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CHAPTER 2
SPECIFICATIONS, LOADS, PHILOSOPHIES OF
DESIGN
q Earthquakes (E)
Time t
SEISMIC ZONE
EARTHQUAKE
W ila y a h G e m p a 3
0 .7 5
C = (T a n a h L u n a k )
T
0 .7 5
0 .3 3
C = (T a n a h S e d a n g )
T
0 .2 3
0 .5 5 C = (T a n a h K e ra s )
T
C 0 .4 5
0 .3 0
0 .2 3
0 .1 8
0 0 .2 0 .5 0 .6 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0
T
RESPONSE SPECTRA
EARTHQUAKE
R≥Q
SAFETY FACTOR
R − ∆R ≥ Q + ∆Q
or
∆R ∆Q
R 1 − ≥ Q1 +
R Q
∆Q
R 1+
=
Q
Required factor of safety (FS)
Q 1 − ∆RR
SAFETY FACTOR
q CASE 1.
The structures has a strength deficiency of 10%, occuring with a
relative frequency of 1/1000, as well as an overload of 40%,
occuring with the same frequency.
∆R = 0.10
∆Q = 0.40
q CASE 2.
The structures has a strength deficiency of 20%, occuring with a
relative frequency of 1/1000, as well as an overload of 40%, occuring
with the same frequency.
∆R = 0.20
∆Q = 0.40
1 + 0 .4
FS = = 1,75
1 − 0 .2
SAFETY FACTOR
Case 1
yc ne uqer F
Area = 1/1000
Case 2
R - 0,10R
Resistance, R
R - 0,20R
The basic statistical information we can get are the mean and
the standard deviation
1 n
σ= ∑ ( x i − µ )2
n 1
1
(−( x − µ ) )
2
p( x) = exp 2σ
σ 2π
p (a < x < b) = ∫ p ( x )dx
b
a
) x( P
1 n
σ= ∑ i( x − µ ) 2
n 1
a b x
THE PHILOSOPHY OF LRFD
LRFD is based on the concept that the structure will not exceed the
limit state that govern its strength and behavior for any realistic load
or load combination
There are two categories of limit state are pertinent to the structural
design process:
If we have the probability distribution of the load effect (Q) and the
material resistance (R) then:
The probability of failure can be represented by observing the
probability of the function (R-Q)
The probability of failure PF can be represented as below:
Frequency
f(R)
f(Q)
Probability
of failure
Resistance, R
Qm Rm Load, Q
THE PRINCIPLES OF LRFD
βσ ( R−Q )
f(R-Q)
yc ne uqer F
pF
0 (R-Q)
(R-Q)m
Failure Survival
(R-Q)< 0 (R-Q)> 0
Characteristic of (R -Q)
THE PRINCIPLES OF LRFD
βσ ln ( R / Q )
f[ln(R/Q)]
yc ne uqer F
pF
0
[ln(R/Q)]m ln(R/Q)
Failure Survival
ln(R/Q)< 0 ln(R/Q)> 0
Characteristic of (R – Q)
RELIABILITY INDEX
failure “PF”
β=
[ln ( )]m
R
Q
or β=
Rm − Qm
σ ln ( R / Q ) σ R2 + σ Q2
The load effect “Q” and the resistance “R” and their
probability distributions.
By targeting a specific “Reliability index” for all the design
elements, a consistent level of safety in design can be
achieved
RELIABILITY INDEX
LRFD TARGET REALIBILITY INDEX
q Design using AISC or SNI LRFD will target a specific probability of failure
Loading Condition
D+L D+L+W D+L+E
Members 3.0 2.5 1.75
Connection 4.5 4.5 4.5
Where
Dead loads (D)
Live loads (L)
Wind Loads (W)
Earthquakes (E)
RESISTANCE FACTOR
Rm −0.55 βV
φ= e R
Rn
V R is the coefficient of variation of the resistance
LOAD FACTOR
The “load factor” reflect the random variability of the loads on the
structures.
q Variation in magnitude at any given time
q Diffrences between assumed and real load type
q Diffrences between assumed and real loading position
q Combination of loads to produce effects that may not appear for
other load criteria.
Rm
λ=
Qm
LOAD COMBINATIONS
U = 1,4 D
U = 1,2 D + 1,6 L + 0,5 ( La or H )
U = 1,2 D + 1,6 ( La atau H ) + ( γLL or 0,8 W )
U = 1,2 D ± 1,0 E + γL L
U = 0,9 D ± ( 1,3 W or 1,0 E )
S
q Record gaya aksial pada batang akibat beban bergerak test R(KN) Rec S(KN)
1 .1
selama 10 tahun digunakan untuk menentukan pengaruh 46.4 35.3
beban maksimum 2 44.3 2 36.8
41.6 3 35.2
q Hasil experimental kekuatan tarik profil baja batang bawah 3
4 47.2 4 33.2
Diminta tentukan 5 42.8 5 32.4
46.1. 6 31.6
Ø The probability of failure 6
Ø Load and resistance factors for a 7 47.4 7 27.2
probability of failure of 0.01% 8 44.5 8 29.8
Example
Rm − Qm
β= = 3.25 POF = 0.05%
σ +σ
2
R
2
Q
Menentukan faktor beban dan faktor tahanan agar dicapai POFT ≤ 0.01%
RT − Qm = β σ R2 + σ Q2 RT = 46.78
Example
RT
λ= = 1 .4
Qm
Rm −0.55 βV
φ= e R
= 0.87
Rn