ALTERNATING CURRENT

The electric current, whose magnitude changes with time and direction
reverses periodically is known as alternating current.

It can be represented by either sine function or cosine function. So instantaneous value of 𝐼𝐼

is 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 𝐼𝐼0 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝐼𝐼0 is the maximum value of current. 𝜔𝜔 is the angular velocity = 2π/T = 2πν

Similarly, 𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 𝐸𝐸0 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

Advantages: -

 Easy to convert AC to DC
 More economical
 It can reach distant places without much lose
 It has better control and
 It can step up or step down very easily

Disadvantages: -

 It is more dangerous than DC (mean value = √2 times its value)

 It cannot be used in electrolytic process
 AC is not uniformly distributed throughout the cross section (Density much greater
near the surfaces of the wire than inside)

Mean or Average value of Alternating Current: -

It is that value of steady current which sends the same amount of charge through a
circuit in a certain time interval as is sent by an AC through the same circuit in half cycle.

𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑇𝑇/2

𝑞𝑞 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0

𝑇𝑇/2

= 𝐼𝐼0 � sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0

G K GEORGE Page 1
 −cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑇𝑇/2 −𝐼𝐼0 2𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇/2
= 𝐼𝐼0 � � = [ cos( 𝑡𝑡)�
𝜔𝜔 0 2𝜋𝜋/𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 0

−𝐼𝐼0 −𝐼𝐼0 (−2)

= [cos(𝜋𝜋) − cos(0)] =
2𝜋𝜋/𝑇𝑇 2𝜋𝜋/𝑇𝑇

i.e.
𝐼𝐼0 𝑇𝑇
𝑞𝑞 = … … … … … . (1)
𝜋𝜋
Let 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 be the mean value of AC over positive half cycle;
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 T
𝑞𝑞 = … … … … … . (2)
2
Comparing (1) and (2)
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 T 𝐼𝐼0 𝑇𝑇
=
2 𝜋𝜋
i.e.
2𝐼𝐼0
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 0.637 𝐼𝐼0
𝜋𝜋
The mean value of AC over a full cycle is zero.

Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current: -

It is that steady current which produces the same amount of heat in a conductor
in a certain time interval as is produced by an AC in the same conductor during the time
period T.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼2 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝐼02 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝑇𝑇

𝐻𝐻 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐼𝐼02 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0

𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
1 − cos(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
= 𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅 � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅 � � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
0 0

𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑇𝑇
= ��𝑡𝑡] − � � �
2 0 2𝜋𝜋 0
𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐻𝐻 = … … … . (1)
2
G K GEORGE Page 2
The heat produced in a conductor
2
𝐻𝐻 = 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 … … … … … … (2)

Comparing (1) and (2)

2
𝐼𝐼02
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
2
Or
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = 0.707 𝐼𝐼0
√2
𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜
Similarly, 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = 0.707 𝐸𝐸0
√2

Phasors and Phasor Diagrams: -

A quantity, which varies sinusoidally with time and represented as the projection of a
rotating vector, is called a phasor.

The diagram representing alternating emf and current (phasors) as the rotating vectors
along with the phase angle between them is called phasor diagram.

𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)

AC through a Resistor: -

G K GEORGE Page 3
The potential difference across the resistor R = I R

𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
𝐼𝐼 = = = 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) − − − − − (1)
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) − − − − − (2)

From (1) & (2), the alternating current is in phase with emf.

(a) Time diagram (b) phasor diagram

The instantaneous power dissipated in the resistance 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼2 𝑅𝑅

= 𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

Average value of power over a cycle

𝑃𝑃� = 〈𝐼𝐼2 𝑅𝑅〉 = 〈 𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)〉

= 𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅 〈 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)〉

𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅
= 〈 (1 − cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 〉
2
𝐼𝐼02 𝑅𝑅
= [∵ 〈cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 0〉]
2
2
= 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

AC through an Inductor:-

G K GEORGE Page 4
 The induced emf across L = -L( dI/dt)

As there is no potential difference across the circuit,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸 + −𝐿𝐿 =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Or
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
= =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝐿𝐿
𝐸𝐸0 𝐸𝐸0 −cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝐸𝐸0
𝐼𝐼 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �= [−cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)]
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝐸𝐸0 𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 = sin �𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − �, 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 2
𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 sin �𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − � − − − − − (1)
2
{ sin (90-θ)= cos(θ), sin (θ-90)=sin(-(90-θ))= -sin(90-θ)=-cos(θ)}

𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) − − − − − (2)

(a) Time diagram (b) phasor diagram

P=VI = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)( − 𝐼𝐼0 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)) = −𝐼𝐼0 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

−𝐼𝐼0 𝐸𝐸0 sin(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

=
2
−𝐼𝐼0 𝐸𝐸0 sin(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
𝑃𝑃� = 〈 〉 = 0, [∵ 〈sin(𝜃𝜃)〉 = 0]
2
G K GEORGE Page 5
AC through Capacitor:-

The potential difference across the capacitor, VC= q/C = E

𝑞𝑞 = 𝐸𝐸0 C sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑(𝐸𝐸0 C sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔))

𝐼𝐼 = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸𝟎𝟎
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
1/𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐸𝐸𝟎𝟎 1
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) , �𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 = �
𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + �
2
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

(a) Time diagram (b) phasor diagram

P=VI = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝐼𝐼0 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 𝐼𝐼0 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝐼𝐼0 𝐸𝐸0 sin(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

=
2
𝐼𝐼0 𝐸𝐸0 sin(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
𝑃𝑃� = 〈 〉 = 0, [∵ 〈sin(𝜃𝜃)〉 = 0]
2
G K GEORGE Page 6
 SERIES LCR circuit:-

Let 𝐼𝐼 be the rms value of current flowing through the circuit.

The potential across the inductor VL = IXL (voltage leads the current by π/2)

The potential across the capacitor VC = IXC (voltage lags behind the current by π/2)

The potential across the resistor VR = IR (both are in phase)

Since, VL and VC are in opposite phase, so the resultant ( VL – VC ) is OD. The resultant of
VR and (VL –VC) is given by OH.

𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = �𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂2

G K GEORGE Page 7
 𝐸𝐸 = �𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅2 + (𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 )2

= �𝐼𝐼2 𝑅𝑅2 + (𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 )2

= 𝐼𝐼�𝑅𝑅2 + (𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 − 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 )2

𝐸𝐸
= �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 − 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 )2
𝐼𝐼
i.e.,
𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 − 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 )2

is the effective opposition of LCR circuit to AC and is called IMPEDANCE.

1 2
𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

The phase angle between E and 𝐼𝐼 be φ, then

𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
tan(𝜙𝜙) =
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅
1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 −
= 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑅𝑅
1
 When 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 > , tan (φ) is positive or emf leads the current.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
1
 When 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 < , tan (φ) is negative or emf lags behind the current.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
1
 When 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = , tan (φ) is zero or emf and current are in phase.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Resonance:-

A series LCR circuit, which allows maximum current for a given frequency of the AC source
is called resonance and that frequency is called resonant frequency.
𝐸𝐸
𝐼𝐼 =
�𝑅𝑅2 + (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 1 )2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
1
𝐼𝐼 is maximum when 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = ; that is,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
1
𝐿𝐿𝜔𝜔0 =
𝐶𝐶𝜔𝜔0
G K GEORGE Page 8
 1
𝜔𝜔02 =
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
1
𝜔𝜔0 =
√𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
1
𝜐𝜐0 =
2𝜋𝜋√𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 At resonance 𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼 are in-phase.
 The impedance is minimum and
 Current is maximum

Quality Factor: -

It is 2π times the ratio of the energy stored in the circuit to the energy dissipated in
resistance per cycle of AC supply.

It measures the ability of the circuit to differentiate different frequencies of nearby equal
magnitude.

Quality factor is the ratio of voltage drop across inductor ( or capacitor ) to the applied
voltage ( potential difference across resistor )

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 1 𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄 = = = �
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶

Power in AC circuit:-

G K GEORGE Page 9
Power Factor:- the instantaneous power of an AC circuit is defined as the product of
instantaneous emf and the instantaneous current in it.

𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)

𝐸𝐸0 𝐼𝐼0
P = VI = EI =𝐸𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝐼𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) = [cos(𝜙𝜙) − cos(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)]
2

{sin (A+B) = sin(A) cos(B) + cos(A) sin(B); 1-2sin2(A) = cos(2A);

cos(A) cos(B)- sin(A) sin(B)= cos(A+B) }

The average power is

𝐸𝐸0 𝐼𝐼0
𝑃𝑃� = cos(𝜙𝜙), {∵ 〈cos(2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙〉 = 0}
2
= 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 cos(𝜙𝜙) , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 cos(𝜙𝜙) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

 When the circuit having resistor only, 𝑃𝑃� = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 cos(0) = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
 When the circuit having inductor or capacitor only, 𝑃𝑃� = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 cos(90) = 0
 In LCR circuit,
𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅
𝑃𝑃� =
�𝑅𝑅2 + (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 1 )2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Wattless Current:-

It is that component of the circuit current due to which the power consumed in the
circuit is zero.

𝑃𝑃 = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 cos(𝜙𝜙)

𝑃𝑃′ = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 cos(𝜃𝜃) cos(0) = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 cos(𝜃𝜃)

𝑃𝑃" = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 s in(𝜃𝜃) cos(90) = 0

G K GEORGE Page 10
 The average power consumed in the circuit due to 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 sin(𝜃𝜃) is zero. This component of
current is known as wattless current.

LC Oscillations:-

Electrical oscillations produced by the exchange of energy between capacitor

which stores electrical energy and an inductor, which stores magnetic energy are called
LC oscillations.

Let the capacitor charged to q0 (t=0) and connected.

Applying Kirchhoff’s law

𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− 𝐿𝐿 = 0
𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑2 𝑞𝑞
+ 𝐿𝐿 2 = 0
𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[𝐼𝐼 = − , when charge decreases, current increases.]
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
+ =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
A potential difference exist between the plates of the capacitor and energy is stored in
the electric field of the capacitor.

𝑄𝑄02
𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 = , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 0.
2𝐶𝐶
Now the capacitor begins to discharge, as a result a magnetic field set up across the
inductor. When the capacitor discharged completely, the energy stored is the magnetic
field around the inductor.

G K GEORGE Page 11
 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿02
𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚 =
2
The electric energy is completely converted into magnetic energy. When magnetic field
becomes maximum; then the capacitor starts to recharge itself in opposite direction.

The frequency of oscillation is

1
𝜐𝜐 =
2𝜋𝜋√𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
It is a damped oscillation because,

 Every inductor has some resistance. It introduces damping effect.

 Even if the resistance where zero, total energy is not constant. It radiated away in the
form of electromagnetic waves.

Transformers:-

It is device used to convert a low alternating voltage at high current into high
alternating voltage at lower current and vice versa. These are two types—step-up and
step-down.

Principle:-

The principle of transformer is mutual induction.

Construction:-

It consists of two separate coils of insulated wire wound on same iron core. The
coil connected to AC input is called primary P and the other giving the output is called
secondary S.

Theory:-

G K GEORGE Page 12
 When an alternating source of emf EP is connected to P, an AC flows through it. Due
to this flow, an alternating magnetic field is produced and hence, change in magnetic flux
linked with the coils. This induces an alternating emf ES in the secondary. Let NP and NS are
the number of turns of primary and secondary respectively.

According to Faraday’s law,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆

𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 = −𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆 = −𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆 ; = = 𝐾𝐾
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃

When K › 1, step-up and K ‹ 1, step-down.

For an ideal transformer, output power = input power

𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 = 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃

𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 1
= , 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐸𝐸 𝛼𝛼
𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼

Efficiency
𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆
𝜂𝜂 =
𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃

Energy lose in Transformer: -

1. Copper lose—due to winding of transformer (I2Rt)

2. Flux loses – coupling between primary and secondary are not perfect
3. Iron lose --- two types (a) eddy current and (b) hysteresis

Use: -

It is used for long distance AC supply,

The power lose P = I2R

That is it depends on R and I2

G K GEORGE Page 13
R=ρL /A, so R can be decreased by increasing A. since L is constant, to decrease the power
lose, decrease the current flowing through it. This can be achieved by step-up transformer.

G K GEORGE Page 14