BI

OTECHNOLOGY:

Theterm Biotechnol
ogywascoi nedbykarlEr
ekyaHungari
anengi neeri
n1919.
Thi
st ermi sderi
vedf rom afusi
onofBi ol
ogyandTechnology.Bi
otechnologyisnota
pur
esci encebutani nt
egr
atedaffectofthesetwoar eas,t
herootofwhi chli
esi n
bi
ologicalsci
ences.I tisafastgrowingscienceandithasbeendef inedindiff
erent
waysbydi f
ferentgroupofworkers.

Def
ini
ti
on

Bi
otechnol
ogyistheappli
cat
ionofscient
if
icandengineer
ingpri
nci
plest
othe
pr
ocessi
ngofmat er
ial
sbybi
ologi
calagent
stoprovi
degoodsandservi
ces.

Cent
ralor
gani
zat
ionsf
orBi
otechnol
ogyr
esear
chi
nIndi
aar
e

I
n1982Gover
nmentofIndi
asetupanof f
ici
alagencyNat
ionalBiot
echnol
ogyBoard
(
NBTB)whi
chstar
tedfunct
ioni
ngundert
heDepar t
mentofScienceandTechnology
(
DST)
.

In 1986 NBTB was repl

aced by a fullfiel
dged depar
tment,the Depart
mentof
Biot
echnol
ogy(DBT)inthemi ni
str
yofsci ences.Technol
ogyforplanni
ng,promot
ion
andcoordi
nati
onofvar
iousbiot
echnol
ogicalprogr
ammes.

In1988I nt
ernat
ionalCent
erofGenet
icEngineer
ingandBi
otechnol
ogy(ICGEB)was
establ
ishedtohelpthedevel
opi
ngcountri
es.ICGEBhasit
st wocenter
sonei nNew
DelhiandtheotherinIt
aly
.

I
ARI:
Indi
anAgr
icul
tur
alResear
chI
nst
it
ute,
NewDel
hi

JNU:
Jawahar
lal
Nehr
uUni
ver
sit
y,NewDel
hi

CFTRI:
Cent
ral
FoodTechnol
ogyResear
chI
nst
it
ute,
Mysor
e

RRL:
Regi
onal
Resear
chLabor
ator
y–Jammu

CDRI:
Cent
ral
DrugResear
chI
nst
it
ute–Lucknow

CI
MAP:
Cent
ral
Inst
it
uteofMedi
cineandAr
omat
icpl
ant
s-LucknowandHy
der
abad

I
IT:
Indi
anI
nst
it
uteofTechnol
ogy–Kanpur
,NewDel
hi

I
ISC:
Indi
anI
nst
it
uteofsci
ences–Bangal
ore

I
MTECH:
Inst
it
uteofMi
crobi
alTechnol
ogy–Chendi
ger

NI
M/NI
I:Nat
ional
Inst
it
uteofI
mmunol
ogy–NewDel
hi

Dr
.V.L.B
NCL:
Nat
ional
Chemi
cal
Labor
ator
y–Pune

CCMB:
Cent
erf
orCel
l
ularandMol
ecul
arBi
ology–Hy
der
abad

CDFD:
Cent
erf
orDNAFi
ngerPr
int
ingandDi
agnost
ics–Hy
der
abad

CPMB:
Cent
erf
orPl
antMol
ecul
arBi
ology–7’
cent
ers

BARC:
BabaAt
omi
cResear
chCent
er–Mumbai

Ot
heri
nter
nat
ionalr
esear
chcent
erspr
ogr
ammesi
nvol
vedi
nbi
otechnol
ogy

UNEP:
Uni
tedNat
ionsEnv
ironmentPr
ogr
amme

I
CRO:
Int
ernat
ional
Cel
lResear
chor
gani
zat
ion

I
IB:
Int
ernat
ional
Inst
it
uteofBi
otechnol
ogy

Abbr
evi
ati
onsusedi
nBi
otechnol
ogy

PAGE:
Pol
yAcr
ylami
deGel
Elect
rophor
esi
s

RFLP:
Rest
ri
cti
onFr
agmentLengt
hpol
ymor
phi
sm

RAPD:
Randoml
yAmpl
i
fiedpol
ymor
phi
cDNA

cDNA:
Compl
ement
aryDNA

mtDNA:
Mit
ochondr
ial
DNA

PCR:
Pol
ymer
aseChai
nReact
ion

HPLC:
HighPer
for
manceLi
qui
dChr
omat
ogr
aphy

PEG:
Pol
yEt
hyl
eneGl
ycol

HEPA:
HighEf
fi
ciencyPar
ti
cul
ateAi
r

GMO:
Genet
ical
l
yModi
fi
edOr
gani
sms

Gm f
oods/Gm cr
ops

MAS:
Mar
kerAssi
stedAi
dedSel
ect
ion

Dr
.V.L.B
ELI
SA:
Enzy
meLi
nkedI
mmunoSor
bentAssay

NAA:
Napt
hel
eneAcet
icAci
d

I
AA:
Indol
e–3-Acet
icaci
d

I
BA:
Indol
e–3–But
yri
caci
d

BAP:
Benzy
lAmi
noPur
ine

BA:
Benzy
lAdeni
ne

Ti
plasmi
d:Tumeri
nduci
ng

HGH:
HumanGr
owt
hHar
mone

SSRs:
Simpl
eSequenceRepeat
s

QTL:
Quant
it
ati
veTr
aitl
oci

VNTRS:
Var
iabl
eNumberofTandem Repeat
s.

GEAC:
Genet
icEngi
neer
ingAppr
oval
Commi
tt
ee

GEM :
Genet
ical
l
yEngi
neer
edMi
croOr
gani
sm

STS:
SequenceTaggedSi
tes

t
DNA:
Transf
err
edDNA

EDTA:
Ethy
leneDi
ami
neTet
raAcet
icaci
d.

Pg:
Picogr
ams

ppm :
Par
tsPerMi
l
li
on

Var
ioust
echnol
ogi
esusedi
nBi
otechnol
ogy

 Genet
icEngi
neer
ing

 Recombi
nantDNATechnol
ogy

 Pr
otei
nEngi
neer
ingTechnol
ogy

 Ant
isenseorRNAi
Technol
ogy

Dr
.V.L.B
  Cel
landTi
ssueCul
tur
eTechnol
ogy

 Bi
oinf
ormat
ics

 Funct
ional
Genomi
cs

Appl
icat
ionsofbi
otechnol
ogy&genomi
cs

1)Env
ironment
albi
otechnol
ogy

A.Env
ironment
almonit
ori
ng
Di
agnosi
sofenvi
ronment
alpr
obl
emsv
iabi
otechnol
ogy

B.Wast
emanagement
Bi
oremedi
ati
on:t
heuseofmicrobestobreakdownor
gani
cmol
ecul
esor
envi
ronment
alpoll
utant
s.

Phy
tor
emedi
ati
on:theuseofpl
antst
oremov
epol
l
utant
s(e.
g.heav
ymet
als)f
rom
t
heenvir
onment.

C.Poll
uti
onpr ev
ention
•Renewableresources
•Bi
odegradableproducts
•Alter
nati
veenergysources

2)Medi
calbi
otechnol
ogy
A.Diagnosti
cs
B.Therapeuti
cs
C.Vaccines
D.Medicalresear
cht
ool
s
E.HumanGenomeResear ch

3)Ev
olut
ionar
yandecol
ogi
calgenomi
cs
Fi
ndi
nggenesassoci
atedwi
thecol
ogi
cal
trai
tsandev
olut
ionar
ydi
ver
sif
icat
ion.

4)Agr
icul
tur
albi
otechnol
ogy
A.Cr
opimpr ov
ement
 Herbi
cidetolerance
 Pestresistance
 Droughttolerance
 Nit
rogenf i
xingabili
ty
 Acidi
tyandSal ini
tytol
erance

B.Nut
ri
ti
onalval
ueofcrops
 Improvi
ngfoodqual
it
y
 Healthi
ercooki
ngoil
s
 Funct
ional
foods.

Dr
.V.L.B
PLANTTI
SSUECULTURE
Dur
ingt
he1800,Schl
eidenandSchwanndef
inet
hecel
ltheor
ywhi
chst
atest
hat
t
hecel
li
sthebasi
cst
ruct
uraluni
tofal
ll
iv
ingor
gani
sms.I
n1902,
Got
tl
iebHaber
landt
,a
Ger
manpl
antphy
siol
ogi
st,at
tempt
edt
ocul
ti
vat
epl
antt
issuecul
tur li
ecel nv
itr
o.Hei
s
r
egar
dedast
hef
atherofpl
antt
issuecul
tur
e.

Def
ini
ti
on
Tot
ipot
encyi
stheabi
l
ityofpl
antcel
ltoper
for
m al
lfunct
ionsofdev
elopment
,i.
e.
i
tsabi
l
ityt
odev
elopi
ntoacompl
etepl
ant
.Tot
ipot
encyl
edt
othedev
elopmentof
t
echni
quesf
orcul
ti
vat
ionofpl
antcel
l
sunderdef
inedcondi
ti
ons.
Thet
erm‘
plantt
issuecul
tur
ecul
tur
e’r
efer
st hei
ot nvi
tr
ocul
ti
vat
ionofpl
ant
s,
seeds,
plantpar
tsonnut
ri
entmedi
aunderasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Ter
minol
ogyusedi
npl
antTi
ssuecul
tur
e:

Pl
antt
issuecul
tur
e:-Commont
erm usedt
ocov
eral
lty
pesofasept
icpl
antcul
tur
es

Cul
tur
e:-Growingofcel
lsti
ssuesplantorgans(or
)wholepl
ant
sinnutri
entmedi
um under
asepticcondi
ti
ons.Dependingupontheexpl
antsour
ceitcanbenamedas
foll
ows:

Ant
her:Cul
tur
eofi
sol
atedant
heri
nnut
ri
entmedi
um underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Pol
len:Cul
tur
eofi
sol
atedpol
l
eni
nnut
ri
entmedi
um underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Embr
yo:Cul
tur
eofi
sol
atedEmbr
yoi
nnut
ri
entmedi
um underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Cel
l:Cul
tur
eofi
sol
atedCel
li
nnut
ri
entmedi
um underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Pr
otopl
ast:Cul
tur
eofi
sol
atedPr
otopl
asti
nnut
ri
entmedi
um underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Cal
lus:Cul
tur
eofcal
l
usi
nnut
ri
entmedi
um underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Or
gancul
tur
e:Cul
tur
eofisol
atedplantor
ganssuchasr oott
ips,
shoottips,
leaf
,par
tsof
fl
oweret
c.i
nnut r
ientmedi
um underasepti
ccondit
ions.

Cel
lcul
tur
e:cult
uri
ngofsingl
ecell(
or)asmal
lgr
oupofsi
mil
arcel
l
sinnut
ri
entmedi
um
underasept
iccondi
ti
ons.

Asept
iccul
tur
e:Ar
isi
ngofcul
tur
efr
om at
issue(
or)anor
ganaf
terel
i
minat
ionof

Dr
.V.L.B
 bact
eri
um,
fungi
andmi
croor
gani
sm.

Suspensi
oncul
tur
e:Cul
tur
ingofcel
l
s(or
)cel
laggr
egat
esi
nli
qui
dmedi
um

Nut
ri
entmedi
um :Asoli
d( or
)li
quidcombinat
ionofnut
ri
entsandwat erusual
l
yincl
udi
ng
sev
eralsal
ts,car
bohydr
atesinthef
orm ofsugarandv i
tami
ns.

Auxi
ns:Aclassofgr
owthhor
monewhichcausecel
lel
ongat
ion,
api
cal
domi
nance,
root
i
nit
iati
onEg:NAA,I
AA,2.
4-D

Cy
toki
nens:Aclassofgr
owthhor
monewhi chcausecell
div
isi
on,shootdi
ff
erent
iat
ion,
br
eakingofapi
cal
dominanceetc.ki
net
in,
zeati
netc.

Expl
ant:Api
eceoft
issueusedt
oini
ti
atet
issuecul
tur
e.

Cal
lus:At
issuear
isi
ngf
rom di
sor
gani
zedpr
oli
fer
ati
onofcel
l
s.

Subcul
tur
e:Asept
ict
ransf
erofapar
tofacul
tur
etoaf
reshmedi
um.

Cl
one:Genet
ical
l
yident
ical
copi
esofcel
loror
gani
sm.

Mi
cropr
opagat
ion:Product
ionofplant
ingmat
eri
ali
nlar
genumberbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion
t
hroughgrowt
hhormones.

Tot
ipot
ency:Theabi
l
ityorpr
oper
tyofacel
lort
issuet
ogi
ver
iset
owhol
epl
ant
.

Mer
ist
em :Agr
oupofactiv
elydi
vi
dingcel
lsf
rom whi
chper
manentt
issuesy
stemssuchas
r
oot
,shoot
,leaf
,fl
oweretcar
ederi
ved.

Somat
icembr
yos:Nonzy
got
icembr
yo’
sfor
medi
ncul
tur
e.

Regener
ati
on:I
ntissuecul
tur
eiti
susedfordevel
opmentofnewor
gans(
or)pl
ant
let
sfr
om
ati
ssue,cal
l
uscult
ure(
or)f
rom abud.

I
nvi
vo:Anyprocessoccuri
nawhol eorgani
sm underf
iel
dcondi
ti
onwher
ether
eisno
contr
olovertheenvi
ronmental
conditi
ons.

I
nvit
ro:Anypr
ocesscar
ri
edouti
nst
eri
l
ecul
tur
eundercont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
oni
nthe
l
abor
atory
.

STEPSI
NPLANTTI
SSUECULTURETECHNI
QUE

Dr
.V.L.B
 Sel
ect
ionofpl
ant

I
sol
ati
onofexpl
ant
s

St
eri
l
izat
ionofexpl
ant
s

I
nocul
ati
onofex
plant
s

I
ncubat
ion

I
nit
iat
ionofcal
l
us

Subcul
tur
ing

Regenar
ati
on

Dr
.V.L.B
 Har
deni
ng

Tr
ansf
erofpl
ant
let
stoGr
eenhouseoropenf
iel
d

Appl
icat
ionsofpl
antt
issuecul
tur
eincr
opi
mpr
ovement

1.Micr
o propagat
ion hel
psin massmul t
ipl
i
cat
ion ofpl
ant
swhi
ch ar
edi
ff
icul
tto
pr
opagat
et hr
oughconvent
ional
methods.

2.Someperennialcropplant
sli
keornamentalandfr
uitcropscannotbepr opagat
ed
t
hroughseeds. Thev eget
ati
vepr
opagationli
kegraft
ing,buddi
ngaretediousand
t
imeconsuming.Insuchcropsmi
cropropagati
onhel
psi nrapi
dmult
ipl
i
cati
on.

3.Rapidmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofr
areandel
i
tegenot
ypessuchasAr
omat
icandMedi
cinal
plant
s.

4.Scr
eeni
ngofl
argenumberofcel
l
sinsmal
lspace.

5.Crosspol
li
natedcropsli
kecor damum,Eucaly
ptus,
coconut,oilpal
m donotgi
vetrue
totypeplants,whenmul t
ipl
iedthroughseed.Developmentofgenetical
l
yunif
orm
pl
antsincrosspoll
i
natedcropsispossibl
ethr
oughtissuecul
ture.

6.I
ncaseofcer tai
nhorti
cult
uralcr
opsor
chi
dsetcseedwi
l
lnotgermi
nateundernatural
condit
ions,such seed can bemadet o ger
mi ei
nat nvi
tro byprovi
ding sui
table
envi
ronment.

7.I
nduct
ionoff
loweri
nginsometr
eesthatdonotf
lowerordel
ayi
nfl
ower
ing.
Eg:
-Bambooflowersonl
yoncei
nit
slif
etimeof50years

8.Vi
rusf
reepl
ant
scanbepr
oducedt
hroughmer
ist
em cul
tur
e.

9.Largeamountofger
mplasm canbest
oredwi
thi
nasmallspaceandl
essercostf
or
prol
ongedper
iodsunderi
nvi
trocondi
ti
onatl
owtemper
ature.

10.Product
ionofsecondar
ymet
abol
i
tes.Eg:
-Caf
fi
nef
rom cof
feaar
abi
ca,Ni
cot
ine
fr
om
Ni
coti
anarust
ica.

11.Plantti
ssuecul
tur
ecanal
sobeusedf
orst
udy
ingt
hebi
ochemi
calpat
hway
sand
generegul
ati
on.

12.Ant
herandpol
l
encul
tur
ecanbeusedf
orpr
oduct
ionofhal
ploi
ds.

Dr
.V.L.B
13.I
ncaseofcer
tainfr
uitcropsandv eget
ati
vepr
opagatedpl
ant
swher eseedisnotof
mucheconomicimportant,t
ri
ploi
dscanbeproducedthr
oughendosperm cul
tur
e.

14.Int
erspeci
fi
candint
ergeneri
chy br
idscanbepr oducedthroughembr
yor
escue
t
echni
quewhichi
snotpossi
blethr
oughconvent
ionalmethod.

15.Somatic hybr
ids and cy
bri
ds can be pr
oduced t
hrough pr
otopl
astf
usi
on (
or)
somat
ic
Hybr
idi
zati
on.

16.Dev
elopmentoft
ransgeni
cpl
ant
s.

Dr
.V.L.B