INTRO: ■ Membranes of adjacent cells

● A multicellular organism is made up of are fused forming continuous

millions of cells belts around cells
● Millions of cells of different kinds ■ Prevent leakage of
● Different structures = different functions extracellular fluid across a
● E- Red blood cells layer of epithelial cells
● D- muscle cells ○ Desmosomes- with an intermediate
● A- neurons filaments of keratin extended to the
● B- cartilage cytoplasm of the two adjacent cells
● C- bone ■ Connects the cells into
● F- WBC extracellular matrix-
● G- adipose tissue hemidesmosomes
● Animal cell types can be grouped into ■ Fasten cells together into
different categories strong sheets, much like
rivets
Epithelial tissue ■ Reinforced by intermediate
- Covers the outside of the body and lines filaments of keratin-- anchors
organs and cavities within the body into the cytoplasm allowing
- They have to separate two environment for
that's why ■ Hyper--adhesive state allows
- Compact (nuclei); occurs in sheets and resistance to mechanical
tightly packed cells stress
- Little intercellular substance (nuclei) ○ Gap junctions- create channel
- Polarized; meaning there is between cells
- Apical surface ■ Provides cytoplasmic
- Basal surface channels between adjacent
- Basal lamina cells
● Apical or free surface- is exposed to air or ■ Salt ions, sugar, amino acids,
fluid; structures on free surfaces: microvilli, and other small molecules
cilia flagella can pass through the
○ Exposed to the lumen side channels
○ Exposed to the environment
○ Structures for redistributions of any
secretions or might help in trapping Cells joined together in epithelial tissues have
substances that might be floating in different shape
the region ● Squamous- flat like tiles --
● Basal surface- where cells at the base of ● Cuboidal- like dice--
the barrier are attached ● Columnar- like bricks on end --
○ Also called basal lamina and
basement membrane Types according to layering
○ Attached to another type of tissue 1. Simple epithelium- made up of a single
Cells are closely joined layer of cells-- C, D, F
● Animals have 3 main types of intercellular 2. Stratified epithelium- made up of many cell
links layers --- B & E
○ Tight junctions- apical part 3. Pseudostratified epithelium- made up of a
■ Looks like a stitching of two single layer of cells but appears stratified---
cells together A; tapered basal ends, gives the
 appearance of multilayered, nucleus not in - One layer of columnar cells found on highly
the same layer absorptive surfaces
Layering + shape - Like cuboidal epithelium but cells are taller
A- pseudostratified ciliated columnar because in the - Found on highly absorptive surfaces such
apical surface there is cilia on top as intestinal tract and female reproductive
B- stratified squamous tract
C- simple cuboidal - In some organs, cells may be ciliated
D- simple squamous Stratified columnar epithelium
E- stratified columnar - Consists of at least two layers of cells
F- single columnar - Found along some areas of the anorectal
● Different organizations connected to region and salivary duct
functions - Two layer rings of nucleus

Simple squamous
- Form a continuous delicate lining of blood
capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces
- Permits the passive diffusion of gases and
tissue fluids into and out of cavities
- Structure for more permissive Connective Tissue
- Diffusion will be more difficulties and
slower if columnar Muscular Tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium
- Consists of 2 to many layer of cells Nervous Tissue
- The tissue have this structure for:
- If ever the upper part exposed to external
environment, topmost layer could slogged
off and basal cells undergo continuous
mitotic divisions for more cells on the upper
part
- Adapted to withstand mild mechanical
abrasion
- Basal layer of cells undergo continuous
mitotic divisions
- Lines the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal,
vagina of mammals, skin
Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Short, boxlike cells
- Usually lines small ducts and tubules
- May have active secretory and absorptive
functions
- Cuboidal cells and columnar are related to
some secretory and absorptive functions
might be because of the presence of
abundant cytoplasm in this type of cell
compared to squamous allowing for much
more intracellular activities
Simple columnar epithelial