Section – 4

HEAT TRANSFER

S. No. Topic
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
4. Heat Exchangers
5. Boiling and Condensation

Reference Authors:
• J. P. Holman and Souvik Bhattacharyya.
• Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar.
• P. K. Nag.
• Data book by C. P. Kothandaraman and S. Subramanyan.
a) Conduckon

Fourien Laus d1:Temp d Ce/a);

A area (m
- k A dT dx Hhcknuu (m)

k Tamal Covnductvity C/n)

General quat on
Idx T dz
d' - o
intenal kuat genaation (Jm)
47akeo
hevmal uiity (r/)
diw
matenal
d e n i C-Speufe keat

Fer Ginder
dT

Fo Sph
ASine 20

Cas
Steady Atat Hhod hat Sowtt
steady state wi Hha uat sownce.
THERMAL RESISTANCE ( RT)3 D heat
d dT hme vauak on
u n -0
T n °C o1 kw A

kapfale n
STEADY STATE CoNDUCTION:

Withot tntexnal kea ensen

Thick Slab
TTJRA

KA
*(omechtresuan Rcom
RcOm hA
2. nda

2KL CT T
taa)
RTh n AtmAAi /Ln( A-hi)
27 k Aum -A/tn(Az/a)
3 Spbe

Agoo nBan VA A
mOan
47KAA
* Jt tka elscrica. netustib ta haa trarafen
gene = R,+Rzt Rst Rr

Kpaale)
Ovexall hoat tranade Coelhiaient

A ERnt Rond
Abeot Mamal bnduc
As tempeiatu' naeases, k e gase inuasea
and e iauids datLase (exupt H0, gytuwna)
2Excapt U, hgAl, Ker metals deuuasa otHh
Hempexatwro .

3 k' independant o pres unlt ighas

let sotids owelt o q e

CRITICAL JHICKNESS Of INSULATION

t h a t hicRnoy oi extenal tnnulation wmch
will yield maximum hea
trana tem
inda Sphese &may
Smax at A ie
Crical adius
A < At than heat
tes in caRares wth inowase
twaulaten
Ac, +hen haat tos a
wt th tnoraes n inmulaten

inder inaulatkon Covnveciie

exteanal hLat
he, phw amb
Kinuat'onocent

hextexma C/k)
ih intennel hoat enaralis
Plawe wall K,h
T
dx
3
T 2k qrs
T Tw +
2K
 (Parabohic haa
Tx-Te
T Tr distnbuton)
or outsid Convecken

T Tot V
Variable haxmal Conduttve

eo

2 Cyindeu e l

4
Ty- -
T To

4
for Dudsid onvecten
T ot i
4h

3 Sphese
to , To
TT
T T

T T T
6K T, + thi
fot outsdu Conveckon
To Ta+R
3h
TRANSIENT HEAT (OND UCTIDN:

Unateady ka
Codutkon

umpe Tvanment
Heat Trarsk Cencutken

Biet Numbe (Bi):

Bi Tntesnal orductive Rautana le
Extenal Conveckie Rorintante
Lechas
Le actesutie tanqth. Voum Body
Surau ata o

)Bi Kond ve lion bod V

iyBi Kiornd Rionv A

ity Bi 1 ) Rtend 7 Renv

Bi o l .
for lumped uat transha
t m
T-To
e): time lonsiant:pCV
hA
Ca Thesral CapaTant
ErTeL hwncton
CV C kofE)
T- T - [Bixfo1,e 2V d t
e

o talled as
Foevie Nmbe Cfo)'.t A sDimtion,es
for Heisle tharb, Fo>0 2) ime
FINS B EXTENDED 3URfACES:

h e(T-L

Lt e T
d Genesal eqnaken u
9 h eo
d KA

Care 1 fin inimtllong

BC
e at a:o
To- Too
0
m
VKA PA (TT)
Case fin end u tulated: Bc
TToo
h (mCL-) Ld6.o
do dd2
2:t
:
TToo Cosh m

APRA (TT») tanh (mL)

Pin elident (): attual haat tranfua
tHot homukedtba
empelatu
o Cae -2
Hohtornh Cmt)
m
Pin elleckvenes (e) .
hA
Fin
fin s acceped e
Fosn mat. Kon v Rond
b) Convecbon
Neusten's la Con
. h A AT

h Heat -harajn oelie ont Cw k)

Convecton

FoCed Free
Covnvecten happens d u i
flud tovted
vamat ons
wAna a prim o denn
Cauied b meratuu
move
Aeen.

flo
Exten al How
A 1A
ove at plates, unla cas
.
Intesnal flo thregh pipes Condui

Geovenunya flid low

Coni Eauaten

2 Momertum Caaien
tn
v du
" y

6rg'yvtin
ul v
H'ydredypmeVelei ounday taei!
TKL o
gen o o hiph dovelops Jhase
lead dae a boundiug Auaa ,

isttoi eec a
h hcont
Call

pdro dpname e vels cdt bounda laye

The Hhicknes q bomdan taye om t u
teading edqe o bowndurg sutate
y-Co Coesdanali e veloa G
equal to 91/ e h r atream velouy
Callud kydrodynanc bownday
mcknay (dhn)

hemalondary aye
h gon D lou wtiiuh dweloru fom t k

leadied q
hawn al qraden& a
a lov wmdq
xian s
alaul whu
allkd
hovmal Lownday lage
Th cknay q
tho bownday
aye teom
he adng edgt h bowndarg
wh te nat
tembeat deamce acomus
a/ o sveam
tempenatuu dl!eenc
tallsd themal ownday
Cdta)
faya AadcknevM

TnviscLd Flo lo without vistett

uceighk Thao1em thu ax'n'
in a phenemenon bac
VanablS
basc dimenons , thy we har xreMed by '
cmanone s g o n
foRCED CoNVECTION
Dimenmenles Numbeu:

1Reynold lumbes (R«) V.X D VD

,

dynamc vuccai
Cln-s)
V-X VD

C Kene makc vistofi

Cm/s))
Rato naxtia ,Vncow erus
Po extexnal low, laminoa po
Re 5x 1o turbulont albove ha
Fo intenal lows
Lamina Re 2000 C2300)
Tanuhon 2000 R e 2 400o

Tuablent, e Rey40oo
2 Pramdtil Nambea Py) P
ForCed Convecnen extennai lo
hn xP)*73
P 1
3 NumelE Numbe CNu) hL o hD
K k
Ro
abo tembenatune radiená by Conduckon
Omd Convechon

h yr Claminar)
Re
Als, Nuz f(Re, hx 5
VRen
 For tomat an tembearat Suno tlonivia)
Nu 3 66
for Cevtant heat ux Clamina),Na: 4.6

Stanton Numbe (St) :

Nu D4-x to
Re Pr
Co+L)
FREE CoVECTION:

Dumenionlevs Numbet:
sho Number Cav):gfATL
9: accekxaten 'd t grawitfs

He laminma
Rasleish Nunber CRa) '= GYPr.
Flowlaumana G.Pr1o
Auo Nu4Gr P)
*Problems en extesnal us
muan lrn Jempeaatuns CTm) T+ Te
:

Prololemb onternal tlous a don a

l msoan tembesat CTb)Tt+To
*G/Rer1> free Convection deminat)
G/Re 1 Bon re 3 oced Convecton
al Re<12fe,tad lone cthon dominala /
 CKadnahen

Vistble Specbrum ; o35 to o15 um

Thaamal Radhakon o1 um to loo U
Radiation Elecvomagnete waves
N o madna
Trarel at speid Lishk Caxid'os)
A sUnlau emt
ama Yadiaten n a l direcens

encom pased y a mp
Black Surlate cA gunlat which' absos bt a
nadiabionalling on t egendan o dermpexafuu-
ot waen h (A
yS A suata whose amunivi
Cevstant at ail Hempenatus a wavetenqta

n s i v i CE) Emin ive pow bod CJi)

Emaive powe a black bidy

Menochvemake emniorEmin ive powe

esuut iarelengt E[n

Ex d
adiaton (G): Radiaton in ciAnt ona

Suace
Absop Cal): Trradiakon gin bary
ITadaten a black body
ados: Rate a which Aadiaton leaves

Radiakim epesiy
+p+: 1

absepkky pe nelectuny
thanmissii
LAWS oF BLACK BoDy RADIATION
Plam C astelps evamate ELa
GS

T)-1

C ot14 39 m-K
e n s Diplaament law Gives X p
axtmum Ea
max T= 2-93Xlo m-

3Stelom-Boltzmann Lauo fownd oy tegrat

Plancks la
dT4
' oAT* Bslack bod)

& TEATt Ga, bod

567x to_w
KirchholtLaEmisiviy and abkórptiviy o a
body a egual at Hhaxtmal a4 brium

Solid amale when noimal ines au drawn fom

bownday o a peshon on tha unfau

heSphua uch hat au -he nes Tmaat

mat at
Centn e and tovm a cona-hon e ang

theCens Sotd ang, mwud in

calld
aua
steradian (ST) amd rato oba
n ta Sura *qnau qh radi °}
hs Spheu Hemisphea, do:2
d dA 4-T

T2 Spheu, d
Lambext
Lambent's otn as Valuid ny teu dpae

hadiatie
E En Ees
EnRadiaton tn cidunt,nemel o suCa
anglu b E B En E n

E+ C1-*)G Krchheh Law

e f t Cl-e)G
SHAPE FACTOR'S:
Shapeater o on uau t h respect anoik
racken nadiakon eaving on suace
wwch intettp ted by t o ha
A ha Aaf2i (Reciprocy heoven)
2 0 a-b 1
3 Auo callad vieu0 ac

.A 8ape ae entrey dopedont en qomety.

5 ;1

6 Sualaox have no Ahape Jacto otth vespect

D thomseves hey a Convex o laf

A
TEn T.
RADIATION NETWORK ANATYSIS

TCTT,4)
I-E +I-E
AE A,fi A e
He Sunface Basustan e
AE
Spa Kuutance.
At ha
Case- inint farllel plares
A
fi2 Az

r7-T,)
 ha
adia hen sbields dru plaud b/w
2 plato

(4uith' ()to
n+1
shield.
Shiel

Annula nelowA
Case 2

A a( Cyd A
Sp her. Fi:At +AiAr
2A
rTt-T)
")
(d) Heat Exchanqers.

inciple wo
Heat lest by het Heatainad by cold
ud
wd
CAriniple q alovimet)
ype
Direet Contact : feud wates heaters, too hing
toe je Con darseus
Indivet Gntatt tunbines, furna te
) Ra.cupeatg: îC enginas gas
Car radeto) air prehocteu
ti)RogenAY ator ,

euapaiatou ee
etenbmseis
.
 lavhcatn fwith LMTO)
tParallel flow: Hot & Cold uds Aamo
dire cten
Thi-Tet ho
cltTc

L-5

rpowte directon;

tnut) Tco The cot

eThi Teco TaoTo)
Te T enuaall
L
Stvcpetatoi & mdars e No ondi kon ho
pasalul o
Counte low

(T
L
EVAPORATOR
CONDESER
e, Thi Teo 6The-T
ThoTce/ S Tho T
HEAT EX CHIANG ER ANALYSIS
mn Ma
Cph.Spe Aeat
hot uid
Th ntt temp.
Tho2 Ontlut temp
Mas tKqYs)
CpeSpeulie kaat (KIk*){ l Cotd' fuid
Tce n u t temp. C°c/K) 11

Tco:0utlut temp C°c/K)

Heat
mCp C ( K/k)
Also, Lut m.Cp calad

Capa
Thon ma Gph CThi- The). *me Cpe CTeó-Tai)

UAATun)
U Ovenall huat tranas to eltitient C/i)
A Avea qhat exchange Cm)
Tum Loq Mesn Temperak "D}jein ta
t i har tempexatw diltexem ca ch,
DO
hat
mountansd Constant, oid
geve sami

wane Tate unda novmal condi&ms

C)
valu agie d
*es Cres Hoes A-ATtnet- ttotedn"teta
xATm touwmte hbvu)

Numbe Tan CNTU

Cmin me vau
NTU OA mn Cph)
Cmin
Cme Cpe)
NTU indtaker ha A heal excharge.

eena e)
Acthal Heat Tram Rate

Maxi mun Pobl leat Tromr Rete

CCT T) . CToo-Tei)
may Cmi'n (Thi-Teil (T-ti)
Aso, ut C Co

parallel - e NTU CI+c)

+C
ECcnter e
NTU CIc)
-C e NTUC-Cc)

Fe CO, E e TU.(Boitin
Cortnq
nelenaat en)

Cbumtea Row w
Ecownte=NTD
ItNTU

eliin and,Copdemakon:

aeas pla shan a q u d ehanges to

vapoenshan heai Auppl'ed 4o

Ne
w am d tembesat Condion au
a h e 7 i d Satwtaten tembenatse
Nucleate Beiuig: As the liguud hea up bubbles
h
begin to tom amd as the temberotru
Auata tnuwases, a densty desen.ce Causes
Convechon Cumen h, which ouul m bubbles Tro
and dutachang Aem ha sunau

eaimesBoing
Poel Boitng State quid á heated
2Plos Boing Liqud low, when haated
arBER-SORAH (uRVE
Re&IMES OF Pool BoiLNG
 0 free nveck.on
&.ondenie
- Bus bles lorm
Bubbles ue toautatu
Unstakle tt
( stable fUm
E-Butnout point
outained y heaing a plakum wire tully
Aubmud tn Wakes by vauna Aunlaca
temberaturu CTs x meadwirg haat ux 6Ys
*Exc temberatus Ts-Tsat
t s : h
(4Te)
Natural Gnvecten Boig Co -A)
Te 5 c Below A, hexa u net q riucluae
A', nutleate
boiling Conveck.en.
dus to At
boig ackualky takas place
e)Nucleate Beitig CA C) ATe, C 30c
DTe,ABTe,AL < ATe,c

In elated bbblea feim ondinie

at B detach tom Amface Goed 'h'

In b-C: Vve acte nuclakon, ubbu

teersmte Coau tonce Buloblus ecape a
e &vabou At Pha maxemeum d
C, qs maximum é Crcal heat
at
x ) - cauned by bebhte agitaoen
i)faskial m boikn, Cc-D):
Bubbles em a susaca tm wth ve tow k
vapou bubbl aulate the sunbace : tot e

instabiut dt to cenkiuo lorming tolapar

vabowrhCm
Te,c ATe, co ATe,D C12ec)
s dioeale wtth incease inATe.

) Fm boring CD E):
tbooc
STe, Dt ATe, D ATe, DE

Munimum at D CLeidenst pout).

Stable vapan k' at Curlaa tasei dendudhon-

s h a m d a u begins to adiate a

rsMapidy tn eases wi+ ATe, DE.At E,

wye louwtns out

REGIMES OF FLOW BOLING

called Forcad nvecksn
Also
Bong
Boiung
LiQUID VAPOURR

D
D D P0
D
D

O- Lis wd -Slug Annuba

.BuLbly -Annulal
BubbLy Slug (-Mit.
-Slu
CONDENSATION: Change qphae m
VapouyJo guid Conc hens ngcaay dr

Same a a t q boiing

Types
tDrop w Vapo Condre into Amal
d d«plut and all dpun n Auat
lase asa exposdo hoat tanser

2 Fitm_wue (ondankate we th Swtkace

toem a tlm overung R Aaca

Corndarsate qro ucKrur and moves

Aoun h Sla dus
qaviy. haru a
a thamal qradieat omch o l e ultan u
to heat trannta 5
oto imea u haat
transheRud han n op wi