LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT-2
To obtain the B-H loop and magnetization curve for the given magnetic core and find
the core losses

Submitted By – Ayash Mohanty

Roll No.- 221EE4442

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To obtain the B-H loop and magnetization curve for the given magnetic core and find the core losses.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL. Apparatus Specification Type No. Required
No.
1. Auto Transformer 10.78KVA,0- 3 phase 1
470V,15A
2. Transformer 1.5KVA,primary Single phase 1
voltage-
300V,secondary
voltage-
300V,primary
current-
5A,secondary
current-5A
3. Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
4. Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1
5. Current Probe 100A 1
6. Oscilloscope Dual Channel 1
7. Integrator 1

THEORY:
Introduction

The relationship between magnetic field (H) and magnetic flux density (B) is nonlinear in ferromagnetic
materials. If the relationship between the two is plotted taking N on the x-axis and B is on the y-axis for
increasing levels of field strength, it will result in an s-shaped curve called magnetization Curve (fig.1). If the
supply is AC, residual magnetism results in a curve shown in fig. 2.

Fig.1 Magnetization Curve

Magnetisation or BH curve explanation

In fig1. ,the flux density increases in proportion to the field strength until it reaches a certain value were it
cannot increase any more becoming almost level and constant as the field strength continues to increase.
This is because there is a limit to the amount of flux density that can be generated by the core as all the
domains in the iron are perfectly aligned. Any further increase will have no effect on the value of M, and the
point on the graph where the flux density reaches its limit is called Magnetic Saturation also known
as Saturation of the Core
Saturation occurs because as we remember from the previous Magnetism tutorial which included Weber’s
theory, the random haphazard arrangement of the molecule structure within the core material changes as the
tiny molecular magnets within the material become lined up.
As the magnetic field strength, ( H ) increases these molecular magnets become more and more aligned until
they reach perfect alignment producing maximum flux density and any increase in the magnetic field strength
due to an increase in the electrical current flowing through the coil will have little or no effect.
Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

Fig.2. Four quadrant BH loop

The Magnetic Hysteresis loop above, shows the behaviour of a ferromagnetic core graphically as the
relationship between B and H is non-linear. Starting with an unmagnetised core both B and H will be at zero,
point 0 on the magnetisation curve.
If the magnetisation current, i is increased in a positive direction to some value the magnetic field
strength H increases linearly with i and the flux density B will also increase as shown by the curve from
point 0 to point a as it heads towards saturation.
Now if the magnetising current in the coil is reduced to zero, the magnetic field circulating around the core also
reduces to zero. However, the coils magnetic flux will not reach zero due to the residual magnetism present
within the core and this is shown on the curve from point a to point b.
To reduce the flux density at point b to zero we need to reverse the current flowing through the coil. The
magnetising force which must be applied to null the residual flux density is called a “Coercive Force”. This
coercive force reverses the magnetic field re-arranging the molecular magnets until the core becomes
unmagnetised at point c.
An increase in this reverse current causes the core to be magnetised in the opposite direction and increasing
this magnetisation current further will cause the core to reach its saturation point but in the opposite direction,
point d on the curve.
This point is symmetrical to point b. If the magnetising current is reduced again to zero the residual magnetism
present in the core will be equal to the previous value but in reverse at point e.
Again reversing the magnetising current flowing through the coil this time into a positive direction will cause the
magnetic flux to reach zero, point f on the curve and as before increasing the magnetisation current further in a
positive direction will cause the core to reach saturation at point a.
Then the B-H curve follows the path of a-b-c-d-e-f-a as the magnetising current flowing through the coil
alternates between a positive and negative value such as the cycle of an AC voltage. This path is called
a Magnetic Hysteresis Loop.
Hysteresis Loss

The work done by the magnetising force against the internal friction of the molecules of the magnet, produces
heat. This energy which is wasted in the form of heat due to hysteresis is called Hysteresis Loss. When in the
magnetic material, magnetisation force is applied, the molecules of the magnetic material are aligned in one
particular direction. And when this magnetic force is reversed in the opposite direction, the internal friction of
the molecular magnets opposes the reversal of magnetism resulting in Magnetic Hysteresis.To wipe out or
overcome this internal friction (or in other words, known as residual magnetism), a part of the magnetising
force is used. This work, done by the magnetising force produces heat; thereby causing wastage of energy in
the form of heat is termed as hysteresis loss.

In fig.2, the energy loss per cycle per unit volume of the material is equal to ∫ 𝐻 . 𝑑𝐵 integrated over the BH-
curve. This energy loss is dissipated through heat, acoustic vibrations (transformer hum) and other processes.
Power lost in the core per cycle is given by 𝑓𝑉 ∫ 𝐻 . 𝑑𝐵,. Where f is the frequency and V is the volume of the
core

Hysteresis Loss in the magnetic material per unit volume is expressed as

𝑃ℎ 1.6
= 𝐾ℎ 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑚3

Or

1.6
𝑃ℎ = 𝐾ℎ 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑉 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Where,

Ph – hysteresis loss in watts

Kh – hysteresis or Steinmetz’s constant in J/m3, its value depends upon the nature of the magnetic material.

Bmax – maximum value of the flux density in the magnetic material in wb/m 2

f – number of cycles of magnetisation made per second

V- volume of the magnetic material (part in which magnetic reversal occur) in m 3

In Fig.3 terminals A&B are connected to 0-400V supply & voltage is varied till 150% of the rated voltage. Input
current Im and voltage across the secondary is measured for different voltages.

𝑉2 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁

∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑉2
1
where, 𝐾 = 4.44𝑓𝑁

Fig.4 shows the circuit for obtaining the BH-curve using an oscilloscope. R2 (say R) is chosen, so that there is
no loading on the secondary side. A high value of resistance around 10K can be chosen as R. C is chosen
such that it's impedance at test frequency is 1% of R.

𝑉(𝑠)
𝑉2 =
1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶
If sRC >>1 ……..

𝑉(𝑠)
𝑉2 (𝑠) =
𝑠𝑅𝐶

𝜔𝑅𝐶 ≫ 1

314𝑅𝐶 ≫ 1

Knowing the values of R and C, we find V 2 which is proportional to flux linkage. And plotting the current and V2
on X and Y axes of the oscilloscope in XY mode gives the BH loop.

Finding Magnetic Flux density B:

∫ 𝑉 𝑅2 𝐶𝑉2
𝐵= =
𝐴𝑁 𝐴𝑁

Where,

A- Area of cross section of the core

V2- Voltage across the capacitor

 V- Voltage across the transformer secondary

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.4 and obtain the BH-loop,

2. Calculate the area of the loop and find the hysteresis losses.

OBSERVATION

We observed the waveform of B-H loop on the oscilloscope and calculated the area of the loop. Now by putting
the value of area, we found out the hysteresis loss.

CONCLUSION

We arrive at an important conclusion that Hysteresis loop provides information about the magnetic properties
of a material. It is important that the B-H hysteresis loop is as small as possible so loss will be less because
shape of B-H curve decides the loss. Bigger the area then more is the loss and vice-versa. The shape of
hysteresis loop depends upon the nature of the material used i.e. iron or steel. Hysteresis loss depends on
area of the loop, frequency and volume of the core.