EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering

Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

RESERVOIR / STORAGE ROUTING

Example 1 : Storage Calculation

• Inflow and outflow hydrograph for a reservoir are depicted in next Figure

a) Determine the average storage for each one-day period per 1 acre (Δt = 1 day).

b) Plot the graph storage vs time for the reservoir for the event. Assume that S0 = 0
(the reservoir is initially empty)

c) What is the (approximate) maximum storage reached during this storm event?

I (inflow) cfs Q (outflow) cfs

0.5 500 250

1.5 3500 1000

2.5 9000 3000

3.5 9750 4500

4.5 8000 5750

5.5 4500 6000

6.5 2250 5250

7.5 1250 4250

8.5 250 3250

9.5 0 2500

10.5 0 1500

11.5 0 1000

12.5 0 750

13.5 0 0
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing
Solution
Pre - determine
Qa - Determine the average storage for each one-day period (Δt = 1 day).
̅ )∆𝑡
Related equation? - 𝑆 = ∑𝑖( 𝐼 ̅ − 𝑄
Using Δt=1 day, storage at the end of the first day, Si, is Si = Si-1+ (𝐼 i̅ -𝑄̅ i) Δt
Step 1
̅ (outflow) cfs
Time (days) 𝑰̅ (inflow) cfs 𝑸 𝐼 ̅ − 𝑄̅ cfs 𝐼 ̅ − 𝑄̅ cfs
Given Calculated Answers
0.5 500 250 250
1.5 3500 1000 2500
2.5 9000 3000 6000
3.5 9750 4500 5250
4.5 8000 5750 2250
5.5 4500 6000 -1500
6.5 2250 5250 -3000
7.5 1250 4250 -3000
8.5 250 3250 -3000
9.5 0 2500 -2500
10.5 0 1500 -1500
11.5 0 1000 -1000
12.5 0 750 -750
13.5 0 0 0

Step 2 : Calculate the storage for each day

For day -1

Using Δt= 1 day. Storage at the end of first day S1 is

̅ i) Δt
• Si = Si-1 + (𝑰̅i-𝑸
̅ ̅
• S1 = S0 + (𝑰1-𝑸1) Δt
• S1 = 0+ (500cfs-250cfs)(1 day)
• S1 = …….. ac-ft?

1 acre = 43560 ft²

Ans : 496 acre – foot = 611 806m3
For day-2? Day- 3? ………Day-14
Repeat the same calculation with the different storage time until finish
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing
Qb - Plot the graph storage vs time for the reservoir for the event. Assume that S 0 = 0
(the reservoir is initially empty)

Step 1 : Table the value for each of day to draw the graph storage vs time
Time (days) Storage (ac-ft)
1 496
2 5455
3 17356
4 27769
5 32232
6 29256
7 23306
8 17356
9 11405
10 6446
11 3471
12 1488
13 0
14 0

Storage 'vs' time

35000

30000

25000
Storage (ac-ft)

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Time (day)

Qc - What is the (approximate) maximum storage reached during this storm event

Look at the highest point at the graph = 32,232 ac-ft at day-5

 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

Example 2 : Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing - Modified Pul’s Method

A reservoir has the following elevation, discharge and storage relationships

Elevation (m) Storage (106 m3) Outflow discharge (m3/s)

100.00 3.35 0
100.50 2.472 10
101.00 3.38 26
101.50 4.383 46
102.00 4.882 72
102.50 5.37 100
102.75 5.527 116
103.00 5.856 130

When the reservoir level was at 100.50 m, the following flood hydrograph entered the
reservoir

Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72

Discharge (m3/s) 10 20 55 80 73 58 46 36 55 20 15 13 11

Question – Route the flood and obtain

i. The outflow hydrograph
ii. The reservoir elevation vs time curve during the passage of the flood wave

Example 2 solution

Step 1 - From the known storage – elevation and discharge-elevation, prepare a curve of
𝑸∆𝒕
(𝑺 + ) vs elevation. At any time interval. From the table = take time interval = 6hr
𝟐

Elevation (m) 100.00 100.50 101.00 101.50 102.00 102.50 102.75 103.00
Outflow
0 10 26 46 72 100 116 130
discharge (m3/s)
𝑸∆𝒕
(𝑺 + 𝟐
) (Mm3)

𝑄∆𝑡
Unit for (𝑆 + 2
) = Mm3 = 106m3
SO, time interval has to be in second, s
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

Step 2 - On the same plot, prepare a curve of outflow discharge vs elevation

Routing started at,

– elevation = 100.50m,
– Q = 10.0m3/s and
𝑄1 ∆𝑡
– (𝑆1 − 2
) = 3.364Mm3

𝑺+ (𝑸/𝟐 Δ𝒕) (Mm3)

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
103.5 103.5

103 103

Q vs elevation
102.5 102.5
Elevation (m)

102 102

101.5 101.5
𝑺+ (𝑸/𝟐 Δ𝒕) vs elevation
101 101

100.5 100.5

100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Outflow, Q (m3/s)

Q1∆t Q2∆t
Step 3 - Starting from the value of (S1 − 2
). Determine the (S2 + 2
) using the Modified
Pul’s Method Equation

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝑄1 ∆𝑡 𝑄2 ∆𝑡
( ) ∆𝑡 + (𝑆 − ) = (𝑆2 + )
2 2 2

10+20
( ) 0.0216 + (3.364) = … … … 𝑀m3
2
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing
𝑄2 ∆t
Step 4 – The water-surface elevation corresponding to (S2 + 2
) is found by using the plot
of Step 1. The outflow discharge Q2 at the end of the time step Δt is found from plot of Step
2.

𝑺+(𝑸∆𝒕)/𝟐 (Mm3)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
103.5 103.5

103 103

Q vs elevation
102.5 102.5
Elevation (m)

102 102

101.5 101.5
𝑺+ (𝑸/𝟐 Δ𝒕) vs elevation
101 101

100.5 100.5

100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Outflow, Q (m3/s)

Q2∆t Q1∆t
Step 5 – Deducting Q2Δt from (𝑺𝟐 + 2
) will gives (𝐒𝟏 - 2
) for the beginning of the next
time step

Step 6 – the procedure is repeated till the entire inflow hydrograph is routed
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

Time Inflow, I 𝑰̅ 𝑰̅ ∗∆t S - Q/2 Δt) 𝑺+ (Q/2 Δt) Elevation Q

3
(hr) (m3/s) (m /s) (Mm3) 3
(Mm ) (Mm )3
(m) (m3/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 10 100.5 10
15 0.324 3.364 3.688
6 20 100.62 13
100.62 13
12 55 101.04 27

18 80 101.64 53

24 73 101.96 69

30 58 101.91 66

36 46 101.72 57

42 36 101.48 48

48 27.5 101.3 37

54 20 101.1 25

60 15 100.93 23

66 13 100.77 18

72 11 100.65 14
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

i. The outflow hydrograph

Variation of Inflow and Outflow Discharges

Outflow Inflow

90 Peak lag = 7.2hr

80
Peak attenuation = 10 m3/s
70
Discharge (m3/s)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (hr)

ii. The reservoir elevation vs time curve during the passage of the flood wave

Variation of reservoir elevation with Time

102.2

102

101.8

101.6
Elevation (m)

101.4

101.2

101

100.8

100.6

100.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (hr)
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

Example 3 - Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing – Goodrich Method

• Route the following flood hydrograph through the reservoir by Goodrich Method

Storage Outflow
Elevation (106 discharge
(m) m3) (m3/s)
100.00 3.35 0
100.50 3.472 10
101.00 3.88 26
101.50 4.383 46
102.00 4.882 72
102.50 5.37 100
102.75 5.527 116
103.00 5.856 130

Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66

Inflow
10 30 85 140 125 96 75 60 46 35 25 20
(m3/s)

• Initial conditions : when t= 0; reservoir elevation = 100.60m

SOLUTION

• Select the time interval = 6hr = 0.0216 Ms

2𝑆
• Calculate ∆𝑡 + 𝑄 for each time interval

Elevation (m) Storage (106 m3) Outflow discharge (m3/s) (2S/Δt + Q)

100.00 3.35 0
100.50 3.472 10
101.00 3.88 26
101.50 4.383 46
102.00 4.882 72
102.50 5.37 100
102.75 5.527 116
103.00 5.856 130
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

𝟐𝑺
• Plot Q vs elevation and ∆𝒕
+ 𝑸 vs elevation in the same graph

300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 550.0 600.0 650.0 700.0

103.5 103.5

103 103

102.5 102.5
Q vs elevation

102 102

101.5 101.5
𝑸+𝟐𝑺/∆𝒕 vs elevation

101 101

100.5 100.5

100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

• At t=0, Elevation = 100.60m, Find Q from the graph

– From graph, Q = 12m3/s, and
2𝑆
– From graph, ∆𝑡 + 𝑄 = 340 m3/s

• So, to start next time step, calculate

2𝑆
– From ∆𝑡 + 𝑄 = 340 m3/s, get S = ?
2𝑆1
– From S = ?, calculate ∆𝑡
+ 𝑄1 = ……..m3/s

• For the first time interval of 6hr,

– I1 = 10, I2 = 30, Q1 = 12, and
2𝑆2 2𝑆
– ∆𝑡
+ 𝑄2 = (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )+( ∆𝑡1 − 𝑄1 )
2𝑆2
– ∆𝑡
+ 𝑄2 = (10 + 30)+(316) = …………..m3/s

2𝑆2
• Refer back to the figure, find the elevation and Q when ∆𝑡
+ 𝑄2 = ? ,

2𝑆2
• For the next time increment, calculate [( + 𝑄2 )-2𝑄2 = ………………….m3/s
∆𝑡
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

𝟐𝑺 𝟐𝑺 Discharge
Time (hr) I (m3/s) (I1 + I2) +Q (m3/s) + 𝑸 (m3/s) Elevation (m)
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 (m3/s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 10 340 100.6 12
40 316 356
6 30 100.74 17

12 85 101.38 40

18 140 102.5 95

24 125 102.92 127

30 96 102.7 112

36 75 102.32 90

42 60 102 73
0.02
48 46 57
101.74
54 35 46
101.51
60 25 37
101.28
66 20 27
101.02
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

RIVER / CHANNEL ROUTING

Example 1 : Finding K and x parameter

The following inflow and outflow hydrographs were observed in a river reach. Estimate
the values of K and x applicable to this reach for use in the Muskingum Equation

Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66

Inflow
5 20 50 50 32 22 15 10 7 5 5 5
(m3/s)

Outflow
5 6 12 29 38 35 29 23 17 13 9 7
(m3/s)

SOLUTION

Time Average ΔS = Column S = ΣΔS [𝑥𝐼 + (1 − 𝑥)𝑄]

I (m3/s) Q (m3/s) (I-Q)
(hr) (I-Q) 5 * Δt (m3/s.h) (m3/s.h) X = 0.35 X = 0.30 X = 0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 5 5 0 0 5 5 5

7 42

6 20 6 14 42 10.9 10.2 9.5

12 50 12 38

18 50 29 21

24 32 38 -6

30 22 35 -13

36 15 29 -14

42 10 23 -13

48 7 17 -10

54 5 13 -8

60 5 9 -4
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing
66 5 7 -2

Determination of K and x for a channel reach

x = 0.35 x = 0.3 x = 0.25

40

35

30

25
[𝒙𝑰+(𝟏−𝒙)𝑸]
m3/s

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Storage, S (m3/s.h)

From three different trial and error value of X, get the equation for each X

Value of x Equation
X= 0.35
X = 0.3
X = 0.25

Value of K is determine by using

𝟏 ∆𝒚 𝜟𝑺
= ; K=
𝑲 ∆𝒙 𝜟[𝒙𝑰+(𝟏−𝒙)𝑸]

X y
Point 1 400 35.143
Point 2 200 20.163
K=?
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

Example 2: Muskingum Method of Routing

Route the following flood hydrograph through a river reach for which K=12.0h and
x=0.20. At the start of the inflow flood, the outflow discharge is 10 m3/s

Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Inflow
10 20 50 60 55 45 35 27 20 15
(m3/s)

SOLUTION

Step 1 – Knowing K and x, select an appropriate value of Δt

– K = 12 h ; 2Kx = ……………. H
– Δt should be K>Δt>2Kx
– Δt = ………………..
– Select Δt = ………. h

Step 2 - Calculate C0, C1 and C2

– C0 =……………..
– C1 =……………..
– C2 =……………..

Step 3 - Starting from the initial conditions I1, Q1 and known I2 at the end of the first
time step Δt, calculate Q2 by Muskingum Routing Equation

– For the first time interval, 0-6 hr

I1 = 10.00 C1I1 = ………….

I2 = 20.00 C0I2 = ………….

Q = 10.00 C2I1 = ………….

𝑸𝟐 = 𝑪𝟎 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑸𝟐 = ………m3/s
 EAT 356: Water Resources Engineering
Sem 2, 2016/2017
Prepared by : Mahyun Ab Wahab
Topic : Flood Routing

Time I C0 I2 C1 I1 C2 Q1 Q (m3/s)
(hr) (m3/s)

0 10 10.00

6 20 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑪𝟎 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑸𝟐

12 50

18 60

24 55

30 45

36 35

42 27

48 20

54 15