Effects of Concentration on the Colligative Properties of Solutions

Activity 1: Fact or Bluff

1.
2. ☹
😊
3. ☹
4. ☹
5. 😊
😊
6.
7. 😊
8. ☹
9. 😊
10. ☹

Activity 2: 1 Pic, 4 Sentences

1. Boiling point of water increases when salt is added because salt dissociates into Na+
and Cl ions. The addition of these particles raises the boiling point because part of the
pressure the solution exerts on the atmosphere now comes from solute particles, not
just solvent (water) molecules. The phenomenon depends on the number of particles
formed in the solution.
2. Seawater has lower freezing point than pure water because of the presence of salt in
the seawater. Salt lowers the freezing point of water dissociating its components into
ions to work. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression.
3. Sample C has the lowest vapor pressure because it has higher solute concentration.
Lowering the vapor pressure is a colligative property of solution so it depends on the
concentration of solute molecules not on their nature.
4. If a limp carrot and celery are placed in a fresh water, the water moves into the carrot
and celery. This causes the carrot and celery to stiffen and return to its crispiness. The
movement of water from the surroundings to the carrots involved osmosis.
5. Rock salt are often placed in an icy road in order to prevent the increase of ice. As salt
lowers the freezing point of water, it also causes ice to melt. Thus, places with icy
road often do the process of de-icing using rock salt. This is a colligative property
called freezing point depression.

Activity 3: Who Wants to Be a Chemist?

Level 1:

1. Lowering of vapor pressure

2. Boiling point elevation

3. Freezing point depression

4. Osmotic pressure

Level 2:

Colligative properties of solution depend on the number of particles rather than the nature of
the solvent.

Level 3:

In order for a liquid to freeze it must achieve a very ordered state that results in the formation
of a crystal.

Level 4:

Lowering of vapor pressure is a colligative property because it only depends on number of

dissolved solute particles.

Level 5:

Compare the properties of 1.0 M aqueous sugar solution to a 0.5 M aqueous solution of NaCl.
Two solutions – one containing 1 mol of Despite the conc. of NaCl = 1⁄2 the conc. of sucrose
both solutions have precisely the same number of dissolved particles because each NaCl unit
creates two particles upon dissolution a Na+ and a Cl-. Both solutions have the same freezing
point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure because those colligative properties
of a solution only depend on the number of dissolved particles.

Reflection
1. I learned that colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the
concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute.
2. I enjoyed most on challenging my knowledge in every level in activity 3.
3. I want to learn more about the colligative properties in a deeper aspect.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTE

AND NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Activity 1: Vapor-pressure lowering

1. The sugar solution has a higher volume than the pure water.
2. A nonvolatile solute (sugar) added to the liquid (water) reduces the capacity of the
solvent molecules to move from the liquid phase to the vapor phase, thus the vapor
pressure lowers resulting a different volume than that of the pure water.
Documentation:
Activity 2: Boiling point elevation
1. The second egg, because the salt increases the boiling point of the water, thus cooks
the egg faster.
2. Yes, because the boiling point increased. The particles of the salt limits the water from
boiling making it boil at a higher temperature.
3. Yes, Sugar did not raise boiling point temperature as much as salt because sugar
molecules are 6 times larger than salt molecules and therefore there are many more
salt molecules in 1 tbsp than sugar molecules. This results in more salt water bonds
than sugar water bonds.

Documentation:
 Activity 3: Freezing point
depression
1. When added to ice, salt first dissolves in the film of liquid water that is always present
on the surface, thereby lowering its freezing point below the ice's temperature. Ice in
contact with salty water therefore melts, creating more liquid water, which dissolves
more salt, thereby causing more ice to melt, and so on.
2. The rate of detachment of the ice molecules is unaffected but the rate at which water
molecules attach to the ice surface is decreased.
3. The concentration of water molecules in the liquid (molecules per cubic centimeter)
affects the freezing point of the liquid.
Documentation:

Preparation of Materials
Combining and Mixing Ice cubes w/
Water
Reflection
1. I learned that the concentration of a solution affects the boiling point, freezing point
and vapor pressure of a substance.
2. I enjoyed most on the given experiments which helped me get the answers that I
needed.
3. I want to learn more on the other effects of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes in other
substances.

Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression

Activity 1: COLOR THERMOMETER

Activity 2: BOILING or FREEZING?

1. Both the boiling point and freezing point are increasing.

2. The temperature on concentration B is greater than concentration A.

3. The temperature on concentration A is greater than concentration B.

 4. The boiling temperature of the solutions are higher than that of a pure water
since the addition of a solute affects the boiling point and freezing point temperatures of the
solution.

5. Yes. Sodium chloride deviate more from the boiling and freezing temperatures
rather than sucrose and glycerol since sodium chloride produces two ions when
dissolved in water thus, increasing its mole concentration.

Activity 3: LET’S BOIL IT OUT!

1. At what temperature will a solution that is composed of 0.73 moles of glucose (
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6) in 650mL of water ( 𝐻2𝑂) begin to boil?
Given: 0.73 mol 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
650mL 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.65L 𝐻2𝑂
Unknown: Boiling point of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑖; b = 100℃ + ∆𝑡𝑏
0.73 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
Solution: a. m = 0.65𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 1.12

b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (1. 12 𝑚)(0. 52℃/𝑚)(1)= 0.58℃

c. b = 100℃ + 0.58℃ = 100.58℃
2. At what temperature will a sucrose solution boil if it contains 1.55 moles of sucrose in
600mL of water? 𝑘𝑏 of water is 0.51℃/m.
Given: 1.55 mol sucrose
650mL 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.60L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑏 of water is 0.51℃/m
Unknown: Boiling point of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑖; b = 100℃ + ∆𝑡𝑏
1.55 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒
Solution: a. m = 0.60𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 2.58
b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (2. 58 𝑚)(0. 51℃/𝑚)(1)= 1.32℃
c. b = 100℃ + 1.32℃ = 101.32℃
3. What is the boiling point elevation of a solution that contains 40.5g of glycerol
𝐶3𝐻5(𝑂𝐻)3 in 100g of water? 𝑘𝑏 of water is 0.51℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 40.5g 𝐶3𝐻5(𝑂𝐻)3 × 92 𝑔
= 0.44 mol 𝐶3𝐻5(𝑂𝐻)3
100g 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.1L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑏 of water is 0.51℃/m
Unknown: Boiling point elevation of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑖
 0.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑙
Solution: a. m = 0.1𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 4.4
b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (4. 4 𝑚)(0. 51℃/𝑚)(1)= 2.24℃
4. What is the boiling point of a solution that contains 12.5g biphenyl, 𝐶12𝐻10, in 100g
of bromobenzene? The normal boiling point of bromobenzene is 156℃, and 𝑘𝑏 for
bromobenzene is +6.26℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 12.5g 𝐶12𝐻10 × 154 𝑔
= 0.08 mol
100g bromobenzene = 0.1L bromobenzene
𝑘𝑏 for bromobenzene is +6.26℃/m.
Unknown: Boiling point of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑖; b = 156℃ + ∆𝑡𝑏
0.08 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶12𝐻10
Solution: a. m = 0.1𝐿 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒
= 0.8
b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (0. 8 𝑚)(6. 26℃/𝑚)(1)= 5.01℃
c. b = 156℃ + 5.01℃ = 161.01℃
5. A solution of 10g sodium chloride (NaCl) is added to 100g water ( 𝐻2𝑂) in an attempt
to elevate the boiling point. What is the boiling point of the solution? 𝑘𝑏 of water is
0.51℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 10g 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙× 58.44 𝑔
= 0.17 mol NaCl
100g 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.1L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑏 of water is 0.51℃/m
Unknown: Boiling point of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑖; b = 100℃ + ∆𝑡𝑏
0.17 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Solution: a. m = 0.1𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 1.7
b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (1. 7 𝑚)(0. 51℃/𝑚)(2)= 1.73℃
c. b = 100℃ + 1.73℃ = 101.73℃

Activity 4: FROZEN
1. What is the lowest freezing temperature for a saltwater solution? The solubility of
sodium chloride (NaCl) is 280g per 1000g of water at 0℃. 𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 280g 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙× 58.44 𝑔
= 4.79 mol NaCl
1000g 𝐻2𝑂 = 1L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m
Unknown: Lowest freezing temperature of the solution = ?
 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝑓𝑖; b = 0℃ − ∆𝑡𝑓
4.79 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Solution: a. m = 1𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 4.79
b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (4. 79 𝑚)(1. 86℃/𝑚)(2)= 17.82℃
c. b = 0℃ - 17.82℃ = -17.82℃
2. At what temperature will a solution freeze if 200g of calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2, is
dissolved in 850mL of water? 𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 200g 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 × 110.98 𝑔
= 1.80 mol 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
850mL 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.85L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m
Unknown: Freezing temperature of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝑓𝑖; b = 0℃ − ∆𝑡𝑓
1.80 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
Solution: a. m = 0.85𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 2.12

b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (2. 12 𝑚)(1. 86℃/𝑚)(3)= 11.83℃

c. b = 0℃ - 11.83℃ = -11.83℃
3. What is the freezing point of a solution that contains 64.3g of sucrose, 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6, in
200g of water? 𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 64.3g 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 × 180 𝑔
= 0.36 mol 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
200g 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.2L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m
Unknown: Freezing temperature of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝑓𝑖; b = 0℃ − ∆𝑡𝑓
0.36 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
Solution: a. m = 0.2𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 1.8

b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (1. 8 𝑚)(1. 86℃/𝑚)(1)= 3.35℃

c. b = 0℃ - 3.35℃ = -3.35℃
4. What is the freezing point of a solution that contains 610g of benzoic acid, 𝐻𝐶7𝐻5𝑂2,
in 125g of camphor? 𝑘𝑓 of camphor is 40℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 610g 𝐻𝐶7𝐻5𝑂2 × 122 𝑔
= 5 mol 𝐻𝐶7𝐻5𝑂2
125g camphor = 0.125L camphor
𝑘𝑓 of camphor is 40℃/m
Unknown: Freezing temperature of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝑓𝑖; b = 0℃ − ∆𝑡𝑓
 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶7𝐻5𝑂2
Solution: a. m = 0.125𝐿 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑟
= 40
b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (40 𝑚)(40℃/𝑚)(1)= 1600℃
c. b = 0℃ - 1600℃ = -1600℃
5. Determine the freezing point depression of 24g urea, 𝐶𝐻4𝑁2𝑂, dissolved in 200g of
water. 𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 24g 𝐶𝐻4𝑁2𝑂 × 46 𝑔
= 0.52 mol 𝐶𝐻4𝑁2𝑂
200g 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.2L 𝐻2𝑂
𝑘𝑓 of water is 1.86℃/m
Unknown: Freezing temperature of the solution = ?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Working Equations: m = 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
; ∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝑓𝑖
0.52 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4𝑁2𝑂
Solution: a. m = 0.2𝐿 𝐻2𝑂
= 2.6

b. ∆𝑡𝑏 = (2. 6 𝑚)(1. 86℃/𝑚)(1)= 4.84℃

Reflection
1. I learned that the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression can be
calculated through multiplying the molality of the solution, molal boiling or freezing
point elevation or depression constant of solvent, and the number of particles formed
when the that compound dissolves.
2. I enjoyed most on solving for the boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression temperatures since it enhances my analytical and mathematical skills. It
also helped me in inculcating the lesson in my mind.
3. I want to learn more on distinguishing easily the number of particles formed when
certain compound is dissolved.