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ELECTRICAL MACHINES
TESTING DEPARTMENT
 TYPE TESTS
ƒ Mechanical Heat run test.
ƒ Short circuit heat run test.
ƒ Open circuit heat run test.
ƒ Wave form Analysis and THF measurement
ƒ Line to line sustained short circuit test.
ƒ Line to line and to neutral sustained short
circuit test.
ƒ Residual voltage measurement.
ƒ GD2 measurement.
ƒ 3-phase sudden short circuit test.
 Type tests – Heat run Tests

ƒ The percent THF is evaluated using following formula-

% THF = {100/U}. {√(E12.λ 12)+ (E22.λ 22)+. . . . . . .
. . + (En2.λ n2) }
Where,
λ n : weighing factor of nth harmonic, available in
IEC 34.1 standard, section 11, clause 28.
En : R.M.S. value of nth harmonic voltage.
U : Line to line terminal voltage of m/c (measured)
or line to neutral voltage if measurement is for Line to
Neutral.
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Line to Line sustained short ckt. test
ƒ The line to line sustained short circuit test is carried out
by short circuiting two line terminals of stator, using CT.
The machine is driven at rated speed and excited. The
following parameters are recorded at three values of short
circuit current (limited to 30% of rated current).
a) Short circuit current (Ik2) through current transformer.
b) Voltage between the open line terminal and one of the
short-circuited terminals (Uk2) through potential
transformer (not used in calculation).
c) Active power P.
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Line to Line sustained short ckt. test
ƒ Negative sequence reactance is calculated
as follows
X2 = P/{√ 3 . (Ik2) 2}
where,
P : Power measured during the test.
Ik2 : Line to line short circuit current
measured during the test.
%X2 = (X2/Xn)x100
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Line to Line and to neutral
sustained short ckt. test
ƒ The line to line and to neutral sustained short circuit test
is carried out by short circuiting two line terminals and
shorted to neutral, using C.T. The machine is driven at
rated speed and excited. The following parameters are
recorded at several values of short circuit current limited
to 30% of rated current.
ƒ The neutral current (Io) through current transformer.
ƒ Voltage between the open line terminal and neutral
(Vo) through potential transformer.
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Line to Line and to neutral
sustained short ckt. test
Zero sequence reactance is calculated as follow-
Xo = Vo/Io
where,
Vo : Line (which is in open condition) to
neutral voltage measured during the test.
Io : Line to neutral current measured
during the test.
%Xo = (Xo/Xn)x 100
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Retardation Test
GD2 is calculated as follows :
Time vs. speed curve is plotted on a graph paper, taking X- axis as time and
Y- axis as speed. A tangent is drawn at rated speed point on the curve, which
meets the time axis at point T2. T1 is the point corresponding to rated speed.

GD 2 = (365000 x P x T’ )/N 2 ) kgm

where,
P : Mechanical losses in kW.
T' : Time in seconds (T2-T1).
N : Rated rpm of the machine.
GD2 of m/c = GD2 measured – GD2 of Drive system (known).
Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
Generator

Signal
Conditioners

Transient
recording RMS measurement
channels

Work Station
Located in
control Room
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
Current calibration:
Let,
RMS current = I
Oscillograph recording = Iv
Current per Volt (p-p) =2 √2 x. I/ Iv
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
Voltage calibration:
Let
rms voltage = Vab
Oscillograph recording = Vv
Voltage per Volt (p-p) = 2 √2 . Vab/ Vv
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
Oscillograph recording of voltage before
application of three phase sudden short circuiting
= Vos

No load phase voltage (Vo) = {(voltage per Volt). Vos}/ √3

 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
Steady state values of current (ik, peak to peak)
components are measured from the oscillograph
record.
Positive peak and negative peak of currents are
measured from oscillograph record up to 50
cycles.
For plotting on a semilog graph paper, steady state
current (ik) is subtracted from the sum of positive
and negative peak currents and the total is divided
two to get the average current.
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
ƒ From the semilog plots the following are
obtained-
a) Sub-transient current component : i"k
b) Transient current component : i'k
c) Steady state current component : ik
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
ƒ Direct axis sub-transient reactance (X"d):
X"d = Vo/[(i"k+ i'k +ik).(current/Volt)]

%X"d = (X”d/Xn) x 100

ƒ Direct axis transient reactance (X'd):
X'd = Vo/[(i’k+ik).(current/Volt)]

%X'd = (X’d/Xn) x 100

 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
Direct axis synchronous reactance in percent
(%Xd):
%Xd = (Field current at 100%In / Field
current at 100%En Air gap line)x100
(Determined from the open circuit and short circuit
characteristics.)
 Type tests – Heat run Tests
Sudden short circuit Test
ƒ From semilog plots , time constants are calculated as follows-

ƒ Direct axis sub-transient short circuit time constant (T"d) is the

time required for the sub-transient armature current to decrease to
1/e i.e. 0.368 of its initial value or T"d is the time at 0.368 x
(i"k+i'k).
ƒ Direct axis transient short circuit time constant (T'd) is the time
required for transient armature current to decrease to 1/e i.e. 0.368
of its initial value; or T’d is the time at 0.368 x (i'k).
ƒ Direct axis transient open circuit time constant(T'do):
T'do =( Xd/X’d)x T'd seconds