kV 1.10 1.0
35 KV to 230 KV 1.10 1.00

Selection of Device Duties

8-Cycle Total-Rated Circuit 5-Cycle Symmetrical-Rated
Breakers (KA) Circuit Breakers (KA)
Short-Circuit
Example Interrupting Closing and
Momentary Capability
Circuit Breaker Maximum Rating (Total Latching
Rating (Total (Symmetrical
Nominal Size System RMS Current at Capability (Total
1st-Cycle RMS RMS Current at
Identification Operating 4-cycle Contact- First Cycle RM
Current 3-Cycle Parting
Voltage Parting Time Current)
Time
4.16 – 75 4.16 KV 20 10.5 19 10.1
4.16 – 250 4.16 KV 60 35 58 33.2
4.16 – 350 4.16 KV 80 48.6 78 46.9
13.8 – 500 13.8 KV 40 21 37 19.6
13.8 – 750 13.8 KV 60 13.5 58 30.4
13.8 – 1000 13.8 KV 80 42 77 40.2



Short Circuit Analysis Modeling and Protective Devices

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Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

1. Short Circuit Currents

Short Circuit Currents

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Series Fault: Unintentional Opening of phase

Simultaneous Fault [Not included in this course]

Three Phase Line-to-Line

Double Line-to-Ground Single Line-to-Ground

The Shunt Fault Point

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Sources of Short Circuit

Fault Current Contributors

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Source: Cooper Power Systems

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Short Circuit Studies

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Power System Models for Short

 Sequence Networks of Power System

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Any Unbalance System of Phasors can be

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

If the fault is unbalanced (e.g, SLGF, LLF &

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Equivalent Circuit of Utility

Positive & Negative Sequence Impedance

Equivalent Circuit of Utility

Zero Sequence Impedance

Resolve to real and imaginary

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Equivalent Circuit of Utility

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Equivalent Circuit of Generators

X2  12 (X d "X q " ) for a salient-pole machine

Equivalent Circuit of Generators

Equivalent Circuit of Generators

Positive Negative Zero

Equivalent Circuit of Generators

Equivalent Circuit of Transformers

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Equivalent Circuit of Transformers

Equivalent Circuit of Transformers

*Excluding 3-phase unit with a 3-legged core.

Equivalent Circuit of Transformers

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Note: The sequence impedances are completely decoupled.

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Equivalent Circuit of Lines

Short Circuit Calculation by

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

Thevenin’s Theorem states that, with respect to a

U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in