Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines

Tagum-Mabini Campus

Agri 319- Slaughter of Animals and Animal Product Processing

Name: Jeric C. Biol Date: November 09, 2020
Section/Year: 3BSA PLANT PATH Rating: ______________
Instructor: Mayren D. Cruiz

Module 2: MUSCLE STRUCTURE, ITS GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT

Lesson 1: The Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Activity
• Put a checkmark inside the small box if you think the picture is a skeletal muscle and
X if otherwise.

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ X X

Analysis
• How many have you identified as skeletal muscle?
-In the above picture, I identified 7 skeletal muscle.
• What are your criteria in identifying skeletal muscle?
-In identifying skeletal muscle, I identified them according to their form, shape,
size, fiber direction, location, their fat and connective tissues.
• How many pictures have you marked X?
-There are 2 pictures I marked X, where I don’t identify them as skeletal muscle.
• If they are not an example of skeletal muscle, what are they then?
-The heart is a cardiac muscle; the intestine is a smooth muscle.
Application

Answer the following questions:

1. In correct order, arrange from smallest to largest unit of organization of the
muscle tissue.
-The arrangement of the unit of organization of muscle tissue from the smallest
to the largest will be in the order of
Filament,
Myofibril,
Muscle fiber, and
Fascicle
2. What gives the skeletal muscle tissue its striated appearance?
- Skeletal muscle fibers are striated due to sequences between the ends of muscle
fiber in which the myofilaments of actin and myosin are organized. Each
microfilament packet and its regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin is
called a sarcomere.
3. It is the smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle fiber and is a highly
organized arrangement of contractile, regulatory, and structural proteins.
- A sarcomere
4. Enumerate the three connective tissues surrounding the muscle tissue.
-Skeletal muscles contain connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. There
are three layers of connective tissue:
Epimysium -connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue.
Perimysium -connective tissue around a bundle of fibers
Endomysium -connective tissue that covers each single muscle fiber
5. It is the primary local reserve of energy for muscle cells.
-Glycogen granules, which represents the primary local reserve of energy for
muscle cells, in addition to lipid droplets.
 Lesson 2: Myogenesis
Activity
Watch the video using this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAOWQC-OBv0

Analysis
• What is the video all about?
-The video talks about the process from which the embryo is formed and
develops into a fetus called embryogenesis. It discussed about how the cell
divide, reorganize and form layers of tissue that will eventually develop into
specific organs.
• List down the sequence of early events in animal development.
-Fertilization Stage- the fusion of a single haploid sperm with a single haploid
egg to form a zygote.
-Cleavage and Blastula Stage- the egg begins a series of rapid cell divisions
called cleavage. During cleavage, the cells divide without increasing size
(without growing), forming cells called blastomeres.
-Gastrulation Stage- a process in which the cells in the blastula rearrange
themselves to form a gastrula that leads to the formation of three layers of cells.
-Organogenesis Stage- the process wherein the three germ layers give rise to
the different organs in the animal body.
• How is this video related to our topic on myogenesis?
-As we were going to learn myogenesis, the fetal development stages from the
time of fertilization to organogenesis, which relate to the video that talks about
the process of the development of embryo.

Application
GAP-FILL EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in all the gaps with terms that best describe the events during myogenesis.

The fusion of myoblasts [1] into multi-nucleated fibers (myotubes) will lead to the
formation of muscle fibers. During early embryonic development, enough fibroblast growth
factor (FGF) [2] will allow the myoblasts to proliferate. This is followed by the myoblasts'
alignment into the myotubes [3] and mediated by the cell membrane glycoproteins, including
several cadherins and CAMs. Next is the actual cell fusion of myoblast when there is the
presence of calcium [4] ions. [5] Myocyte enhance factors (MEFs) and serum response factor
plays a vital role in striated alpha-actin [6] gene expression. Myoblasts that do not form
muscle fibers dedifferentiate back into satellite (myosatellite) [7] cells. These cells remain
adjacent to a muscle fiber between the endomysium [8] (the connective tissue that divides the
muscle fascicles [9] into individual fibers and sarcolemma. In undamaged muscle, most
satellite cells are inactive. However, when there is a mechanical strain, satellite cells reactivate
and initiate the proliferation process and undergo myogenic differentiation [10].
 Lesson 3: Growth versus development

Activity

Please watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GciJ9X3tJtI

Analysis
• What is growth?
-Growth is an increase in organism size or an organism component, usually
because the number of cells increases. An organism 's growth, as in human
beings and other mammals, can stop at maturity, or it can continue for life as in
many plants. In humans, certain parts of the body continue to grow, such as hair
and nails, throughout lifetime.
• How can growth occur?
-Growth is rarely claimed. It occurs instead according to a plan that ultimately
determines the individual's size and shape. Growth can be confined to particular
areas of the organism, for example the cell layers dividing and growing in size
by the plant's tip. Or, as in the human embryo, the cells involved in growth can
be widely dispersed throughout the organism.
• Why study growth?
-Understanding growth will help you understand your life and life experiences
better. It may encourage improved self-comprehension and personal growth.
Beneficial improvement in culture is possible and social institutions and
practices can be changed by individuals and communities.
• How do we measure growth?
-Growth is usually calculated on a volumetric basis, in animals it usually
assesses growth using measures of mass. In human, we measure growth in the
development of physiological and mental aspects or we called it maturity.
Application
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the factors that affect the growth of animals?
-The factors that affect the growth of animals, first is the genetic factors such as
disease tolerance, feed conversion, ethnicity and irregular growth rates. Second
is the non-genetic origin it includes factors such as diet, management, disease
prevention, and environmental conditions.
2. How these factors affect growth and development?
-Growth and development of animals are largely affected by these factors. In
genetic factors, an example is growth rates, which vary from extremely low,
right through to extremely high. Traits influenced by multiple genes are more
influenced by the environment than traits controlled by major genes. In non-
genetic factors, it influenced the growth performance of animals. Affects the
growth traits, and directly obscures in the expression of actual genetic worth.
 Lesson 4: Sliding myofilament theory

Activity
Please watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyQywkad8E&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR3kQ9dDpO
h7D0LxXJqVpu4riRs1g8-HOxhoAXR7JYaWIx4jsZMUiVIGeiE

Analysis
• What is a sarcomere?
- A sarcomere is the striated muscle's functional unit. This means that our
skeletal muscle is the most basic organ. Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle
that triggers our whole voluntary movement. This is the main objective of the
sarcomere. By contracting in unison, Sarcomeres may begin broad, sweeping
movement. Its unique structure enables these small units to coordinate the
contractions of our muscles.
• What is actin filament?
- Actin filaments, with a diameter of only about 6 nm, are the smallest type and
are formed from a protein called actin. The protein actin in all eukaryotic cells
is abundant. It was first found in skeletal muscles, where actin filaments slide
along a protein called myosin filaments in order to contract cells.
• What is myosin filament?
- Actin filaments are generally responsible for many kinds of cell movements in
combination with myosin. Myosin is the molecular-motor prototype — a
protein that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy in the form of
ATP, which produces force and movement.

Application
Reflective writing and commenting:
1. Have a reflection and comment about sliding filament theory

We use our muscle skeleton every day to perform a simple task and we
can do nothing without skeletal muscles. This muscle contraction's sliding
filament theory is a theory that explains how the muscles work to build strength.
Thick and thin muscle filaments in the sarcomere are found in the muscles. The
thin filament slides over the thick filament in order to build muscle tension,
shortening the duration of the sarcomere.
This theory states that actin filaments slide during contraction within the
sarcomere. But the myosin filament doesn’t move. The notion of muscle
contraction or sliding filament have become practically synonymous and now a
central to our comprehension of the workings of every muscle in the body.