5.

Secularization Controversy

● Due to lack of secular priests, Pope Pius V issued in 1567, upon the request of King
Philip 1, the Exponi Nobis which allowed the regular clergy (those belonging to monastic
orders),to serve as parish priests without diocesan authorization and be exempted from
bishop's authority.
● However, the appointment of regular clergy to Philippine parishes brought about
dissension among members of the church. (maraming oposisyon)
● The regular orders resisted diocesan visitation on the ground that this would place them
under the two superiors, the head of their religious order and the bishop as well.
● This caused the expulsion of the priest who refused the visitation of parishes by
representatives of the bishop.
● The parishes vacated by the Jesuits (expelled in the country in 1768) were given to the
native seculars. (napunta sa mga FIlipino seculars yung binakante ng mga Jesuits na na
expelled noong 1768)
● The return of the Jesuits in 1859 as well as the policy of desecularization directly
affected the native seculars.
● The secularization controversy transformed into a Filipinization issue since the secular
priests were mostly Filipinos. The efforts to secularize the parishes in a way heightened
the nationalist feelings of the people.
● Some of the strong proponents of the secularization movement of parishes were
Archbishop Gregorio Meliton and Fr. Jose Burgos (both from the archdiocese of Manila).
● In December 1870, Archbishop Martinez wrote to the Spanish Regent advocating
secularization and mentioned that discrimination against Filipino priests would
encourage anti spanish sentiments.

6. Cavite Mutiny of 1872

● When Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Governor d la Torre in 1871, he promptly discarded

the liberal measures. The privileges of the arsenal workers and engineer corps regarding
exemption from the tribute and forced labor were also abolished.
● As an expression of protest, on the night of January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers
and dock workers in the province of Cavite Mutiny and killed their Spanish officers under
the leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid (La Madrid). The rebellion were suppressed
quickly. Two days after the mutiny La Madrid was executed together with 41 mutineers
at Bagumbayan.
cont
● The mutiny became an opportunity for the Spanish officials to implicate the liberal critics
of the government. The governor asserted that a secret faction existed in Manila to
overthrow Spanish rule.(sinamantala nila noon kaya ininpicate na lahat ng faction to
overthrow spanish rule)
● Accused of alleged conspiracy in the rebellion were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgors and Jacinto Zamora. They were sentenced to death by garotte on February 17,
1872
 ● Some were thrown into jail while the rest were exiled to the Marianas Islands on March
14, 1872.
● Among those who left on board the Flores de Maria were Father Jose Maria Guevarra,
Fr. Pedro Dandan, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma.Regidor, Maximo Paterno,
Jose Maria Basa Balbino Mauricio and Pio Maria Basa. (other propagandist)

Cavite Mutiny (Continuation..)

● The Spaniards succeeded in uniting the Filipinos in a common spirit to oppose colonial
authority. Between 1872 and 1892, national consciousness was growing among Filipinos
who had settled in Europe.
● The Execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism.
● The concept of nationhood coincided with the development of the concept of Filipinos.
● Before, Flipinos would only refer to the espanoles insulares. Later, it included the
mestizos de sangley and the native elite who had Hispanized themselves.(nagsama
sama na lahat)

Unit VI- Filipino Nationalism

4. The Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan

The Propaganda Movement

● After the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA, conditions in the country went from bad to worse.
The Spanish officials oppressed the Filipinos even more.
● So many Filipinos took refuge in Europe and initiated in Spain a crusade for reforms in
the Philippines.
● The emergence of more Filipino ilustrados gave birth to the unified nationalist
movement.
● This peaceful campaign was known in our History as the Propaganda Movement.
● It began in 1872 (after the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA) and ended in 1892(after the
exile of Rizal in Dapitan). (from 1892-1896 4years 13 days of exile of Rizal from dapitan)

The Aims of Propaganda Movement

● The Propagandists called for a peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition of the
Philippines from being the colony to a province of Spain.
● Propagandists believed that it would be better if the Filipinos Would become Spanish
citizens, since they would be enjoying the same rights and privileges (same laws be
applied to Filipinos equally).
● Its adherents did not seek independence from Spain but reforms. (adherents =
propagandist)
The Reforms desired by the Movement are as follows:

1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws

2. Restoration of the Philippine representations in the Spanish Cortes
3. Secularization of Philippine parishes (secularization transform into filipinization)
4. The expulsion of the friars
5.human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to
meet and petition for redress of grievances
6. Abolition of polo and bandala
7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos & Spaniard to enter government service
8. Creation of a public school system independent of friars