TABLE TENNIS

A. Brief history of the game

The game was first invented in England in the early twentieth as Ping-Pong.
When the ancient Ping-Pong Association, founded in 1902, was revived in
1921-22, the name table tennis was used. The original association disbanded
in 1905, though the game appears to have continued to be played in portions
of England outside of London, and by the 1920s, it had spread to a number of
countries. The Federation Internationale de Tennis de Table (International
Table Tennis Federation) was founded in 1926 by representatives from
Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales, with England, Sweden,
Hungary, India, Denmark, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales as
founding members
B. Basic skills
C. Equipment's
Table Tennis equipment, which includes a racket; composed of a blade and 2
rubbers. You can’t use the same color for these two rubbers. One rubber
must be black, and another one must be red. A ball; 40+mm table tennis ball,
color white or orange. And a table; official table tennis tables are 2.74 m in
length, 1.525 m wide and 0.76 m high. And the net included which is 15.25
cm high. And the most important equipment in table tennis for a player is:
blade, rubber, clothing and shoes.

D. Rules and violations of the game

The official Rules of Table Tennis are:
a. Games are played to 11 points; a game is played to 11 points. A game must be
won by two points and a match is generally the best three of five games.
 b. Alternative serves every two points; each side of the table alternates serving
two points at a time. Exemption: after 10-10 (“deuce”), service alternates at
every point.
c. Toss the ball straight up when serving
d. The serve can land anywhere in singles; there is no restriction on where the
ball lands on your side or your opponent’s side of the table. It can bounce two
or more times on your opponent’s side.
e. Doubles serves must go right court to right court; the serve must bounce in
the server’s right court, and receiver’s right court.
f. A serve that touches the net on the way over is a “let”;
g. Alternative hitting in a doubles rally; doubles partners must alternate hitting
balls in a rally, no matter where the ball lands on the table.
h. Volleys are not allowed; When your opponent hits a ball that sails over your
end of the table without touching it and then hits you or your paddle, that is
still your point.
i. If your hit bounces back over the net by itself it is your point; if you hit the
ball in a rally or on a serve and it bounces back over the net after hitting your
opponent’s side of the table (due to extreme spin), without your opponent
touching it, that is your point.
j. Touching the ball with your paddle hand is allowed.
k. You may not touch the table with your non-paddle hand; you may touch the
ball or the table with your paddle hand (after reaching in to return a short
serve) or other parts of your body. Note: of the table moves at all from your
touching it during a rally, that is your opponent’s point.
l. An “edge” ball bouncing off the horizontal table top surface is good; An
otherwise legal serve or hit may contact the top edge of the horizontal table
top surface and be counted as valid, even if it bounces sidewise. The vertical
sides of the table are NOT part of the legal playing surface.
E. Play area
 The playing surface of the table is 2.74m long and 1.525m wide, with a
horizontal height of 76cm above the floor. The vertical sides of the tabletop
are not included in the playing surface. When a typical ball is dropped from a
height of 30cm onto the playing area, it bounces uniformly at roughly 23cm.
The playing surface is a dark-colored matte surface. Each 2.74m edge has a
2cm wide white side line, and each 1.525m edge has a 2cm wide white end
line. A vertical net parallel to the end lines divides the playing surface into
two equal courts. A white middle line, 3mm wide, divides each court into two
equal half courts for doubles. The net assembly consists of the net, its
suspension, and the supporting supports, as well as the clamps that secure
the posts to the table. The net is suspended from each end by a string
attached to a 15.25cm tall upright pole. The post's outside bounds are
15.25cm beyond the side line. The net is 15.25cm above the playing surface
at its highest point. The bottom of the net is as close to the playing surface as
feasible along its length. From top to bottom, the net's ends are fastened to
the supporting poles.
F. Officiating officials
When we think of table tennis officials, we usually think of referees and
umpires, but there are many more types of officials. Referees, deputy and
assistant referees, competition managers, umpires, assistant umpires,
timekeepers, stroke counts, racket testers, technical officers, and jury
members are all needed to operate a high-level table tennis event
successfully.
G. How to score
In table tennis, the goal is to strike the ball in such a way that the opponent
does not make contact with it, earning the player a point. This can be
accomplished by sheer force, spin, or other misleading methods. The
opponent receives a point if the ball strikes the net and does not bounce over
into the opponent's half, or if the ball hits the net and goes out of bounds
without making contact with the table. In doubles, the rule becomes a little
 more complicated. The server and partner must alternate while attempting
to push the ball across the table to the opponent's side. The service is also
alternated here. If you hit the ball beyond of the play area, your opponent
may be given a point. If you strike the ball outside the playing surface or if
the ball makes contact with any part of your body while attempting a stroke,
the opponent may be given a point.

WEIGHT LIFTING
A. Brief history of the game
Competitors focused on the highest lift raised have a long history dating back
to prehistoric times. It has been traced all the way back to the beginnings of
human history, including Egypt, China, and ancient Greece. Weightlifting was
featured in the Olympic games for the first time in 1896, but not in the 1900
Olympics. Weightlifting was resurrected later in 1904, but did not appear to
maintain its popularity, and it was absent from the 1908 and 1912 Olympic
Games. After that, it took eight years for the event to return the Olympics,
which were hosted in Antwerp, Belgium, with 14 countries competing. As a
result, weight categories were created, and participants were forced to fight
against one another than stature. Women’s weightlifting was first featured in
the Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000.
B. Basic skills
C. Equipment’s
Clothing, although there are no standard clothes necessary for weightlifting,
it is advised to wear form-fitting clothing so that your limbs may move freely
and to avoid your exercise wear snagging in the equipment. Shoes, the hands
grip the weights, but the athlete will only be successful if he or she has a
strong foundation. As a result, a decent pair of weightlifting shoes is
essential. The purpose of weightlifting shoes is to assist the lifter to squat
deeper, raise the heel on the back foot in the split jerk, and enhance balance.
Knee sleeves, sleeves that go to the knees for mild joint support and
warming, weightlifters use sleeves, which must be flexible and follow the
joint without impeding motion. Wrist straps are cloth straps that are used to
support the wrist and maintain the weight steady overhead. Make sure your
belt complies with IWF standards and is no wider than 12 cm. For back
support, a weightlifting belt is generally 10cm broad, but tapers down in the
front. The singlet is a piece of apparel that must first and foremost fit
properly and be comfortable, especially because it will be worn for an
extended period of time on competition day. The singlet successfully bears
the body's weight and ensures that the muscular parts of the body are
properly raised and positioned. Barbells and weights. Barbells come in a
variety of weights, diameters, and lengths, which are generally designated by
men's or women's size, with men's being longer, broader, and heavier.
Collars for men and women can be made of any material, mainly metal, and
can weigh up to 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb.) apiece. For males, a standard Olympic
bar with two collars may weigh up to 25 kilograms (55 lb.) and for women,
up to 20 kilograms (44 lb.) (depending on the collars). In order to increase
their grip on the bar, many recreational weight lifters utilize chalk,
weightlifting gloves, or grips. Gloves and grips also prevent calluses from
forming on the skin of the hands. The ends of the fingers are not covered by
these specialist gloves, allowing the fingers to participate in grasping. Choose
gloves that are comfortable to wear. Those that are excessively big may
increase the amount of effort required to hold the bar, perhaps leading to
forearm and elbow overuse problems. Due to the large overhead weights,
they lift, competitive weight lifters almost usually wear preventive back
braces. Back braces are worn by certain recreational weight lifters who lift
big weights. Weight lifting braces are often stiff and should be worn tightly.
They help to avoid hyperextension during overhead lift motions by providing
circumferential support to the low back by gripping in the abdomen area.
Hydration gear, keeping hydrated during any activity will help you stay
 alert while training or competing, may help to prevent muscle cramps and
will help your post-training or competition recovery.
D. Rules and violations of the game
Olympic weightlifting follows the following rules and regulations:
 There are two lifts involved, the snatch, and the clean and jerk. On
successful completion of an attempt, weight is increased at least by 1
Kg.
 The bar used in Olympic Weightlifting is different ffor the men’s and
the women’s event. The men’s bar weights 20 kg and is 2.2 meters
long. The women’s bar weights 15 kg and is 2.01 meters long.
 All athletes are weighted 2 hours before the event so that it can be
verified that each of them is eligible for their weight froup.
 If an athlete does not fully extend his ir her arms when the bar is
raised, it is called Press-out and it is illegal and can cause
disqualification.
 The Snatch should be carried out in one swift motion without pause.
 During clean and jerk, in the second part when the barbell is
positioned above the head, the legs should be in lunge position, which
means the one leg should be in front of the other.
 There are 8 men’s classes or divisions based on their weight, 56 kg, 62
kg, 69 kg, 77 kg, 85 kg, 94 kg, 105 kg and over.
 There are 8 women’s classes, 48 kg, 53 kg, 58 kg, 63 kg, 69 kg, 75 kg,
90 kg, and 90 kg and above.
 In case of a tie, the athlete who has the lower bodyweight is adjudged
the winner. If after a tie, even the body weights are the same, the
athlete who lifted the weight first is declared the winner.
 During the Olympics, first event is the Snatch, and there is a short
break after that and the Clean and Jerk happens after the break.
  There are two side judges and one head referee, who give individual
judgements on their observation. There decisions are noted by a
white light for a successful lift and red light for an unsuccessful lift.
For any event to pass, there have to be two successes.
 Incorrect movements: touch the barbell with his/her footwear. For
example, spinning or adjusting the barbell with the feet is not allowed
and will result in a no-list ruling.
E. Play area
For the sport of weightlifting the field of play relates to the area of
competition which contains: Competition platform and stage,
Competition platform, the platform is a 4m square and made of wood,
plastic or any solid material and covered with a non-slip material. Warm-up
platform, the warm-up platform is 3m wide and 2.3-3m long. Athletes are
provided with a warm-up area located in close proximity to the competition
platform/stage relative to the venue layout. Technical officials’ and
competition management tables, the jury table is situated 10m from the
center of the platform, between the center and the side referee’s tables and
located on the side of the athlete’s point of entry. Referees table, the center
referee is located 4m from the middle of the competition platform. The side
referees are seated on the same line as and parallel with the center referee,
3m-4m from the center referee.
F. Officiating officials
G. How to score
There are two categories snatch and clean & jerk. Snatch need to lift the
weight in a single motion. Clean & Jerk, in clean, you need to lift weights to
the shoulder lever, and in jerk, you need to take the weights from the
shoulder level to above your head and control the lift. each athletes gets
three attempts to lift each weight. Three judges are there to judge the lift. Lift
is considered to be successful when the lift is in control and arms are
stretched out properly during jerk. If the lift is successful, white light goes off,
 which means tat the lift was successful and other things to be noted, it is
enough if two out of three judges give white light to award it as a good lift.
If the lift is unsuccessful, the red light goes off, and only that weight is
recorded for that lift where the lifter got white light. The highest weight lifted
in the snatch and the highest weight lifted in clean & jerk is combined. The
rankings are made according to the highest combined weight value. If the
person does not lift the asked weight in three attempts, he is deemed to get
‘did no finish’ next to his name and will be disqualified.

CYCLING
A. Brief history of the game
B. Basic skills
C. Equipment’s
D. Rules and violations of the game
E. Play area
F. Officiating officials
G. How to score