Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Practical Research II
Module 2:
Identifying and Stating the
Problem
1
LU_Practical Research II_Module2
AIRs – LM
Pre-test
Directions: Carefully read each statement below. Choose the one alternative that
best completes the statement or answers the question. Write your answer in your
logbook which will be collected.
4. Which of the following should you consider when writing the significance of
the study?
A. Write from specific to general.
B. Refer to the statement of the problem.
C. Start with the general contribution to the individuals which may
include yourself as a researcher then to its importance to society as
a whole.
D. All of the above
3
LU_Practical Research II_Module2
6. What kind of ideas can’t be empirically researched?
A. Description of educational practices
B. Factors helpful in predicting future drug use
C. Effectiveness of different methods of instruction
D. Issues of values and morality such as the correctness of having
prayer in schools
Jumpstart
Read the following paragraphs to help you meet headway the challenges of
identifying research problem/s.
Finding a topic to research on is quite difficult for students like you. Although
there are no particular rules in identifying a topic for research, the following
suggestions can help.
Interest in the Subject Matter
Search for a problem in your everyday life. You might see them in your
personal life. Look around you! Problems suitable for research exist everywhere (in
your community, farm, school, city, body of water, environment, at home, etc.).
Make a habit of asking yourself questions about what you see and hear. Why does
such- and-such happen? Think about what interests you.
Availability of information
Read or search more about your field of interest because reading also gives
you a theoretical base for your study. So, look through professional journals and
magazines, textbooks, and thesis/dissertations to find out more about these topics.
This will give you a clear idea about what is already known in your area of interest -
- and what is still unknown.
Timeliness and relevance of the topic
The topic of your choice should be significant, important, and relevant to the
present time and situation and or current interest. It is original, vital, and practical
for use of the public.
It must contribute to the national goals and development for the improvement of the
quality of human life and it must contribute to the fund of human knowledge.
Limitation on the subject
It can be completed within a reasonable time. The equipment and
instruments for the research are available and can give reliable results. The results
are implementable/doable or repeatable.
Personal resources
It must be within the competence of the researcher to tackle.
It must be within the capability of the researcher to finance.
Directions: Write down ideas that spark a possible research topic. Think about the
needs of the school, the community or barangay, town, province, or the country.
Having this in mind, you are now about to begin with your research project-that is,
identifying a problem/study for development.
Task 2 Select 2 or 3 of those topics after thinking about the following factors:
Factors What kind of research do you want to do?
What are the goals of your research?
Are you motivated by this?
What do you want to investigate? Define it clearly.
Do you want to make a work that is theoretically relevant or are
you more interested in practical problems?
Is there enough information available?
What is already done about the theme? Can you build further on
research that is already done?
Is the research/investigation in the area you think of realistic?
What do you think/hope to find?
Can you find a supervisor to guide a thesis with this theme?
Selection 1.
2.
3.
Discover
SHS Mathematics Low grades of SHS To improve the Can peer tutoring
students in General grades of SHS improve the grades
Mathematics students in General of SHS students in
Mathematics General
Mathematics?
SEEKING A PROBLEM
Research/Project Title
Introduces the project to the reader
Identifies the program and the project components
Must reflect the main purpose of the project and gives the reader the idea of
what the researcher proposes to do
The goal in making the title is to describe the coverage of the research and
delineates the scope
List the most important factors to be studied as well as
methodology/treatments to be used
Categorize the words that can be grouped (e.g., height and weight can be
grouped as growth, flowers, and fruits as development)
Compose the words to form a clear, eye-catching title
Include the site of implementation
Review for grammar and improve some of the words without changing their
meaning/message
Include in the title the common and scientific names
Avoid using unnecessary words (effect, evaluation, study, experiment, trials,
observations, results, test, factors, analysis, etc.)
This is the description that leads the reader to understand the research questions
and appreciate why they are asked.
In writing this section,
Introduce and briefly define the variables under study
Cite the most important study or related literature
Be consistent with terms used
nsure that paragraphs summarize unresolved issues, conflicting findings,
social concerns, or educational, national, or international issues.
rite the last paragraph to highlight the research gap
INTRODUCTION = Rationale
Introductory paragraphs
Primary goal: catch the attention of the readers and to get them "turned on"
about the subject.
It sets the stage for the paper and puts your topic in perspective.
The introduction often contains dramatic and general statements about the
need for the study. It uses dramatic illustrations or quotes to set the tone.
When writing the introduction, put yourself in your reader's position - would
you continue reading?
THE RATIONALE
State the problem clearly – discuss the problem by giving information on what exactly
is the problem, how long it has been a problem, the situation encountered, and its
negative consequences if not acted upon.
Previous works or reviews relevant to the problem may be cited
State the current need of the country the proposal intends to address.
The proposal should justify research expenditure in terms of the potential
benefits to be derived.
This section contains the purpose statements and the research question(s).
Phrase questions with the data to be collected in mind. Answer the questions
and rephrase the question if your intended answer does not match the query.
Example:
“This study (or research) aims to…(make congruent with title).”
“Specifically, this research (or study) seeks to answer the following questions:”
States the audience who will benefit from a study of the problem and explains
how the results will be significant to them.
For each beneficiary group, specifically describe how they will benefit from
the findings.
Scope
The scope of the study refers to the parameters under which the study will
be operating. The problem you seek to resolve will fit within certain parameters.
Think of the scope as the domain of your research – what is in the domain, and
what is not. You need to make it as clear as possible what you will be studying
and what factors are within the accepted range of your study. For example, if you
are studying the ill effects of bullying on Senior High school learners, the scope
could include both face- to-face bullying and cyber-bullying in grades 11 and 12.
Every study, no matter how well conducted and crafted, has limitations.
These are aspects of your research study that as a researcher you do not have
control. They limit the extent to which your study can go and may affect the result
and conclusion. Future research may cast doubt on the validity of your conclusion.
Your study might have access to specific people in a community, certain documents,
and certain data. There are limitations that subsequent studies may overcome.
In writing this section,
• cite data collection
• identify school involved, number of classes, their grade/year level, number of
participants or respondents, and topics of lessons covered (if applicable).
• state inadequate measures of variables, loss or lack of participants, small
sample sizes, measurement errors, and other factors typically related to data
collection and analysis.
Explore
Enrichment Activity 1: Quest for Question: Choosing the right topic and creating
a title
What you need: Logbook, references
The Task:
Work cooperatively with the research team to determine a topic of interest for
the group’s quantitative research. Then, frame at least three research questions. All
research questions must reflect the topic of interest and relevant to the team’s senior
high school strand.
The Product:
COMPETENT/
CRITERIA DISTINGUISHED NOVICE
PROFICIENT
ONE OR TWO OF NONE OF THE
ALL THREE
THE THREE research THREE research
research questions
questions presented questions presented
Quality of presented innovative
innovative and innovative and
Research and feasible ideas
feasible ideas aligned feasible ideas aligned
Questions aligned to the
to the concept of to the concept of
concept of practical
practical quantitative practical quantitative
quantitative
research. (8 pts) research. (5 pts)
research. (10 pts)
The team was able to
The team was able to The team was able to
determine on their
Critical determine on their determine on their
own SOME of the
consideration own ALL the major own NONE the
major challenges in
of research challenges in their major challenges in
their proposed
challenges proposed research their proposed
research questions. (3
questions. (5 pts) research questions.
pts)
(1 pt)
Graphic Organizer is
Graphic Organizer is No more than three
attractive, uniform
attractive, uniform or four graphic
and well designed.
and well designed. improvements are
The organizer has
Design No more than one or needed. Consultation
balance and uses up
two graphic with teacher could
all space available.
improvements are have been useful.
The fonts used are
needed. (3 pts) (1 pt)
easy to read. (5 pts)
Sequence of
Sequence of Sequence of
information is
information is information is logical
somewhat
logical, well ordered, and easy to follow.
disorganized. The
Organization and interesting.
sequence of the
The sequence of the The sequence of the
graphic organizer is
graphic organizer graphic organizer
hard to follow at
makes sense (5 pts) makes sense. (3 pts)
times. (1 pt)
Acceptable and Incorrect and/or
Scientific Precise and/or rich
effective language ineffective
language language (5 pts)
(3 pts) language (1 pt)
Directions: Formulate a suitable and COMPLETE title of the study based on the
conceptual framework below. Write your answer in your logbook.
A study conducted to Senior High School learners in Naguilian District for the SY
2019- 2020
Your answer:
Enrichment Activity 2: Selecting a good research problem and research questions
Directions: The following plan of eight steps will help you to formulate relevant,
clear, and realistic research problem and research questions. Note: All outputs
should be written in your logbook.
5. Clearest
value 6. Kind 7. Audience 8. Reflection
of
questions
Formulate a research
problem and a set of
research questions
Step 1: Formulation
When you are in the process of formulating a research question, you will always
be torn between two extremes: What do I want to know What can I know?
Always begin with the more qualitative research question: what do I want to
know?
Write down here what you would want to know.
Step 7: Audience
Think about different kinds of people who will probably read your work. Who
might/will read your research aside from your teacher?
Step 8: Reflection
Think about the ‘story’ that you want to tell. Without careful reflection upon the
intended outcome of the research project you cannot specify the problem and
research arguments. In the initial phase of a project it is very useful to collect
‘stories’ from people who are directly involved while considering the theories
available. Talk to different people and write down some useful stories.
My research problem
My research questions
1. Existing problems in the classroom/ school/ campus/ university which one may
A. B.
want to solve are not so good sources or research problems.
C. D.
3. When selecting the topic, one should consider the desirability of data involved in
A. B.
the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them.
C. D.
4. The title must contain the following elements: the subject matter or research
A.
problem, the setting or locale of the study, the researchers involved in the study
B. C.
and the time or period when the study was conducted
D.
Task 1: Brainstorming
Read your research problem and research questions again and think about these
questions: What are my aims in this research project? Why do I want to carry out
this project? What am I trying to achieve? Write down all the things you think of.
Task 2: Identifying research objectives
Think in detail about these three important questions:
1. What is this research work for?
2. What am I supposed to do during my research work?
3. What am I supposed to achieve?
Have a clearly set-out statement of what you want to achieve in your research
work. It should be consistent with the research problem you have formulated.
Suggestion: Think of the different part of your research project: problem definition,
diagnosis, design, implementation, evaluation.
General objectives
Specific objectives
Task 5: Self- check
Check if the objectives are related to the research problem. If they are well related
to the research problem, edit your objectives to make sure you have stated them
in a clear, accurate and correct way. Write down your objectives.
Additional task: To make sure your research objectives are clear enough, you can
ask someone who doesn’t know a thing about your research topic, to read the aims
you have formulated. By this task you can verify the clearness of your formulation.
Deepen
Directions: Read the following paragraph. Applying your knowledge about scope
and limitations of a research study identify what is needed below. Write your
answers in your logbook.
General purpose:
Subject matter:
Population or universe:
Directions: Read carefully each statement below. Choose the one alternative that
best completes the statement or answers the question. Write your answers in your
logbook.
4. Which part of the research study wherein it answers the question “What
facets of the problem (phenomenon) are known and what need further
investigations” ?
A. Background of the study B. Definition of terms
C. Research paradigm D. Statement of the problem
5. Which part of the research study wherein you can state the antecedents of the
study, the reasons why this topic is proposed relative to previous studies?
A. Background of the study B. Definition of terms
C. Research paradigm D. Statement of the problem
6. It is the part of the research which refers to the short narrative on the
importance and validity of the problem.
A. Background of the study B. Scope and delimitation
C. Significance of the study D. Statement of the problem
7. It is the part of the research which tells what is done to make the situation
that exists more like what it should be.
A. Background of the study B. Scope and delimitation
C. Significance of the study D. Statement of the problem
8. This is a statement of a long-term objective expected to be achieved by the
study.
A. Purpose of the study B. Research Questions
C. Specific Objective D. Variables
10. It is the part of the research which discusses the parameters of the research.
A. Background of the study B. Scope and delimitation
B. Significance of the study D. Statement of the problem
11. The following are included in the Scope and limitation EXCEPT:
A. The venue or setting of the research.
B. The specific objectives of the research.
C. The time frame by which the study is conducted.
D. The topic of investigation and the variables included.
12. This part of research is where the researcher defines who will benefit out of
the findings of the study.
A. Background of the study B. Scope and delimitation
C. Significance of the study D. Statement of the problem
13. What is the difference between research questions and research objectives?
A. No difference, they are the same.
B. One of these is proposed by a supervisor.
C. The question is worded by the researcher; the objective is not.
D. The wording of one is likely to be more specific than the other.
15. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
A. Develops the skills of the researcher.
B. Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher.
C. Is dependent on the completion of other projects.
D. Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge.
Answer Key
References
Printed Materials:
Baraceros, Esther L. 2017. Practical Research 2 First Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Chin Uy, Ronaldo Cabauatan, Belinda de Castro, Jeanette Grajo. 2016. Practical Research 2.
Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.
Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, Melchor A. Calmorin. 2008. Research Methods and Thesis Writing.
Manila: Rex Book Store Inc.
Ruben E. Faltado III, Medaedo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano, Angeline M. Pogoy. 2016. Practical
Research 2 Quantitative Research for SHS. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Website:
Research Process. (n.d.) Research Methodology. Research-Methodolog.net. Retrieved July 22,
2020 from https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-process
Practical Research 2. Chua, Von Christopher. Retrieved July 22, 2020 from
https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-research-2.html
Problem Definition and Research Proposal. (n.d.) Research Methods. ZeePedia.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020
from https:// www.zeepedia.com/research_methods