Matter and the Atomic Structure

Definition of Matter
Tiny and discrete particles
 

2.1 Basic Concept of Matter

 
Type of particles

 Matter can be divided into two;

o Element
o Compound
 Element: substances that only consist of one type of atom, such as pure iron metal.
 Compound: substances that consist of more than one element that form a molecule.
 A compound is made up of either molecules or ions.
 An example of a compound is carbon dioxide, CO_2CO2 where there are two types of
elements in one molecule. 
 Atom: smallest and indivisible particles of an element. 
 Molecule: compound made up of two or more atoms (different or same kind of atoms). 
 Ion: particles that carry charges [cation(+) or anion(-)]. 

Physical states of matter

 
 Solid Liquid
Arrangement of particle
Packed closely but have empty space between
Packed very closely P
them
Movement of particles
Vibrate at a fixed position Move randomly and slowly Move rando
Kinetic energy
Low High on average
Rate of diffusion
Low Average
 

 
The changes of state of matters
 

 
Melting

 Solid is heated, the particles obtain energy and vibrate at a faster rate.

 The vibration keeps increasing as the temperature increase until it reaches the melting point.
 At the melting point, the particles obtain enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between the
 Therefore, the matter in solid state changes to a liquid.
 During melting, the temperature remains constant. This is because the heat energy is used to break the

 
Vaporisation

 Occurs in two conditions: either evaporation or boiling.

 Evaporation occurs only on the surface of the liquid and at a slower rate. 
 Boiling occurs to the whole liquid and happens very fast. 
 Both will cause the attractive forces between particles to break and change the state from liquid to gas

 
Freezing

 Temperature drops and the heat energy is released.

 As the heat is released, the kinetic energy decreases, the movement of particles are slower and the
strong forces between particles.
 Therefore, the physical state of the matter will change from liquid to solid.
 The temperature stays at the freezing point because the heat is released constantly.

 
Condensation

 A process by which a gas or vapour changes to liquid state at a certain temperature.

 When the temperature drops, the gas loses its kinetic energy, and therefore it will change the physical
 Condensation occurs at or below the boiling point of the substance

 
Sublimation
  A process of conversion of a substance from the solid to the vapour state without its becoming liquid.

 
 
The melting point of naphthalene 
 
Heating curve of naphthalene

 
 The particle are very closely packed together in an orderly manner
A  The force between the particles is very strong.

 The naphthalene is heated the energy is converted to kinetic energy

A-B  The temperature increase, the kinetic energy increase and the molecules vibrate faster about th

 The naphthalene molecules have received enough energy to overcome the force of attraction b
 Some of the molecules begin to move freely.
B
 The naphthalene starts to melt and changes into a liquid.

 Naphthalene exists in both state, solid and liquid.

 The temperature remains constant because the heat is used to overcome the force of attraction.
B-C
 The constant temperature is called the melting point.

 The napthalene has turned into liquid completely

C

 The naphthalene is in the liquid state

 The temperature keeps increasing and gain more energy.
C-D
 The particle is then moving faster because the kinetic energy is increasing.

 
 
The freezing point of naphthalene
 
Cooling curve of naphthalene
 
 The substance exists in the gaseous state
 Have very high energy and moving randomly
P
 The intermolecular force is weak.

 The particles lose kinetic energy during cooling,

P-Q  The particle getting closer to each other and the temperature drops.

 The substance is still in the gas state

S  The gas begins to condense and become liquid.

 Stronger bonds form as gas change into a liquid.

 The substances exist both in gas and liquid.
Q-R  The energy produced during the formation of bonds is equal to the heat released to the surro
 This is known as the freezing point. 

 The substances exist fully in the liquid state

R

 The temperature keeps decreasing, causing the naphthalene molecules to lose heat energy.
R-S  The movement of the particles slow down and move close to each other.