UCSP

THE BIRTH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Sociology is a branch of social science that deals with the scientific study of human interaction, whole
societies, and the human world as such. *

True

2. Max Weber is the “father” of sociology. *

False

3. Auguste Comte has always been associated positivism. *

True

4. Harriet Martineau expressed in How to Observe Morals and Manners *

True

5. Sui generis means everyone is unique. *

True

THE PROBEM OF DEFINING THE FAMILY

1. Filipinos are family-oriented. *

True

2. The anak-magulang complex is also known as Immediate family. *

True

3. Declining number of woman entering to labor force is one of the reason of family raise doubts about
it’s future. *

False

4. The best way to look at the definition of “family” is to look at one’s personal experience, cultural
background, sexual orientation, and moral outlook. *

False

5. There are 3 Common elements of the definition of family. *

True
 1 THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE:
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

THE BIRTH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Sociology- a branch of social science that deals with the scientific study of human interaction, whole
societies, and the human world as such.

Positivism- approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as
experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates.

Auguste Comte
-A French philosopher and mathematician.

-“father” of sociology

-Comte’s sociology has always been associated positivism.

Harriet Martineau
-“founding mother” of sociology

-Expressed in How to Observe Morals and Manners

Karl Marx
-He introduces materialist analysis of history which discounts religious and metaphysical explanation
for historical development.

Emile Duckheim
-The pioneer of functionalism in society

-He argued that the society possesses a reality sui generis

Max Weber
-The pioneer of interpretative sociology

-He stressed the role of rationalization in the development of society.

 2 THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE:
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

ANTHROPOLOGY- It is the study of what makes us human. ... They consider the past, through
archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was
important to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well as
our bones, diet, and health.

POLITICAL SCIENCE- the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and
comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions,
policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law,
strategy, and war.

Franz Boas
- the “father of modern American” anthropology.
- His work is associated with the movements known as Historical Particularism and
Cultural Relativism.
Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
- He develop the so called participant observation

Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

- developed the theory of structural functionalism and coadaptation.

Walter Lippmann
-an American writer, reporter and political commentator famous for being among the first to
introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological
meaning.

3 DOING RESEARCH IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE

DOING RESEARCH IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE
 Science and Common Sense
 The Open System of Social Science
 Two Basic Methods in the Soacial Science
Science and Common Sense
 Common sense considered to be the bedrock of science
 Common sense is prone to overgeneralization, inaccurate observation, and
illogical reasoning
 One must learn how to observe and what to observe
 The scientific method debunks common sense
The Open System of Social Science
 Social sciences are confronted with an open system – that applies to society,
culture, and the world.
 Open system cannot be totally controlled.
 The diversity of culture and social structure defines human meaning.
Two Basic Methods in the Social Science
 Quantitative Method
- According to JEANETTE GARWOOD, it refers to research involving collection of
data in numerical form in quantitative analysis.
 Qualitative Method
- According to MAGGIE SUMNER, it refers to research that investigates aspect
of social life which are not amenable to quantitative measurement

4 THE SOCIETY IN THE INDIVIDUAL

Society as an Objective Reality

Society
● the term came from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun
socius (“comrade, friend, ally”)
● a level of organization of groups that is relatively self-contained
● bounded territory also called “nation-state”

“Human beings are zoon politikon or political animals.” —Aristotle

“Human beings are creature whose nature is for them to live in the society or group.”
—John Holmwood

Emile Durkheim
 Methodological individualism
-States that collective concepts DO NOT EXIST, but only individual members.
 Sociological realism
-States that society is reality sui generis.
Durkhiem on the Objective Existence of Society
Durkhiem’s arguments:
1. External constraints of society worked through control mechanism.
2. Strong regulations of the individuals in a society or group ensures that the
members properly follow the norms and prescribed.
3. Lack in social regulation is called anomie (from Greek word nomos).
4. Collective or creative consciousness – “The totality of beliefs and sentiments
common for the average members of the society forms a determinate system
with a life on its own.
Social Reproduction or How Societies Persist

“The problem of explaining how societies manage to exist over a long period of time is
called reproduction.” —Louis Althusser French Philosopher and Sociology
Louis Althusser
 Ideological state apparatuses (ISA)
- Institutions that are created and used by society to mold its member to share
the same values and beliefs that atypical member of the society possesses.
- function ‘by ideology’
 Repressive state apparatuses (RSA)
- Those coercive institutions that use physical force to make the member
conform to the laws and norms of society like courts, police, and prisons.
- function ‘by violence’

Four Functional Prerequisites from Structural Functionalist perspective

 Adaptation
- The capacity of the society to take resources from the society and distribute
them accordingly. (Economic system)
 Goal attainment
- The capabilities to set goals and mobilize the resources and energies
necessary to achieve the goals set forth by society. (Political system)
 Integration
- Harmonization of the entire society to achieve consensus. (Societal
community)
 Latency
- Latent pattern maintenance. (Fiduciary system)
—Tacott Parsons
American Sociologist
 5 THE PROBEM OF DEFINING THE FAMILY
THE PROBEM OF DEFINING THE FAMILY

1. Filipinos are family-oriented. *

True

2. The anak-magulang complex is also known as Immediate family. *

True

3. Declining number of woman entering to labor force is one of the reason of family raise doubts about
it’s future. *

False

4. The best way to look at the definition of “family” is to look at one’s personal experience, cultural
background, sexual orientation, and moral outlook. *

False

5. There are 3 Common elements of the definition of family. *

True

Traditional Definition
 Filipinos are family-oriented.
 The anak-magulang complex and the kamag-anak relationship. (Immediate family
and Extended family)
 Filipinos treasure filial attachment.
 The family centeredness supplies a basic sense of belongingness, stability, and
security.
Family raise doubts about it’s future.
Consider the following statistics:
 Declining marriage rate and increasing rate of cohabitation.
 Increasing annulment rate.
 Increasing number of cases of domestic violence.
 Increasing number of woman entering to labor force.

“FAMILY”
  “There is no single definition of what family is”
 The definition of family will vary according to one’s personal experience, cultural
background, sexual orientation, and moral outlook.
 The best way to look at the definition of “family” is to look at the government
census definition.
Census Bureau of Canada
-Census family refers to a married couple and children, if any, of either or both spouses.

United Nations
The UN uses the tern nucleus family:
a. A married couple without child
b. A married couple with one or more unmarried children
c. A father with one or more unmarried children or
d. A mother with one or more unmarried children.

Common elements of the definition of family:

 The biological component;
 The functional component; and
 The residential component.

Important functions or roles of family in the society

1. For biological reproduction.
2. As the primary agent of socialization of children.
3. As the intitution of economic cooperation throught división of labor.
4. To care for and nurture children to be a responsable adults.
Physical education is the learning method for gaining awareness, skills and values, daily
involvement in physical activity and promotion of good eating options in order to
improve fitness for your health. It's important that the K-12 Curriculum has it.  The goal
of physical education is to help students learn about physical fitness and safe practices
and to make healthier decisions in the lives of students. The  physical facets of
healthcare are an excellent way to test the strengths and limitations of your students.
It's more content in different classes that students should know. To help us develop
these five physical aspects, if you want stationing, they are great for a PE. In
Cardiovascular Endurance you can make your students go down the stairs or run a miles
to test their cardiovascular resistance. For some time, you can make your students push
or dip to see where they live. Muscular stamina. Muscle strength is the lifting station
and while most young students can't lift a lot, their individual body weight can be used
through squats or pushups. Those 8 components include technology, awareness,
physical activity, fitness for wellbeing, accountability for human and social conduct,
values and proponents, nutrition and consumption. These are good elements to let your
students know about PE. These are vital for success, preservation and saving of lives for
PE students. Technical skills for different moderate to extreme physical activity are seen.
This encourages students to improve cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength and
versatility through their strategies. Knowledge represents an appreciation of the
principles, beliefs, strategies and differences required to promote health and improve
fitness. The benefits of physical activity and physical inactivity hazards are shown by
this. Physical training participates regularly in fitness enhancing physical activity. This
helps students to create a custom physical activity schedule.

Physical Education supports students to improve their talents, knowledge and skills to
live a safe and physical activity in and around school. They become aware that
movement is essential to human speech, will help people enjoy themselves and enrich
their lives through and about the movement. Students are encouraged to engage in
physical activity and to consider how it affects their own and others' well-being. They
demonstrate the advantages of an active way of life and inspire others to take part in
sport, dance, practice, leisure and adventure. Students are engaged and energized with
physical education. It offers genuine contexts for learning. Students are challenged by
their physical and interpersonal abilities. You have a sense of movement and the role it
plays in your lives.