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Nación, mito e historia: la Guerra

Hispano-Cubano-Norteamericana en el cine

Santiago Juan-Navarro
Florida International University (Estados Unidos)
Revista de Humanidades, 37 (2019). p. 179-208. ISSN 1130-5029

Nación, mito e historia: la Guerra Hispano-Cubano-


Norteamericana en el cine

Nation, Myth and History: the Spanish-Cuban-American War


in the Cinema

Santiago Juan-Navarro
Florida International University (Estados Unidos)
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Resumen
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181
Nación, mito e historia: la Guerra… - Santiago Juan-Navarro

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