PLUMBING SYSTEM AND ESTIMATES OF A

100 SQUARE METER RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE

SUBMITTED BY:

HERNANDZ, RYAN JAMES

ESCULTURA, WENDY MAE

TERNIDA, WYETH HOPE

FLORES, JIMILLE

DEL ROSARIO, JOHN MICHAEL

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. ARIEL JOSEPH R. LIM

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction

II. Design Criteria

a) Water Requirements – Gallons per capita/day

b) Water Resources

c) Water service provider

d) Demand Load

III. Plumbing Layout

a) Piping layout

b) Section layout

IV. Pipe Sizing

a) Main supply and branches

V. Appendices

a) Catalog of fixtures, fittings, pipes and valves used

b) References
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a large range of applications. it's the
art and technique of putting in pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for
transporting within the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them;
and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes that's harmful to health, sanitation, life and
property pipes and fixtures after fixing.

Plumbing system includes all beverage supply and delivery pipes, all plumbing
devices and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leads and
downstairs; and all building drains and sewers, including their respective joints and
connections; property appliances, receptacles and fittings; water lines within the premises;
potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using equipment; fuel gas
piping; water heaters and vents for same.

The improper installation of plumbing may affect the health of the occupants of a
building and make a middle point for the spread of disease. the chance is of sufficient public
interests to need the regulation of plumbing by law. the proper of the govt. to control the
main points of plumbing is predicated on the principle of the protection of public health.
CHAPTER II: Design Criteria

A) Water Requirements

The total quantity of water per day is estimated based on the proposed occupancy and
activities catered. Designer must identify all the possible sources for augmenting the shortfall
in water supply. The Analysis of available water is done to decide the treatment process
depends on the quality of water and the purpose for which it is used.

 Population Requirement for 3 bedrooms dwelling unit: 6 persons

 Water required (Residential): 100 Gallons/Person/day
 6 persons x 100 gallons/person/day = 600 gallons/day

NOTES: The above figure considers a domestic household including support personnel
wherever applicable.

B) Water Resources

The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and
groundwater reservoirs. The water in the metropolitan area of Manila is mostly supplied by
the Angat Dam, Ipo Dam, and La Mesa Dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water
system).

In Metro Manila, water service has been carried out by two private concessionaires
since 1997: The Manila Water Company in the East Zone, and Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
in the West Zone. Although national government has supported private service providers
since the 1990s, there are few arrangements outside of Metro Manila. Joint ventures exist in
Tagbilaran City and in Subic Bay. These private water service providers provide Level III
services together with water districts.
C) Water Service Provider: Maynilad

West Zone concessionaire Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (Maynilad) expanded its
water service connections to 1,336,566, after connecting 26,231 new service accounts during
the first half of 2017. These new connections were mostly in Cavite province, Quezon City
and Caloocan.

With its increased service connections, Maynilad now provides potable water to some
9.3 million people—an increase of 52% from the 6.1 million customers it served 10 years ago
before the company’s re-privatization.

As of the first half of 2017, around 98% percent of Maynilad customers have 24-hour
water supply—up from only 32% who enjoyed the same service level in 2006. Moreover,
100% of Maynilad customers receive their water pressure at the average pressure of 7 psi
(pounds per square inch), while 70.58% have as much as 16 psi minimum pressure. At 16 psi,
water supply can reach the third floor of a building without the aid of a booster pump.

“Cavite is the farthest point in our concession area. Although it has been a challenge
to bring potable water all the way to Cavite, we are committed to pursue our investments so
that we can serve all the residents within the West Zone,” said Maynilad President and CEO
Ramoncito S. Fernandez.

Maynilad is the largest private water concessionaire in the Philippines in terms of

customer base. It is the agent and contractor of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
System (MWSS) for the West Zone of the Greater Manila Area, which is composed of the
cities of Manila (certain portions), Quezon City (certain portions), Makati (west of South
Super Highway), Caloocan, Pasay, Parañaque, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, Navotas
and Malabon all in Metro Manila; the cities of Cavite, Bacoor and Imus, and the towns of
Kawit, Noveleta and Rosario, all in Cavite Province
D) Demand Load

Demand load is the volume rate of demand for water imposed on the water-
distributing system or any branch thereof by the use of water, as by plumbing fixtures.

Total fixtures used with equivalent water fixture unit (WFU)

WATER FIXTURE TOTAL WATER

FIXTURES NO. OF FIXTURES
UNIT FIXTURE UNIT

Lavatory 2 1 unit 2 units

Water Closet 2 6 units 12 units

Shower 2 2 units 4 units

Hose Bibb 1 2.5 units 2.5 units

Kitchen Sink 1 2 units 2 units

Total: 22.5 units

The values of Fixture Units are retrieved from Plumbing Design and Estimate Second Edition
by Fajardo, Max B. Chapter 5, page 107.

Maximum Water Demand

 22.5 units x 8 = 180 gallons

Probable Water Demand

Assume 30% reduction

 180 gallons x 0.30 = 54 gallons

 180 gallons – 54 gallons = 126 gallons

Summary

Maximum Water Demand : 180 gallons

Probable Water Demand : 126 gallons

CHAPTER III: Plumbing Layout

A) Piping layout

 Water Line Layout (in meters)

 Sewer Line Layout (in meters)
B) Section Layout
CHAPTER IV: PIPE SIZING

A) Head loss

The pipe head loss is the frictional loss in the hydro pipeline, expressed as a fraction
of the available head. Water (like any viscous fluid) flowing through a pipe experiences a loss
in pressure due to friction

Head loss is given by the formula:

Where:

hL = Head loss (feet of fluid)

f = Darcy friction factor (unitless)

L = Pipe length (feet)

g = Gravitational constant (32.2 feet/sec2)

d = Inside pipe diameter (inches)

Q = Volumetric flow rate (gallons/minute)

The pipe absolute roughness value and Reynolds number are then used to calculate the Darcy
friction facto given by the formula:

Where:

d = Inside pipe diameter (inches)

Re = Reynolds number (unitless)

Q = Volumetric flow rate (gpm)

ρ = Fluid density (lb/ft3)

μ = Fluid viscosity (centipoise (cP))

f = Darcy friction factor (unitless)

ε = Pipe absolute roughness (inches)

 Computing Reynnold’s Number (Re):

Re – 1st FLOOR
Water Water
FIXTURES Qp Pipe Size Re
Viscosity Density
Shower 2.50 0.50 0.89 62.416 17764.01
Lavatory 0.80 0.38 0.89 62.416 7579.31
Kitchen Sink 1.75 0.50 0.89 62.416 12434.81
Water closet, 6.00 0.50 0.89 62.416 42633.63
Hose Bibbs 5.00 0.50 0.89 62.416 35528.03

Re – 2nd FLOOR
Water Water
FIXTURES Qp Pipe Size Re
Viscosity Density
Shower 2.50 0.50 0.89 62.416 17764.01
Lavatory 0.80 0.38 0.89 62.416 7579.31
Water closet 6.00 0.50 0.89 62.416 42633.63
  Computing Darcy Friction Factor (f) & Head Loss (hL):

Darcy Friction Factor (f) & Head Loss (hL) – 1st FLOOR

L in Pipe Size Head

FIXTURES L in ft Material G f
meters in ft Loss

Shower 8.04 26.36 0.0417 0.00006 32.20 0.0267 1.093

Lavatory 9.28 30.46 0.0312 0.00006 32.20 0.0335 0.385

Kitchen Sink 4.78 15.69 0.0417 0.00006 32.20 0.0293 0.350

Water closet, 8.56 28.10 0.0417 0.00006 32.20 0.0216 5.446

Hose Bibbs 3.67 12.06 0.0417 0.00006 32.20 0.0226 1.692

Darcy Friction Factor (f) & Head Loss (hL) – 2nd FLOOR

L in Pipe Size Head

FIXTURES L in ft Material G f
meters in ft Loss

Shower 4.19 13.75 0.0417 0.00006 32.20 0.0267 0.570

Lavatory 4.735 15.53 0.0312 0.00006 32.20 0.0335 0.196

Water closet 5.4457 17.87 0.0417 0.00006 32.20 0.0216 3.463

B) Residual Pressure

Residual pressure is pressure available at the end of a pipe run for a given flow rate.
Elevation differences between the source and outlet combined with friction loss determine the
residual pressure or head.

Residual Pressure is given by the formula:

P2 = ρ (Z1 – Z2 – hL - ∑hm) + P1

Where:

P2 = Residual Pressure at point 2

ρ = Density of fluid

Z1 = Elevation at point 1

Z2 = Elevation at point 2

hL = Head loss

∑hm = Summation of Minor Losses

P1 = Pressure at point 1

𝑉2
𝐡𝐦 = 𝐾
2𝑔

Where:

K = Loss Coefficient

V = Velocity of fluid

g = Gravitational Acceleration
 K-VALUES FOR FITTINGS USED

ABS Wye 0.66

Tees 1
45ᵒ Elbow 0.35

90ᵒ Elbow 0.75

ELEVATION FROM CWL SOURCE – 1st FLOOR

FIXTURES IN METERS IN FEET
Kitchen Sink 1.5 4.921
Shower 2.5 8.202
Water Closet 1 3.280
Lavatory 1.5 4.921
Hose Bibb 1 3.280

ELEVATION FROM CWL SOURCE – 2nd FLOOR

FIXTURES IN METERS IN FEET
Shower 5.2867 17.345
Water Closet 3.7867 12.424
Lavatory 4.2867 14.064

Given Values:

g = 32.2 ft/sec2

V = 7.5 ft/sec

ρ = 62.428 lb/ft3 (Standard Density of Water converted to lb/ft3)

P1 = 1152 lb/ft2 (Maynilad average CW pressure)

NOTE: All values are the standard for a common residential unit.
 Computing ∑hm for each fixture:

hm – 1st FLOOR
FIXTURES IN FEET
Kitchen Sink 0.233
Shower 0.349
Water Closet 0.466
Lavatory 0.553
Hose Bibb 0.175

hm – 2nd FLOOR
FIXTURES IN FEET
Shower 0.320
Water Closet 0.437
Lavatory 0.524

 Computing P2 for each fixture:

P2 – 1st FLOOR
FIXTURES lb/ft2 psi
Kitchen Sink 808.41 5.61
Shower 549.918 3.82
Water Closet 578.14 4.01
Lavatory 786.22 5.46
Hose Bibb 830.71 5.77

P2 – 2nd FLOOR
FIXTURES lb/ft2 psi
Shower 13.61737 0.09
Water Closet 132.74 0.92
Lavatory 229.03 1.59
 REFERENCES FOR VALUES

The Head loss formula used is retrieved from Calculating Head Loss in a Pipeline. Pumps &
Systems by Ardee, R. Including the value of Pipe absolute roughness.

The References for Volumetric flow rate of water and Pipe sizes is retrived from 2018
International Plumbing Code (International Code Council Series) 1st Edition by the
International Code Council. Chapter 6, page 42 and 43 respectively.

The value for water viscosity at 25°C is retrieved from MWH's Water Treatment: Principles
and Design 3rd Edition by John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J.
Howe, and George Tchobanoglous. Appendix C, page 1861.

The values of Fixture Units are retrieved from Plumbing Design and Estimate Second Edition
by Fajardo, Max B. Chapter 5, page 107.

The Residual Pressure formula used is retrieved from Bernoulli Equation. Fluid Mechanics
Formulas by efunda. The formula was modified to calculate the pressure on the terminating
end of the pipe considering the static head loss and minor losses.
(https://www.efunda.com/formulae/formula_index.cfm?fbclid=IwAR1IHMD8ZLvv2jwsfzf0
E10QFsj5xkwmzk3hCLczWf-85gL-_1l9A-JhLKs).

The Minor loss formula and values for Minor Losses Coefficient is retrieved Formula for
Calculating Head Loss from K Values (2012). Pressure Loss from Fittings – Excess Head (K)
Method by Native Dynamics (https://neutrium.net/fluid_flow/pressure-loss-from-fittings-
excess-head-k-method/).

The value for Pressure at Point 1 is retrieved from Services: Water (2017). Maynilad Water
Services, Inc. Maynilad. Retrieved from: http://www.mayniladwater.com.ph/company-
services.php?id=24&fbclid=IwAR1y0caKpZ0Gov0MksHQXgRX9KKw3SQ6VYLtoML8W
OrzRMs_71P69aNObOI

The value of Velocity of water for residential units is retrieved from Chapter 4.0: Domestic
Water Pipe Sizing (2019). Domestic Water Piping Design Guide by Engineering Pro Guides.
(https://www.engproguides.com/domestic-water-piping-design.html?fbclid=IwAR3zbKk-
JTquPiiArfXMBhYen1LiHjhUKF8EUr0ED-qkiL-
gz3P7gOt8Nq8#:~:text=The%20velocity%20of%20water%20flowing,the%20possibility%20
of%20hydraulic%20shock)
CHAPTER V: APPENDICES

A) Catalog of fixtures, fittings, pipes and valves used

FIXTURES

LAV Lavatory

WC Water Closet

SH Shower

HB Hose Bibb

KS Kitchen Sink

Fittings

ABS Wye

45ᵒ Elbow

Tee

90ᵒ Elbow

Valves

Butterfly valve
 Fitting Types K
45° Elbow Standard (R/D = 1) 0.35
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5) 0.2
90° Elbow Curved Standard (R/D = 1) 0.75
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5) 0.45
90° Elbow Square or Mitred 1.3
180° Bend Close Return 1.5
Tee, Run Through Branch Blanked 0.4
Tee, as Elbow Entering in run 1
Tee, as Elbow Entering in branch 1
Tee, Branching Flow 1
Coupling 0.04
Union 0.04
Gate valve Fully Open 0.17
3/4 Open 0.9
1/2 Open 4.5
1/4 Open 24
Diaphragm valve Fully Open 2.3
3/4 Open 2.6
1/2 Open 4.3
1/4 Open 21
Globe valve, Bevel Seat Fully Open 6
1/2 Open 9.5
Globe Valve, Composition seat Fully Open 6
1/2 Open 8.5
Plug disk Fully Open 9
3/4 Open 13
1/2 Open 36
1/4 Open 112
Angle valve Fully Open 2
Y valve or blowoff valve Fully Open 3
Plug cock \thetaθ = 5° 0.05
\thetaθ = 10° 0.29
\thetaθ = 20° 1.56
\thetaθ = 40° 17.3
\thetaθ = 60° 206
Butterfly valve \thetaθ = 5° 0.24
\thetaθ = 10° 0.52
\thetaθ = 20° 1.54
\thetaθ = 40° 10.8
\thetaθ = 60° 118
Check valve Swing 2
Disk 10
Ball 70
Foot valve 15
Water meter Disk 7
Piston 15
Rotary (star-shaped disk) 10
 Kind of Fixture Fixture Unit
Bathtub 2
Floor drain 1
Kitchen sink 2
Residential sink 1.5
Lavatory or wash basin 1
Laundry tub 2
Shower bath 2
Slop sink 3
Sink, hotel or public 2
Urinal 5
Water closet 6
Combination fixture 3

B) References

Ardee, R. (2015). Calculating Head Loss in a Pipeline. Pumps& Systems. Retrieved from:
https://www.pumpsandsystems.com/pumps/april-2015-calculating-head-loss-pipeline

Dwivedi, P. (2017). Water Supply Requirements for Buildings. Civil N Construction Blog.
Retrieved from: https://www.civilnconstruction.com/materials-specifications/water-supply-
requirements-for-buildings

Inocencio, A., et al. (1999). Determination of Basic Household. Water Requirements.

Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Retrieved from:
https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/pdf/pidsdps9902.pdf

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (2017). Profile: Coverage. Maynilad. Retrieved from:
http://www.mayniladwater.com.ph/company-coverage.php

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (2017). Services: Water. Maynilad. Retrieved from:
http://www.mayniladwater.com.ph/company-
services.php?id=24&fbclid=IwAR1y0caKpZ0Gov0MksHQXgRX9KKw3SQ6VYLtoML8W
OrzRMs_71P69aNObOI

Native Dynamics. (2012). Formula for Calculating Head Loss from K Values. Pressure Loss
from Fittings – Excess Head (K) Method. Retrieved from:
https://neutrium.net/fluid_flow/pressure-loss-from-fittings-excess-head-k-method/

American Society of Plumbing Engineers. (2009). Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook -

A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications, Volume 1 -
Fundamentals of Plumbing Engineering
American Society of Plumbing Engineers. (2010). Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook -
A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications, Volume 2 - Plumbing
Systems

Fajardo, Max B. (1984). Plumbing Design and Estimate Second Edition

American Society of Plumbing Engineers. (2008). Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook -

A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications, Volume 4 - Plumbing
Components and Equipment

Engineering Pro Guides. (2019). Chapter 4.0: Domestic Water Pipe Sizing. Domestic Water
Piping Design Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.engproguides.com/domestic-water-
piping-design.html?fbclid=IwAR3zbKk-JTquPiiArfXMBhYen1LiHjhUKF8EUr0ED-qkiL-
gz3P7gOt8Nq8#:~:text=The%20velocity%20of%20water%20flowing,the%20possibility%20
of%20hydraulic%20shock

International Code Council. (2017). 2018 International Plumbing Code (International Code
Council Series) 1st Edition

John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe, and George
Tchobanoglous. (2012). MWH's Water Treatment: Principles and Design 3rd Edition