Periodic Table of Elements

Historical Development of the Periodic Table

 The chemists try to develop and make a generalisation of the element by classifying it
into a certain characteristic.
 The classification will enable scientists ;
o to generalise the chemical and physical properties.
o to predict the position of an element.
o to identify and compare elements from a different group.
o to predict chemical and physical properties.

Contribution of Scientists to the Development of the Periodic Table

 

Scientist Description
Antoine Lavoisier o Group the element into four groups, which are gas, metal, non-m
o Light and heat are included in the classification.
o Some elements are in the wrong group because of different chem

Johann W. Dobereiner o Group the elements into three which are called as a triad.
o Discovers the relationship between the relative atomic mass (RA
o However, this relationship does not apply to most of the other el

John Newlands o Arranged the elements in order of increasing nucleon number.

o The chemical properties of every eight elements are similar, and
o The classification was a failure because of:
 The law of octaves was only accurate for the first 16 elem
 There was no position allocated for elements yet to be di

Lothar Meyer Calculated the volume of an atom by dividing the mass with the density
Dmitri Mendeleev o Arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
o The arrangement followed the atomic mass but not the chemical

Henry G.J. Moseley o Bombarded different elements with high energy electrons and
ray emitted by the element.
o Plotted the square root of the frequency of the X-ray against the
o Managed to get a straight line graph.

Discovery of new elements 

 

Element Symbol Number of

Nihonium Nh 113
Moscovium Mc 115
Tennessine Ts 117
Oganesson Og 118
The Arrangement in the Periodic Table of Elements
 

Modern Periodic Table

 The elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number.

 This order is also related to the electron arrangement of the elements.
 The periodic table is a classification of the element based on its chemical properties.
 There are 18 groups of elements.
o Group 1: Element (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) are called alkali metals
o Group 2: Element that known as alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
o Group 17: Elements (F, Cl, Br, I, At) are known as halogen

The Electron Arrangement of Element in the Periodic Table

 All members of the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
 The number of the period is indicated by the number of shells filled with electrons.

Element
With one or two valence electrons With three to eight va
Group = Number of valence electrons Group = Number of valen
Group 18
 

 The elements are;

o Helium, He
o Neon, Ne
o Argon, Ar
o Krypton, Kr
o Xenon, Xe
o Radon, Rn
 Also known as inert gases or noble gases.
 Can be found at the far-right column of the Periodic Table.
 
Physical properties

 Insoluble in water.
 Does not conduct electricity.
 Does not conduct heat.
 The boiling and melting point is increasing down the group.
 The van der Waals forces are increasing when the size of the atoms increases.

Chemical properties

 Does not react with other elements.

 Exists as a monatomic (single atom). 
 Inert gases are non-reactive because the valence shell is full.
 For example, helium has a stable duplet electron arrangement, because the number of
valence electrons is two.
 The other elements in Group 18 have a stable octet electron arrangement because the
number of valence electrons is eight.
 Noble gas did not accept or donate electrons as it is already stable.

Group 1
 

 The elements are;

o Hydrogen, H (non-metal)
 o Lithium, Li
o Sodium, Na
o Potassium, K
o Rubidium, Rb
o Caesium, Cs
o Francium, Fr
 Also known as alkali metals, except for hydrogen.  

Physical properties

 These metals are soft.

 Good conductors of heat and electricity.

Elemen
As going down the group
t
Li  The atomic radius increases.  
Na  Density increases.
 The melting point decreases.
 Electeopositivity also increase
K
 The attractive force between the nucleus and the single electron decreases as the radius incre

Chemical properties

 React with water to produce hydrogen gas and alkaline solution

Elemen
Reaction with water
t
Li 2Li(s) + 2H_2O(l) \rightarrow 2LiOH(aq) + H_2(g)2Li(s)+2H2O(l)→2
Na 2Na(s) + 2H_2O(l) \rightarrow 2NaOH(aq) + H_2(g)2Na(s)+2H2O(l)→2
K 2K(s) + 2H_2O(l) \rightarrow 2KOH(aq) + H_2(g)2K(s)+2H2O(l)→2K
 

 React with oxygen to produce metal oxide.

Elemen
Reaction with oksigen
t
Li 4Li(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2Li_2O(s)4Li(s)+O2(g)→2Li2
Na 4Na(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2Na_2O(s)4Na(s)+O2(g)→2Na
K 4K(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2K_2O(s)4K(s)+O2(g)→2K2O
 

 React with halogen to produce metal halide.

Elemen
Reaction with chlorine
t
Li 2Li(s) + Cl_2(g) \rightarrow 2LiCl(s)2Li(s)+Cl2(g)→2LiC
Na 2Na(s) + Cl_2(g) \rightarrow 2NaCl(s)2Na(s)+Cl2(g)→2Na
K 2K(s) + Cl_2(g) \rightarrow 2KCl(s)2K(s)+Cl2(g)→2KCl
 

Reactivity

 The elements are very reactive as going down the group.

 The elements will tend to donate an electron and become positive ions.
 The donation of an electron is to make sure it can attain a stable duplet or octet electron
arrangement.
 The attractive force between the nucleus and the valence electron is weak, thus making it
easier to be donated or released.
 As going down the group, the atomic radius of the elements increases, causing the force
between the nucleus and the electron to be weaker. 

Elemen
  As going down the group
t
Li \ The atomic radius of the elements incre
Downarrow⇓ \downarrow↓
The attractive force between the nucleus and the valence el
\downarrow↓
Easier to release the valence electro
 \downarrow↓
Group 17
 

 Also known as halogen.

 Very reactive elements.
 The elements in this group are; 
o Fluorine, F
o Chlorine, Cl
o Bromine, Br
o Iodine, I
o Astatine, At
o Tennessine, Ts

Physical properties

 Non-metals
 Does not conduct heat and electricity.

Elemen
  As going down the group
t
F \  The atomic radius increases.  
Cl Downarrow⇓  Reactivity decreases.
Br  Boiling and melting point increases.
I  The van der Waals force increases as the size of the atom increases.
 The electronegativity decreases because the radius increases and the force b
 nucleus decreases.

Chemical properties

 React with water to produce acids

Elemen
Reaction with water
t
Cl Cl_2(g) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)Cl2(g)+H2O(l)→HC
Br Br_2(l) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq)Br2(l)+H2O(l)→HB
I I_2(s) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow HI(aq) + HOI(aq)I2(s)+H2O(l)→HI(a
 

 React with metal to produce metal halides

Elemen
Reaction with iron
t
Cl 3Cl_2(g) +2Fe(s) \rightarrow 2FeCl_3(s)3Cl2(g)+2Fe(s)→2F
Br 3Br_2(l) +2Fe(s) \rightarrow 2FeBr_3(s)3Br2(l)+2Fe(s)→2F
I 3I_2(s) +2Fe(s) \rightarrow 2FeI_3(s)3I2(s)+2Fe(s)→2FeI
 

 React with sodium hydroxide to produce salts and water

Elemen
Reaction with sodium hydroxide
t
Cl_2(l) +2NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H_2O(l)Cl2(l)+2N
Cl
+NaOCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Br_2(l) +2NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaBr(aq) + NaOBr(aq) + H_2O(l)Br2(l)+2N
Br
+NaOBr(aq)+H2O(l)
I I_2(s) +2NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaI(aq) + NaOI(aq) + H_2O(l)I2(s)+2NaOH(aq)→
 

Reactivity

 Group 17 is very reactive, but the reactivity decreases down the group.
 The elements will accept an electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
  The forces between the nucleus and the valence electron become weaker as going down
the group.  

Eleme
  As going down the group
nt
F The atomic radius increases.
\downarrow↓
\ The attractive forces between the nucleus and the valence ele
Downarrow \downarrow↓
⇓ More difficult to receive or attract an electron to complet
\downarrow↓
Reactivity decreases

Elements in Period 3
 

 The elements in Period 3 will show a gradual change in physical and chemical properties,
as going across the period. 
 The elements in Period 3 are; 
o Sodium, Na
o Magnesium, Mg
o Aluminium, Al
o Silicon, Si
o Phosphorus, P
o Sulphur, S
o Chlorine, Cl
o Argon, Ar
 

Going across Period 3

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16
Elemen
Na Mg Al Si P S
t
 
 
\xrightarrow[]{\text{Across period}}Across period
 

 Atomic radius decreases:

o There are only three shells, but the number of electron increases.
o The increase in the number of electrons means there is an increase in the
number of protons, which result in the higher electrostatic force.
o The increase of electrostatic force pulls the valence electron closer to the
nucleus.

 The number of valence electrons increases:

o The number of electrons of the element increases.  

 The electronegativity increases:

o The atomic radius decreases as the number of protons increases.
o As the number of protons increases, the electrostatic force also increases and
creates a tendency to attract electrons.
 o The left side of the period is less electronegative than the right side of the period.

 The melting point and boiling point:

o Increases from the left to the middle of the period, and then decrease again.

 Nature of metals:
o The elements change from metal to metalloid, and then non-metal as the
electronegativity increases.

 Nature of oxides:
o The oxides of the elements change from basic to amphoteric and then to acidic
across the period.

Transition Elements
 

Position of Transition Elements

 Position in the Periodic Table from Group 2 until Group 12.

 The transition metal is metal that has some characteristics:
o High density
o High hardness
o Silvery surface
o High tensile strength
o High conductivity
 o Ductile and malleable
o High melting point
o High boiling point

Special properties of transition elements

 Transition elements have more than one oxidation numbers

Oxidation  Compound

number
Chromium, Cr
+3 Chromium(III) chloride, CrCl_3CrC
+6  Potassium dichromate(VI), K_2Cr_2O_7
Manganese, Mn
+2 Manganese(II) chloride, MnCl_2Mn
+4  Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO_2Mn
+7  Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO_4K
Iron, Fe
+2 Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO_4FeSO4
+3  Iron(III) chloride, FeCl_3FeCl3
Copper, Cu
+1 Copper(I) oxide, Cu_2OCu2O
+2  Copper(II) oxide, CuOCuO
Nickel, Ni
 +2 Nickel(II) sulphate, NiSO_4NiSO
+3  Nickel(III) chloride, NiCl_3NiCl
 

 Transition elements form coloured compounds.

Colou
Ion
solu
Chromium, Cr
Chromium(III) ion, Cr^{3+}Cr3+ Gre
Dichromate(VI) ion, Cr_2O_7^{2-}Cr2O72− Ora
Manganese, Mn
Manganese(II) ion, Mn^{2+}Mn2+ Pin
Manganate(VII) ion, MnO_4\,^-MnO4− Pur
Iron, Fe
Iron(II) ion, Fe^{2+}Fe2+ Gre
Iron(III) ion, Fe^{3+}Fe3+ Bro
Copper, Cu
Copper(II) ion, Cu^{2+}Cu2+ Bl
Nickel, Ni
Nickel(II) ion, Ni^{2+}Ni2+ Gre
 

 Transition elements function as a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction.

o The use of iron as the catalyst in the Haber process to produce ammonia.

\,\\N_2 + 3H_2 \xrightarrow[]{Fe} 2NH_3N2+3H2Fe2NH3