Strut-and-Tie Models

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ACI 318 -14

SNI 2847-2019
Shortcourse Reorganize For Design ACI 318-14 : Tholen, ML., Poston, RW. 2014
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Scope

General
Design strength
Strength of struts
Reinforcement crossing bottle-shaped struts
Strut reinforcing detailing
Strength of ties
Tie reinforcement detailing
Strength of nodal zones
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Pu

Ru Ru
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Why strut-and-tie models?

• Valuable tool where plane-sections assumption of beam theory does not
apply
• Truss analogy used to analyze concrete structures
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Detailing

ac ≤ hc/2 ac > hc/2

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STM is a lower-bound (i.e., conservative) design method, provided that:

1. Strut-and-tie model is in equilibrium with external forces (and internal

equilibrium is satisfied)
2. Concrete element has sufficient deformation capacity to allow
distribution of forces assumed by the STM

Key detailing requirements:

 Proper anchorage of
reinforcement
 Distributed orthogonal
reinforcement

3. Strength is sufficient (ties and nodes)

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Strut and tie models

P P

Struts
Ties
Nodal zones
R R
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Struts

• Compression elements
• 2 types
• Prismatic
• Bottle-shaped
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Strength of struts

• Strut strength
• Without longitudinal reinforcement,
• Fns = fceAcs
• With longitudinal reinforcement,
• Fns = fceAcs + As’fs’
• φ = 0.75 for all struts
• Where:
• Acs = bwws
• ws based on width at node
• fce = 0.85 βsf’c ws bw
• βs → Table 23.4.3
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Strength of struts

• Strut coefficient, βs → Table 23.4.3

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Struts in a flexural tension zone

T
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Reinf. crossing bottle-shaped struts

• Distributed transverse reinforcement
• Σ(Asi / bssi)sin αi ≥ 0.003
for f’c ≤ 40 MPa
• Only required if using βs = 0.75
• Not practical in all situations
• Also meet deep beam minimum reinforcement in Section 9.9
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Strength of ties

• Tensile strength:
• Simple tension element
• Fnt = Atsfy (nonprestressed)
• φ = 0.75 for all ties
• Tie centroid coincides with reinforcement centroid
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Tie reinforcement detailing

• Develop bars at the centroid within the extended nodal zone

• Develop difference between force on one side and the other within
the nodal zone

T
Nodal zone
Extended
R nodal zone
ℓd, min
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Strength of nodal zones

• Node strength
• Depends on node type

P T
C C
C

T T
C
R
C-C-C C-C-T C-T-T
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• Node strength
• Fnn = fceAnz
• fce = 0.85 βnf’c
• βn → Table 23.9.2
• φ = 0.75 for all nodal zones

Type of node
C-C-C
C-C-T
C-T-T
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Examples

• Deep beam from SP-17(14)

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Examples

• Deep beam from SP-17(14)

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Examples

• Deep beam from SP-17(14)

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Examples

• Deep beam from SP-17(14)

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Examples

• Corbel from SP-17(14)

Tie

Strut
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Examples

• Pile cap from SP-17(14)