CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature, review of related studies,
theoretical framework, conceptual framework, operational definition of variables
and other terms, and statement of hypothesis related to the study habits of “Grade-
10 students in a private school in Zamboanga city.

Related Literature
Azikiwe (1998) describes the study habit as “the adopted way and manner a
student plans his private readings, after classroom learning so as to attain mastery
of the subject”. According to her, “good study habits are good assets to learners
because the (habits) assist students to attain mastery in areas of specialization and
consequent excellent performance, while opposite constitute constraints to learning
and achievement leading to failure”. Good (1998) define the term study habits as:
The student’s way of study whether systematic, efficient or inefficient etc.” Going
by this definition it literally means that good study habit produces positive
academic performance while inefficient study habit leads to academic failure. In
Nigeria, there are so many factors influencing the ability of students to cultivate
effective and efficient study habit. Ozmert (2005) emphasized the importance of
environmental influence as a major factor in the development of students studying
habit. In the same vein, Adetunji and Oladeji (2007) submit that the environment
of most children is not conducive for studying; it is in the light of this that made
some parents to prefer their children to go to boarding school for proper discipline
and to inculcate better reading habit. According to Hussain (2006) secondary
school students in publicschools often come from economically poor and average
income families. These families face various problems causing emotional
disturbance among their children. They have poor academic performance. This
singular factor has caused serious damage to the achievement status to secondary
school students. Achievement is generally a pedagogical terminology used while
determining learners’success in formal education and which is measured through
reports examinations, researches, and ratings with numerous factors of variables
exerting influence. Essentially, the National Policy on education (Federal Republic
of Nigeria, 2004) has identified school achievement contents according to school
subjects which are classified as core or elective subjects. Good study habits are
essential ingredients for excellent academic performances for every student. For
study to be effective, Freeman and Mors (1993) have observed that it should be
regular, intense and should cover long periods. The habits of studying must be a
sustainable one, for that matter students must see the need to develop good study
habits.

Related studies

According to Issa et al. (2012), recommended that everyday reading

activities in which students engage influence their studying skills and
subsequent academic performance. There is a general sense in which one
appreciates the link between good habits of reading and the academic performance
of students generally.
According to Singh (2011), examined academic achievement and study habits
of higher secondary students. The study was conducted on hundred higher
secondary school students, randomly selected from higher secondary schools.
The results indicate that girls and boys differ significantly in their study habits and
academic achievement.
According to Bhan and Gupta (2010), conducted a study for academic
achievement and study habit among the students belonging to scheduled caste and
non-scheduled caste group. The result revealed that sex has no significant impact
on academic achievement and study habit of students
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored to the following theories and findings:
Study habits ‘’ Habits through studying.’’ It improves our critical thinking and
mental health through studying. It also develops our self-esteem, confidence, and
competence. Having done it regular make things easier for children to acquire good
grades, improves self-discipline and makes your understanding to your
surrounding grows wider.

According to Saad S Alzahrani et al. (2018), study found that study habits differ
by gender and have significant impact on performance outcomes of learners.
Given that students' academic success is an important outcome for medical
schools, these findings call for implementing these results to enhance curricular
changes and promote better learning outcomes.

Parental Educational Attainment and Student Academic Achievement

Dornbusch, Ritter, Leiderman, Roberts, and Fraleigh (1987) purport that parental
education level affects parenting style which, in turn, affects children's academic
success. Dombrusch et al. added that families with higher educational levels are
likely to be more permissive and less strict in parenting. According to Mullis and
Jenkins (1990) and White (1982), parental education shows a strong correlation
to students' academic achievement. Melby and Conger (1996) found that a
mother's and father's educational attainment link positively to parenting and
adolescents' academic performance. Stevenson and Baker (1987) reported that
well-educated mothers who have a predisposition to information about school are
more likely than less educated mothers to discuss their child's school
performance. The same study showed that well-educated mothers' expectation
levels are higher, and they have more demands of academic achievement for
their children.
Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

 Gender
Factors which influences the
 Educational attainment study habits of Grade 10
of the parents students

Figure 1: The conceptual Framework

This is a schematic design showing the relationship between the independent

and the dependent variable.

Operational Definitions of Variables and other terms

Independent Variable

The following are the independent variables:

1. Gender- Male and female will be asked as to what study habits they do.

2. Educational attainment of parents- Parents’ level of education have been

regarded as predictors of children’s achievement.
Dependent Variable

The following are dependent variable:

1. Factors which influences the study habits of Grade 10 students.

Statement of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in study habits of grade 10 students when
data are grouped according to:
a. Gender
b. Education alignment of parents
Alternative Hypothesis
There is a significant difference in study habits of grade 10 students when
data are grouped according to:
a) Gender
b) Education alignment of parents