Advanced Design of Steel

Structures
(CV597)
Date: 15 March 2021
Topics:
• Wind loads

Dr. Tauqir Ahmed

 Calculation of Velocity Pressure

NOTE
None of the above mentioned factors are related with the structure.
 Calculation of Velocity Pressure (cont.)
NOTE
1- None of the above mentioned factors are related with the
structure.

2- These factors are site

specific and can not
calculated /accessed by
a structural design
software (SAP, STAAD)
and need to be provided
by the user.
Concept of Exposure Categories
Exposure Categories
Exposure Categories
Exposure Categories
Concept of Enclosure Classification
Enclosure Classification

Open Building: The porosity for the “open building” is such that
air flow can enter and exit the building without a significant
buildup of internal pressure
Enclosure Classification

Enclosed Building: The porosity for an “enclosed building” is such

that there are not sufficient openings in the exterior building
envelope to allow significant air flow into the building.
Enclosure Classification

Partially Enclosed Building: The porosity of a “partially

enclosed” building is such that there are sufficient openings in the
building envelope windward wall to allow for wind to enter the
building; however, there are not sufficient openings in the
remaining portions of the building envelope to allow air flow out
of the building without a buildup of internal pressure
Enclosure Classification

Partially Open Building: The porosity for a “partially open”

building is such that there exist sufficient openings in the building
envelope windward wall to allow for air flow into the building
and sufficient openings exist in the remaining portions of the
building envelope to allow for some air flow out of the building
but with some buildup of internal pressure.
Enclosure Classification
Wind Load on Building
Directional Procedure
 Wind load on
Buildings

Directional Procedure:
 Wind load on
Buildings

Directional Procedure:
 Wind load on
Buildings

Directional Procedure:
Calculations of Factors affecting
the velocity pressure
Calculation of Velocity Pressure (cont.)

Ke = Ground elevation Factor

This factor accounts for the height above mean sea level
Calculation of Velocity Pressure (cont.)

Kz = Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

To account the increase in effect of wind with height
 Calculation of Velocity Pressure (cont.)

Kzt = To consider topographical effect

Page # (267)322
Calculation of Velocity Pressure (cont.)

Kd = Wind directionality factor

Wind Load on Building
(Internal Pressure)
Wind load on Buildings

Directional Procedure
Wind load on Buildings

Directional Procedure
Sign Convention (26.4.1):
Positive pressure acts towards the surface and negative pressure
acts away from the surface.
Wind load on Buildings

Directional Procedure
Wind load on Buildings

Directional Procedure

Gust Factor
 Wind load on Buildings

Directional Procedure

Expernal
Pressure
Coefficient

P # 276-276
Example
Concluded