Statistics:

Statistics are numerical expression of facts of any

department which is used to make relation with one
another.
Limitation and importance of statistics:
Variable: measurable quantity
Variable are mainly two types:
1. Qualitative variable: differ with quality
Example: Education, Occupation, Religion etc.
2. Quantitative variable: differ with quantity
Example: age, weight, salary etc.
Quantitative variables are two types:
i) Discrete variable: Contains only integral values
Example: Number of students in MAT 201 DA
section.
ii) Continuous variable: Contains values within a
certain range
Example: Age of students in MAT 201 DA
section 17 ≤ 𝑎𝑔𝑒 ≤ 21

Data:
Numerical expression of individual elements.
Data are two types:
i) Primary data
 ii) Secondary data
Primary data Secondary data
Collected from original field Collected from some published
primary data
Trained person is needed Not needed
Expensive and time consuming Not needed
More reliable Not reliable

Frequency and frequency distribution:

Marks No. of students
0(lower limit)-10(upper 7
limit)
10-20 13
20-30 10

a) Exclusive method:
Marks No. of students
0(lower limit)-10(upper 7
limit)
10(lower limit)-20 13
20-30 10

b) Inclusive method:
 Marks No. of students
0(lower limit)-9(upper 7
limit)
10(lower limit)-19 13
20-29 10
30-39

Mid-value and Cumulative frequency:

Marks No. of Mid value Cumulative

students frequency
0(lower limit)- 7 5 7
10(upper limit)
10(lower limit)-20 13 15 20
20-30 10 25 30

Problem: Construct frequency using exclusive form the

following raw data:
5 13 22 6 12 19 27 8
7 11 18 10 15 23 29 7
Solution: Here
Lowest value=5
Highest value=29
Range=highest value-lowest value=29-5=24
Let the class interval be 5
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 24
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = = = 4.8 ≅ 5
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 5
Class Tally Frequency Cumulative
interval frequency
5-10 5 5
10-15 4 9
15-20 3 12
20-25 2 14
25-30 2 16

Next class: measure of central tendency