PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Lingayen, Pangasinan

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of literature and studies that help the researcher in
conceptualization of the different sub- problems raised in the study.

This chapter focuses on the review of some related literature and studies that have been read
and found, or discovered which is significant related to different perspectives of students in new
learning modality (online and modular class) from their experiences. With these, it can help the
researchers to scrutinize and underlying theories and findings that relate to the study of a student in
New Learning.

Related Literature
The researchers browsed through the internet to look for websites for related literature in
order to support this study. In this literature, the researchers defined new learning modality (online
and modular class) and included some investigations already conducted. Since the perceptions of the
participants would be derived from their experiences prior in the new learning modality (online and
modular class).

Modular Learning

In existing discussions about teaching and learning, the curriculum receives little
attention. Learning in higher inculcation, however indicates that in the sense of quality assurance
processes and benchmarking this could be vicissitude. There are several techniques that are being
used in teaching. Some of them are assignment process, process of exploration, method of lecture,
method of debate, programmed learning, method of mission, field trip, method of case study,
method of presentation, modularized instruction. Teaching through a module is a self-taking
package that manages a specific subject / unit. It could be used in any situation that is beneficial to
the learner and can be completed at the basic speed of the learner. Course’s modularization requires
the packaging of course material, either theory or practical, into shorter units that are technically
self-contained, which together, they cover the content that would be protected by a standard, longer
course already.
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According to Lawless (2019)
describes blended approach as a learning modality that combines online and modular learning where
there is an interaction between teachers and students using specific platform and offline learning
wherein students are given time to work on various performance tasks at their own pace. An
modular learning where students learn at their own pace. Its premise is learning in different times
and paces (Finol, 2020). This modality is based on constructivism theory where students are
actively constructing their own knowledge through their own experiences (Elliott, 2000, p. 256).

According to Rodeiro & Nadas (2011), The proponents of modular schemes claim that their
benefits are in terms of curriculum versatility (number and timing of modular examinations), short-
term evaluation targets, daily input, re-sit opportunities and increasing encouragement among
students. The modular assessment is criticized for fragmenting learning, students joining
assessments

unprepared, over-teaching for the exam, and assessment overload. Furthermore, people are claiming
that The General Certificate of Secondary Education’s (GCSE) are becoming less and less
demanding due to their being less difficult, which has caused a decline in confidence in the
qualification as a whole.

According to Alelaimat (2012), The most commonly used small teaching unit (modules) that
is a small teaching unit that adopts the principle of self-education strategy and individualization.
Also, the unit involves unique objectives. And activates as it is done in a logical sequence to allow
the learner to achieve the goals and improve the mastery. As it is done in a logical sequence and sets
a limit of adeptness which is reached according to the speed of the self-learner so she/he can learn
quickest.

According to Joyce (2020), Modular schooling cuts the time it takes to learn and thereby
allows for bigger immediate improvements in ability and value. Working professionals can learn
new skills in shorter periods of time, even as they work, which pays off in additional skill and
credentialing at the same time, rather than only at the end. It enables you to tailor your education to
the unique needs of your job prospects. You can supplement your education with a specific
certificate or portion of a degree to better prepare yourself for data science jobs, and more easily
combine humanities skills with technology skills, communication skills with coding skills, analytical
skills with design skills, etc.
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Boise State University states that A
Modular Learning Environment is a unit, chapter, subject, or section of instruction. It is a standard
unit within your course that is structured to encourage student progress. The length of a week is
dependent on the lesson content and the teaching style. An online teaching and learning environment
with a facilitated framework are essential for the presentation and implementation of the online
learning process. When students are familiar with the class structure, they spend less time trying to
guess what is planned, and more time actually concentrating on the class material. The most
significant thing is that it facilitates better assessment and more oriented revision and enhancement.
It is simpler and more cost-effective to change a module than to revise a course or one big module.
Once a week, teachers hand the written modules over to the parents or guardians of students. These
involve numerous events, debates, and performance assignments that the students have to undertake
on their own.

According to Bagood (2020), the transition of education delivery to modular distance

learning has wrought difficulties for the quality of education, on the part of school staff. The DepEd
is actively trying to find new ways to address current issues and capacitate its teachers and school
heads for the IT-based distance learning. Instructors along with Program Supervisors prepared
modules beginning in May 2020 in all subjects for all grade/year level across four quarters in
accordance to the "Essential Learning Competencies". These self-learning modules are typically pre-
tested, discussed and assessed, thus making them learning packages. The module listings are
distributed to all learners with the class schedule. The course will train students on what topics to
study and reinforce with them for the upcoming week.

According to Magsambol (2020), Modular learning is the "backbone" on which the DepEd
uses distance education. To help learning online, such as via the internet or text-based content, we
should create another set of modules. The reason the school has been delayed is presumably because
they had a new printer that needed to be shipped. Having problems with the modules which are due
to be used, this can be a common situation days before the opening of the schools.
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According to Magsambol (2020),

Under the DepEd's robust, integrated learning system, students would have access to self-directed
learning materials (SLMs). Teachers will provide students with a syllabus in every quarter. Students
will be having 4 sets of textbooks and lab manuals in one year. The vocational certificates will be
issued to parents before classes begin. In Barangays where there is no school, there will be
designated drop-off points for school supplies. We intend to distribute the program four times during
the school year. Completed assignment sheets will be issued by parents to teachers. They can send
their homework to the teachers in school or at pick-up points in specified locations. Students'
progress on the summative and evaluation tasks will be observed. The Department of Education
confirmed the schools won't be conducting periodical exams this year, causing "distance cheating."

"Education cannot be postponed, Secretary Briones says." To address the needs of millions of
students, the government adopted an educational distance learning strategy. Distance learning, also
known as correspondence training or self-study, is a mode of education where little or no face-to-
face contact exists between students and their teachers. This form is divided into three sections. That
is the one of the more convenient student resources for most of the average Filipino students. It was
the most common system of study between parents/guardians and was the most preferred form of
study (LESF) (Chin, 2020).

According to Malaya (2020), Asynchronous e-learning features individualized instruction

which allows learners to use self-learning modules (SLMs) in written, digital or electronic copy
whichever is applicable to the learner. Learners with Modular Distance Learning can also use other
tools such as textbooks, activity sheets, study guides, etc. Many teachers would have to deliver
instructional materials that are relevant. Students can now access these materials from their home
computer, tablet PC, or smartphone.
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Lingayen, Pangasinan
Perception of online vs. modular
class

The new learning (an online and modular) mode is also gaining and developing currency in
higher education, while its effects on students’ and instructors’ experiences are yet to be fully
explored.

Learning is in the form of individualized instruction that allows learners to use self-learning
modules (SLMs) in print or digital format/electronic copy, whichever is applicable in the context of
the learner and other learning resources like Learner’s Materials, textbooks, activity sheets, study
guides and other study materials. The teacher takes the responsibility of monitoring the progress of
the learners. The learners may ask assistance from the teacher via email, telephone, text
message/instant messaging, etc.

Problems Encountered by Students experiencing this New Learning Modality

Online Learning

Students had problems during the exam with Internet connection and other technical problems
and especially those problems arising from the use of the “Save without submit” function. It is
thought that the type of Internet browser and Internet connection that the students were using might
create problems when using “Save without submit” function. Therefore, an Internet infrastructure
that can provide seamless connectivity when using the online test module is seen as very necessary
for students in terms of a trouble-free examination period.

Modular Learning

The great number of activities in each module is one of the main problems that emerged in the
implementation of Modular Distance Learning. One of the concerns of the students is that they do
not have enough time to answer all the modules within a week and the main challenges that emerged
were lack of school funding in the production and delivery of modules; students struggle with self-
studying, and parents' lack of knowledge to academically guide their child/children.
 PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Lingayen, Pangasinan

According to Ethel et al. (2020),

Professors used mostly the free platforms such as; Google Classroom, Zoom, Messenger, Google
meet, We Chat, Schoology, Moodle and Edmodo. Professors and Students could easily adapt to
these changes to alter the 21st century learning skills. However, despite having the platforms, there
are concerns or problems raised by this study. The major problem in E-learning is the lack of
knowledge of professors and students in using the platforms. The study recommends that the Higher
Education Institutions conduct a training and workshops for the students and professors in various
platforms that could achieve the individuals’ academic needs and to be prepared in terms of crisis
like the COVID-19 pandemic. The other problem is the lack of resources that could lead to an
ineffective E-learning. It is suggested that lessons and examinations are aligned with what the
students learned. Concisely, HEI have made the intervention successful, but with the great help and
understanding of the administrations, deans, heads, and faculty members, this situation could still be
improved.

According to Malik, S.K. (2012), Modular teaching approach is an expansion and advanced
shape of programmed instruction/learning. The trend of using modules as teaching- learning
approach is getting to be very popular in later times. In this approach the instructor uses teaching
modules arranged for particular purposes instep of traditional reading material. Module as a unit of
instructing activity and learning communicated as an approximate number of hours of study. The
module will be self-contained in spite of the fact that certain combinations of modules may represent
a progression through the educational programs. This change is due to the reason that in almost last
decade learning speculations have moved from a stimulus-response point to information processing.
It helps students in understanding complex and difficult concepts. In educational setting, in present
the shift has moved from conventional instructing approach to measured teaching approach.

According to Sadiq, S. (2014), In teaching there are numerous strategies which are being
utilized. A few of them are assignment strategy, discovery strategy, lecture strategy, dialog strategy,
programmed learning, project method, field trip, case study strategy, demonstration strategy,
modularized instruction. Modular teaching is a new approach in classroom settings, for encounter
taking in experiences in instruction moreover it has been getting much consideration. The
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framework of taking in modules has
turned into a bit of all level of instructions. Teaching through module may be a self - taking in
bundle overseeing one specific topic/ unit. It may be utilized within any setting accommodating to
the learner and may be finished at the learner's own specific pace. Sufficient hypotheses assist more
practices are available for the valuable demand of separated teaching in our classrooms. Thus, this
study was coordinated so as to check the adequacy of modular instructing.

According to Dejene & Chen (2020), modularization is based on the concept of separating
the content into smaller, non-sequential units so the material can be easily taught. A student's credits
are accrued in order to apply for a certain amount of credit points. Module is a unit of work that is
self-contained and a method of teaching that is focused on acquisition of skill sets and skills in
discrete units. A module is a course that can be combined with other similar courses to form a
specialization in the field. Each unit or module is a part of an extended learning experience that
leads to a specified certification and a prescribed number of units or modules is required.

According to Mazkeraj & Witte (2019), the modular education is a method that separates the
lessons into smaller pieces. Each module is designed to allow students to obtain a partial certificate.
The study evaluates the impact of modular education on reducing school dropouts, and whether it is
an effective solution. To inform on the education policy transition, this study exploits the
introduction of modular education in Belgium. With a difference-in-differences design, the findings
indicate that modular education can reduce drop out by 2.5 percent. The greatest effects on foreign-
born students were observed. Therefore, schools that are modular will prove to be a successful
policy for increasing enrollment and reducing ethnic disparity. With regard to job rates, students
who are enrolled in modular education are more likely to be working and to earn greater incomes
over time.

Online Learning

In the United States, a significant number of colleges and universities are converting
conventional face-to - face classes into entirely online, mixed, or web- facilitated courses. This is
partially because a growing and diverse student body wants to retain a competitive edge and make
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Lingayen, Pangasinan
classes more available. Online
learning provides the bonus of personalization, facilitating individualized attention and support
when it is needed most by students. In addition to the online sense, online learning encompasses a
wide range of computer-based learning tools and delivery mechanisms, genres, formats and media,
such as digital, instructional programming, simulations, games and the use of new media on fixed
and mobile tools across all disciplines.

Teacher’s interaction, peers, and goal orientation

The interactions between teachers and students have an effect on the learning environment.
Many studies have emphasized teacher engagement with students as a significant factor in
establishing a significant foundation and encouragement for the teaching and learning process, as
well as inspiring students' desire to take an active role in the learning environment by demonstrating
instructor assistance and creating a supportive classroom environment to promote student learning
(Haron & Said, 2014). If teachers make the learning environment a pleasant place for students to be,
they will be present and, more often than not, on task and performing well (Churchill et al., 2017).
Kathy Paterson (2015) has stated that relationship is the perfect bond that allows an educator and a
student to collaborate effectively. This relationship is built early in the year by the influential
teacher, who works to sustain it. Learners and educators appreciate each other and the class more
when good relationships have been established, and learners are more motivated to do well (Pianta,
2014). Students' self-correction and social skills increase as a result of positive interaction, and
behavior problems are minimized. According to Olalekan (2016), peer groups are thought to have a
significant impact on students. This can be seen in the role of the peer group in a child's life and
learning; evidence abounds that students feel more at ease and secure with their peers. A bright child
who is surrounded by dull peers would lose interest in learning. A study-oriented peer group, on the
other hand, will have a beneficial impact on a sluggish member and stimulate their interest in
learning. According to Katz and Olalekan (2016), the existence of a peer group determines its effect
on a member's motivation and achievements. He goes on to say that one group may have a negative
effect on its participants, while the other might have a positive impact.
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Related Studies

Related studies were browsed through the internet to look for websites that contain any
information regarding this study to further enhance the quality of the study. The relates study were
categorized according to the contents they support to the research questions.

Online and modular learning is the newest and most popular form of education today. Within the
past decade it has had a major impact on postsecondary education and the trend is only increasing.
Learning outcomes in the form of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values are the major measures of the
teaching and learning in the basic education. This part needs a clear statement that the assessments are
still in compliance with the DepEd’s standard indicating the required percentage in each of the
components including written work, performance task, and quarterly assessments. According to the
DepEd Order No. 8, (2015), classroom assessment is an integral part on the implementation of the
curriculum. It becomes the bases for measuring the performance and progression of the students. This
also acts as parameter for the necessary adjustments on the teaching strategies as set in the policy
guidelines.

Modular Learning

In accordance to Dejene (2019), teaching approach in modularization is too teacher focused that
made the students as passive learners. The time for block teaching is too short, thus had exposed them to
ample tests and quizzes within 6 weeks. The study discussed that instructors and students should clearly
recognize the underlying ideas, concepts, merits and demerits of the new approach. Therefore, the
application of active learning approach largely depends on the cognizance of the instructors and
students. In addition, instructors should be innovative and not scared to try out new teaching strategies in
attempt to improve their professional practice and enhance students’ learning.

According to Lim (2016), the use of Mathematic Modules in teaching Mathematics explicitly word
problem solving, is an efficient teaching approach. The results of this research demonstrated
effectiveness in the sense that things worked out for the subjects of study in mathematics without having
to cram as hard for the teacher as they usually do. Having used modules and basic terminology within
Math to better help drive home those concepts, respondents thought the sessions were very useful for
improving their personal learning study habits. Though the results of this study showed that learning
took place in both groups using the two methods of teaching, the subjects who were taught using the
modular approached performed substantially better than the subjects exposed to conventional lecture
method and it is concluded that modular approach is an applicable and successful teaching approach that
could be used in teaching mathematics subjects.

According to Abbasi et al. (2013), Studies have shown that any nurse should undergo continuing
education. They are strictly required to do so for the field of oncology. Depending on the role of the
instructor in the curriculum, there are usually two styles of teaching: Student- centered and Teacher-
centered. In a certain research, the impact of teacher-centered (lecture) teaching methods and student-
centered (module) instruction upon the experience and practice of oncology nurses in relation to safety
standards with cytotoxic drugs was studied. Both the module design and the lecture system (lecture
method) are useful in enhancing the awareness and practice of nurses in oncology wards. Furthermore,
given the benefits of student-centered instructional approaches, as well as the sensitivity in nursing
professions, and the work load of nurses, we propose the use of module.
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According to Ambayon (2020),

myth and folklore were long used in the promotion of literacy. This investigation aimed at validating a
myth and folklore curriculum and testing the effectiveness of the module at teaching the subject. This
was a reaction to weak teaching literature and the demands for appropriate instructional materials. The
results indicated that the developed module was well planned in terms of material, relevance and
mechanics. Also, the module was evaluated by the students as highly effective, useful and efficient.
Third-year undergraduate students in the School of Education were surveyed as participants for the
report. The students were put into experimental and control classes. The classes were graded according
to their grades in the previous semester. The control group didn't use the established module, whereas
the experimental group did. The tests were performed based on the different

exercises and the questions asked at the end of each subject. Based on the tests, the students in the
experimental group performed at a high level, while those in the control group showed changes in their
results. In related ways, the approach should be useful for studying mythology and folklore.

According to Naboya (2019), Supplemental instruction in Inorganic Chemistry is a relatively

recent creation, and is now being used as a method to complement classroom instruction. This learning
kit offers self-instructional modules that permit self-paced learning. Since a module is a single
instructional kit dealing with a single idea, it also offers a variety of type to the instructional process.
Modules differentiate between different learning styles, adapt to meet a range of differing learning
needs, and place the greatest burden on the learner. Modules also encourage constructive engagement by
the learner. The modular approach to education is based in the fact that learning is best when it requires
involvement in and control of the learning process.

According to Yazon (2016), Teaching and learning through the use of modular method has
been implemented in the United States by educators. In order to provide better comprehension, the
would-be writer monitors the writing subject as a course, which may provide better attention to the
relevant information. Each module of the system is intended for a specific type of person, as they should
respond frequently to each course of action at the pace of the learner.

According to Vergara (2017), The Alternative Learning System concentrate on the efficient use
of learning modules. These advanced elementary and secondary standardized tests were developed for
self-study. Furthermore, Alternative Learning Framework promotes the use of supplementary learning
resources such as those developed by the facilitator and those that match the student's needs. It is
important to contextualize learning because it teaches us how to think. The approved and validated
Alternative Learning System (ALS) will improve the academic output of learners and provide lifelong
learning skills to these learners.

Online learning

A research conducted by Ronnie et al. (2021), medical students in the Philippines are
encountering barriers in learning online alongside with the pandemic. Students are confronting the
following barriers: technological, which includes lack of devices, slow internet access and lack of
technical skills; individual, includes mental and physical health issues, and difficulty in adjusting;
domestic, which includes conflicts within the family, limited space not suitable for studying,
responsibilities at home, and lack of financial support from the family; institutional, includes poor
communication between learners and educators, lack of educators’ skills, immoderate cognitive load,
lack of organization and the policies and practices that ignores student welfare, and lastly; community,
this includes power interruptions, sociopolitical concerns and mobility restrictions. These barriers may
not just affect the education and practices of the future physicians but, on the wider view, may disrupt
the healthcare services of the nation. Implementing a student-centered interventions is suggested as a
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solution to these problems. Educators
and medical schools have great
contributions in fulfilling the challenges stated in the study.