www.cbsua.edu.

ph

A. COURSE OVERVIEW

Course Code MT 3
Course Name Basic tools, and testing equipment, and fundamentals of refrigeration
and air-conditioning
Course Deals with the study of the different types and function of tools and
Description testing equipment, it also covers the basic fundamentals of refrigeration
and air conditioning
Credit Units 6 units
Contact Hours 12 hours/week

B. COURSE CALENDAR

Week Begin Date Topics Assessment

Aug. 24-28, CLASS ORIENTATION
2020 Philosophy, Vision,
Mission, Quality Policy,
University Goal,
1 Guiding Values 
Core Principles

2-3 Sept. 1-11, Chapter I. 

20120 An Introduction
refrigeration and air-
conditioning

4-5 Sept. 14-25, Chapter II. 

2020 REFRIGERATION
CYCLE and principles

6 Sept. 28- Oct. Assessment  Summative Test

2, 2020

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 1

 Week Begin Date Topics Assessment
7-9 Oct. 5- Chapter III. Basic 
23,2020 electricity

10-11 Oct. 26-30, Chapter IV. 

2020 – Nov. Familiarizing different
2-6, 2020 tools to be used in
Refrigeration and Air
conditioning.

12 Nov. 9-13, Assessment 

2020
13-14 Nov. 16- 27, Chapter V. 
2020
Vapour compression
system
Nov. 30- Chapter VI. Parts and 
15-17 Dec. 11, 2020 function of
Refrigerator and Air
conditioning.
18 Dec. 14-18, FINAL EXAMINATION  Paper and pen
2020

C. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

CHRISTOPHER CAMAING is a COS faculty member who work at Central

Bicol State University of Agriculture-Sipocot campus, College of Industrial
Technology handling MT3P- Basic tools, and testing equipment, and
fundamentals of refrigeration and air-conditioning .

CHRISTOPHER R. CAMAING
Faculty, Calloge of Industrial Technology
christopher.camaing@cbsua.edu,ph
+639385170560
D. ASSESSMENT

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 2

 Course
Percen- Graduate
Assessment Type Learning Due Date
tage Attributes
Outcomes
Week 1-5 Quizzes, Activities 20% CO1, CO2, CO3 Weekly Knowledge,
Performance Task CO4 understanding,
Processing,
Performance
Week 6 Summative Test 10% CO5 September Knowledge,
14 understanding,
Processing,

Week 7-11 Quizzes, Activities 15% CO6 Weekly Interpersonal

skills,
Critical, and
innovative
thinking skills
Week 12 Performance Task 15% CO8 October 23 Interpersonal
skills,
Critical, and
innovative
thinking skills
Week 13-17 Quizzes, Activities 20% CO9, CO10, Weekly Knowledge,
Performance Task understanding,
Processing,
Performance
Week 18 FINAL EXAM 20% CO11 December Knowledge,
4 understanding,
Processing,
Interpersonal
skills,
Critical, and
innovative
thinking skills

Week 1
VALUEs and CORE
PHILOSOPHY, VISION, MISSION, QUALITY POLICY, UNIVERSITY GOAL, GUIDING

PRINCIPLES

I. INTRODUCTION

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 3

 Knowing our own history, or the history of our institution, is important because it helps us to know who
we are, what our goals should be, and how to achieve the set goals while molding the future. Being familiar
with past and present events gives us the ability not only to learn from mistakes but also from the successes.

At the end of the unit, the student should be able to:

a. familiarize the digital classroom rules, course requirements and PVMGO
b. appraise the PVMGO relating to his specialization
c. explain the PVMGO on the context of his course specialization

II. PRE-COMPETENCY
Answer the following questions.
1. Why is it important to understand the PVMGO?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. What does it take to be a CBSUA students?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

LR1: Official webpage: https://www.cbsua.edu.ph/index.php/site/univPost/638

LR2: Facebook: www.facebook.com/CBSUAOFFICIALPAGE
LR3: Youtube: CBSUA Strategic Development Path https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGWoC0rJFgA

IV. EXPLORE

PHILOSOPHY
Education for Sustainable Human Development
VISION
An Agricultural Research University of Global Standards
MISSION
Leading innovations, building resilient and sustainable communities
QUALITY POLICY
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture commits to lead innovations in instruction, research, extension and
resource generation for clients’ satisfaction, resilient and sustainable communities.

CBSUA is dedicated to uphold its core values and principles, satisfy all applicable requirements and standards
through continual improvement of the quality management system.

UNIVERSITY GOALS
1. Enable transformative and inclusive learning experiences
2. Generate and utilize new knowledge and technologies
3. Engage and empower communities
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 4
 4. Intensify internationalization and resource generation initiatives
5. Establish one E-Governance system
6. Enhance management of university resources

CORE VALUES

 Quality and Excellence  Teamwork and Unity

 Professionalism  Liberalism
 Institutional Pride

COLLEGE GOALS

1. Nurture quality pre-service teachers who will demonstrate excellent performance in the areas of instruction,
research and publication, and extension;
2. Promote quality teacher education programs that prepare world-class teachers;
3. Develop relevant and responsive educational technologies through research;
4. Catalyze development through community engagement; and
5. Improve human and physical resources.

V.DISCUSSION BOARD
Familiarize the following.
Learn how to be on your best behavior in an online classroom with 10 netiquette guidelines every online student
needs to know.
CLASS RULES
1. Before posting your question to a discussion board, check if anyone has asked it already and received a reply.
2. Stay on topic. Don't post irrelevant comments, links, thoughts, or pictures.
3. Don't write or comment anything angry/sarcastic, even as a joke. Without hearing your tone, others might not realize
you're joking.
4. Don't type in ALL CAPS! If you do, it will look like you're yelling at others.
5. Respect the opinions of everyone. If you feel the need to disagree, do so respectfully.
6. If you reply to a question from a classmate, make sure your answer is accurate. Do not guess!
7. Remember to say "Please" and "Thank you" when asking for help from your classmates.
8. Be brief. If you write long responses, it's unlikely anyone will spend the time to read it all.
9. If you ask a question and many people respond, summarize all the answers and post it to benefit your whole class.
10. If you refer to something your classmate said, quote a few lines from their post so others know which post you're
referencing
11. Don't badmouth others or call them names. You may disagree with their ideas, but don't mock the person.
12. Run a spelling/grammar check before posting. Use complete words and sentences in all posts.
13. Be forgiving. If your classmate/instructor makes a mistake, don't badger him/her for it. Let it go - it happens to the
best of us.
14. Before asking a question, check the course content or search the internet to see if the answer is easy to find.
15. Reach out to your instructor if you have any questions/issues. We are still here to help, even virtually!

Attendance Policy for our Online Course

Success in this course is dependent on your active participation and engagement throughout the course. As such,
students are required to complete all assignments by the due date, and to actively participate in class discussions.

Additionally, students are expected to:

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 5

  Log in at least three times a week – on different days in order to completely weekly assignments, assessments,
discussions and/or other weekly deliverables as directed by the instructor and outlined in the syllabus;
 Participate in the weekly threaded discussions, this means that, in addition to posting a response to the thread
topic presented, students are expected to respond to each other and comment and questions from the
instructor and/or other students;
 If you find that you cannot meet the class' minimum discussion requirements due to such a circumstance,
please contact your instructor as soon as possible.

Students will not be marked present for the course in a particular week if they have not posted on the discussion forum
and/or submit assignment/essay or complete assessment if administered in that week.

VI. POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

Answer the question below.

 Through your actions, will you or have you upheld the philosophy, vision and mission of CBSUA?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

WEEK 2-3
CHAPTER AN INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION AND AIR-
I CONDITION

I. INTRODUCTION
The refrigeration develops the temperature of one room or surface. Refrigeration is the process of absorbing
heat, and transferring heat on one area to another. The development of refrigeration for preservation of food
is the one of the most important uses of refrigeration. Food lasts longer when kept in cool areas. Studied
show that food have microbes that multiply faster in warm places. This multiplication of microbes had been
recognized as the major cause of food spoiling. At the temperature of 50⁰ F or les, microbes could not
multiply at all.

Refrigeration was first used by Chinese when they discovered that ice improves the taste of drinks. The
early Egyptians found out that water could be cooled by placing it in jars on roof top at sundown. And the
Greeks and romans place their food in the snow for preservation purpose.

II. PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

Answer the following questions/statement, encircles the correct answer.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 6

1. The first refrigeration was discovered, to improve the taste of drinks?
a. Chinese c. Egyptians
b. Greeks d. Romans

2. They discovered placing food in the snow can prevent food spoiling.
a. Chinese c. Greeks/Romans
b. Greeks d. Romans

3. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Refrigeration is the process of absorbing heat
b. Refrigeration is the process of transferring heat on one area to another
c. refrigeration was invented for preservation of food
d. all of the above

4. what is the first refrigerator?

a. ice box c. cooler
b. jar d. snow

5. which of the following is NOT a non-mechanical refrigeration system?

a. absorption system
b. steam-jet system
c. magnetic system
d. compressor system

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

To access the following resources, please click the link below.

 Module 1 refrigeration and aircondition.pdf

IV. EXPLORE

Refrigeration is the process of transferring the heat from one area to another. If we remove heat
from one substance, it becomes cold, and cold is merely the absence of heat. The removal of heat
can be accomplished by using ice or mechanical and non mechanical means.

Mechanical refrigeration system used compressor to move the refrigerant into the system and keep
the cycle. Those non mechanical systems are the absorption system, the steam-jet system, the
thermoelectric system, and the magnetic system. Our discussion will concentrate on mechanical
refrigeration system which is usually called the vapor compression.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 7

Since little was known about the procedures on how to lower the temperature enough to freeze
water into ice, ice was then transported. The value of ice for the preservation of foods had been
recognized for hundreds of years. An ice was used as the refrigerator during that time. It was the
first refrigerator introduced to the society.

It was in 1834 when an American engineer, Jacob perkins introduced the first patent for practical
ice-making machine in London. These machines were used successfully in meat-packing plants.
Within the next fifty years, ice –makers were manufactured in the united states, France, Germany,
and in other countries. Nowadays, refrigeration is not only put in use for the preservation of foods. It
is likewise used in chemicals, metal, medicines, gases, machines, tools and electronic device.

V. DISCUSSION BOARD

1. Why refrigeration is important to our life of living?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How can you improve the refrigeration in your daily life?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

VI. POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 8
Activity 1
Answer the following questions/statement, encircles the correct answer.
1. The first refrigeration was discovered, to improve the taste of drinks?
a. Chinese c. Egyptians
b. Greeks d. Romans

2. They discovered placing food in the snow can prevent food spoiling.
a. Chinese c. Greeks/Romans
b. Greeks d. Romans

3. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Refrigeration is the process of absorbing heat
b. Refrigeration is the process of transferring heat on one area to another
c. refrigeration was invented for preservation of food
d. all of the above

4. what is the first refrigerator?

a. ice box c. cooler
b. jar d. snow

5. which of the following is NOT a non-mechanical refrigeration system?

a. absorption system
b. steam-jet system
c. magnetic system
d. compressor system

activity 2.
True or False, Write your answer in the blank, write TRUE if the statement is TRUE and FALSE if the
statement is FALSE
_________ 1. Refrigeration is the process of absorbing heat and transferring heat
_________ 2. Jacob perkins introduced the first patent for practical ice-making machine in china.
_________ 3. The mechanical refrigeration system which is usually called the vapor compression.
_________ 4. The first refrigeration ice maker machine was invented in 1834.
_________ 5. Jacob perkins was invented the magnetic system.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 9

 WEEK 4-5
CHAPTER
II REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND ITS PRINCIPLES

II. INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration cycle and its principles, okay let us know the purpose of the refrigeration cycle. Let us
start in the refrigerant the refrigerant is commonly know the blood of the system it circulate in the
system from the compressor, to the condenser, and to the expansion valve to change the pressure
of the refrigerant, and also it flow to the evaporator, and back to the compressor. That is the brief
explanation of the refrigeration cycle.

III. PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

Answer the following questions five points (5pts)

1. what is refrigeration cycle?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________

2. how refrigeration cycle works?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

Click the link below

V. EXPLORE

PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION
The mechanical refrigeration system or the vapor-compression system has four stage taking place
in the compressor, the condenser, the expansion valve, and the evaporator. It is divided into two
pressure side the low pressure side and the high pressure side.
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 10
REFRIGERANT
If the compressor the heart of the system, the refrigerant is the blood of the system. A
refrigerant is a fluid that easily boils at lower temperature. It absorb heat I the evaporator and
discharge it into the condenser.

THE FOUR STAGE

1. COMPRESSOR
It is referred to as the ‘’heart’’ of the system. The compressor compresses the low-pressure
gas refrigerant into high pressure gas refrigerant, thus increasing the temperature, it also lower the
pressure in the evaporator, and keeps the refrigerant moving in the system
2. EVAPORATOR
It is coil of tubes where heat is being absorb in order that it may be moved and transferred to
the condenser. It is known as freezer, cooling coil, or chilling unit. It can be found on low-pressure
side of the system

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 11

3. CONDENSER
It is also a coil of tubes where heat being absorbed in the evaporator discharges into the
atmosphere. It can be found in high-pressure side of the system.
4. EXPANSION VALVE
It is the metering device that controls the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator. It reduces the
high-pressure liquid refrigerant to a low pressure liquid refrigerant in the correct quantities to
operate the system at maximum efficiency and without overloading the compressor.

REFRIGERATION CYCLE
 At point one, as the low-pressure liquid refrigerant moves through the cooling coil or
evaporator, it picks up heat from the foods placed inside the refrigeration cabinet. As the
liquid refrigerants absorb heat, it change to vapor. It is drawn into the compressor.
 At point 2, the low-pressure gas refrigerant is dawn into the compressor where it is subjected
to a higher pressure due to the compressor. As a result of being compressed, the low-
pressure gas refrigerant increase its pressure and its temperature.
 At point 3, the high-pressure gas refrigerant passed to the condenser where heat is
discharge and the vapor changes back to liquid, however, this liquid is still high-pressure
 At the point 4, the high-pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, thus
reducing the pressure immediately. The pressure decrease lowers the temperature of the
liquid refrigerant even more and it is now ready to pick up ore heat.
 The entire cycle is repeated
STATE OF MATER
Matter is composed of molecules which are moving. It is the smallest particle of a substance which
retains all the properties of the original substance.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 12

THE 3 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
1. CONDUCTION
Is the method of heat transfer in which heat moves by passing from one molecule of a substance to
another molecule of the same different substance? Heat flows by means of direct contact.
2. CONVECTION
Is a method of heat transfer that occurs in fluids, where the molecules are free to move around?
3. RADIATION
Is a method of heat transfer which flows through wave motion similar to light waves wherein the
energy is transmitted from one body to another?

V. DISCUSSION BOARD

1. why we need to know the refrigeration cycle??

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

2. in your own explain the step by step cycle of

refrigeration._____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 13

3. why we need to know on how to change the matter of a substance?
.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________

VII. POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

Activity 1
Answer the following
1. What is the heart of the refrigeration? And why it called the heart of the refrigeration? Support
your answer.
.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________
2. State the step by step on how refrigeration cycle works.
.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________
3. Why we need to know the refrigeration cycle?
.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________
4. Do you understand the refrigeration cycle?
.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________
5. In your own why we need to know the principles of refrigeration?

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 14

.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________

WEEK 6 ASSESSMENT 1
Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Sipocot, Camarines Sur
www.cbsua.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

1st Semester S/Y 2020-2021

NAME: _________________________________________Year & Section: __________________

Subject: Basic tools, and testing equipment, and fundamentals of refrigeration
and air-conditioning
Date: __________________________

Test I. READ AND ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT. WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN THE
SPACE PROVIDED.

_________________1. It is called the heart of the system

_________________2. It is called the blood of the system
_________________3. It is coil tubes where heat is being absorbed, known as a freezer
_________________4. it is also a coil tubes where heat is being absorbed in the evaporator
discharges into the atmosphere
_________________5. It is the metering deice that controls the flow of refrigerant
________________6. It is the smallest particles of a substance which retains all the properties of
the original substance
_________________7. The heat transfer by flow by means of direct contact
_________________8. A method of heat transfer that may occur in fluids.
_________________9. Transmitting heat from one body to another
_________________10. This is a kind of refrigeration system used a compressor to move the
refrigerant to keep the cycle

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 15

Test II. Arrange the following. Arrange the refrigeration cycle in step by step cycle of the refrigerant.
(10 pts)

I. At the point , the high-pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve,
thus reducing the pressure immediately. The pressure decrease lowers the
temperature of the liquid refrigerant even more and it is now ready to pick up ore heat.

II. At point , the low-pressure gas refrigerant is dawn into the compressor where it is
subjected to a higher pressure due to the compressor. As a result of being
compressed, the low-pressure gas refrigerant increase its pressure and its
temperature.
III. At point , the high-pressure gas refrigerant passed to the condenser where heat is
discharge and the vapor changes back to liquid, however, this liquid is still high-
pressure
IV. At point one, as the low-pressure liquid refrigerant moves through the cooling coil or
evaporator, it picks up heat from the foods placed inside the refrigeration cabinet. As
the liquid refrigerants absorb heat, it change to vapor. It is drawn into the compressor.
V. The entire cycle is repeated

Test III. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and X if it is incorrect. Write your answer in the box
provided.
_________ 21. Refrigeration is the process of absorbing heat and transferring heat
_________ 22. Jacob perkins introduced the first patent for practical ice-making machine in china.
_________ 23. The mechanical refrigeration system which is usually called the vapor compression.
_________ 24. The first refrigeration ice maker machine was invented in 1834.
_________ 25. Jacob perkins was invented the magnetic system.

Test IV. Essay

26-30, How can you improve the refrigeration in your daily life?

31-40, What is the heart of the refrigeration? And why it called the heart of the refrigeration?
Support your answer.

41-45, Why we need to know the refrigeration cycle?

Prepared by:

CHRISTOPHER R. CAMAING
Contract of Service

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 16

 WEEK 7-9
CHAPTER
BASIC ELECTRICITY
III

I. INTRODUCTION

Electricity is a form of energy. It is the major source of energy for the operation of many parts in the
refrigeration system it is a must for every refrigeration mechanic to have a working knowledge of the
nature and safe of electricity.

II. PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

Answer the following question.

1. what is the resistor color code?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________
2. what is the capacitor?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________
3. what is the multi tester?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________
4. what is the source of electricity?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________
5. what is the different between direct current and the alternating current?

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 17

 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

https://www.vivintsolar.com/blog/how-does-electricity-work
https://www.codrey.com/dc-circuits/what-is-an-electric-circuit/

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/resistor.com
https://learn.sparkfun.com.tutorials/resistor/all

VI. EXPLORE

How does electricity work?

Electricity works by getting a bunch of conductor elements together and creating a flow of electron-
stealing patterns through them. This flow is called a current. Conductors need to be surrounded with
insulators so the electrons can only go in one direction. Once you can control the direction the
electrons are going, you can use them to power or charge anything from a light bulb to your TV to
your electric car. All you have to do is continue supplying your conductor atoms with more electrons.
The moment they run out of electrons to take from one another is the moment your electronic
device stops working.

Current

AC - ALTERNATING CURRENT
Alternating current or AC electricity is the type of electricity commonly used in homes and
businesses throughout the world.
While the flow of electrons through a wire in direct current (DC) electricity is continuous in one
direction, the current in AC electricity alternates in direction. The back-and-forth motion occurs
between 50 and 60 times per second, depending on the electrical system of the country.
AC is created by an AC electric generator, which determines the frequency. What is special about
AC electricity is that the voltage in can be readily changed, thus making it more suitable for long-
distance transmission than DC electricity. But also, AC can employ capacitors and inductors in
electronic circuitry, allowing for a wide range of applications.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 18

DC - DIRECT CURRENT
In a direct-current system, it's easy to determine voltage because it is non-varying or varies slowly
over time. You can simply make a measurement with a DC voltmeter. But in an AC circuit, the
voltage is constantly changing.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT
If in a circuit, components are connected in series then the circuit is known as a series circuit. In a series
circuit, current through each component is same and voltage supplied is the sum of the voltage across each
component. If a wire joins the battery to one lamp, to the next lamp and then back to the battery, the lamps
are said to be connected in series.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

If in a circuit, components are connected in parallel then the circuit is known as parallel circuit.
In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each component will be same and total current applied is
the sum of current through each component. If a lamp is connected to the battery and another
lamp is connected in a separate loop with first lamp, then lamp is connected in parallel
connection.

POWER
power is the rate of doing work. When current flows on a certain voltage , it is power.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 19

TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are used to either increase or decrease the voltage in an AC environment. They can work like resistors,
but they can also increase the voltage if necessary.

RESISTORS
There are many different types of resistor available which can be
used both electrical and electronics circuit to control the flow of current or to produce voltage drop
in many different ways. Components and wires are coded with color to identify their value and
function.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 20

The resistors have 4 different band, each bands has different value and tolerance. Resistors are
common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.
Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are
also implemented within integrated circuits.

CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy  charge in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals. The capacitor block the direct current flow of charge.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical
conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The
capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator.[1] This name and its cognates are still widely
used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable exception being condenser microphones, also
called capacitor microphones.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 21

CAPACITOR RANGE FOR DIFFERENT MOTOR CAPACITY

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 22

 START CAPACITOR

RUN CAPACITOR

POINTER DEFLECTION FOR CAPACITORS

Start capacitor, run capacitor of fan motor capacitor can be distinguished the deflection of the
pointer of the ohmmeter. Since the start capacitor has higher capacity than the run capacitor, its
deflection of the pointer is large than the run capacitor. We know that start capacitor ranges from 95
to 400 microfarad and the run capacitor ranges from 5 to 40 microfarad, because of its difference in
range, they also differ in pointer deflection.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 23

MULTIMETER
A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. A typical multimeter can
measure voltage, resistance, and current, in which case it is also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter. Analog
multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. 

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 24

Different Parts of a Multimeter

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 25

This electronic measuring tool needs a number of components to be able to perform the
tasks for which it was designed to work well. So, the result of the cooperation between
these parts is measuring the values we have already mentioned. The parts of a
multitester are a scale, a needle or pointer, an adjustment screw, a zero-ohm selector, a
range selector knob, some ports and test probes.

In the following, we will read more about each of these components, their roles and how
they work.

1. Scale: This is how you read the value being measured. For an analog multitester, this
is a series of markings in a semicircle. Depending on the complexity of your multimeter,
you can read different variations such as voltage, current, and resistance on the device
screen and scale section. Which value you are measuring depends on what port you
plugged into on your analog multitester.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 26

2. Needle Pointer: This is the needle-shaped rod that moves over the scale of a meter.
The needle pointer is mechanically connected to the moving coil. The value the pointer
hovers over indicates the value being measured by the multitester. Note that when there
are multiple values being measured on the same scale, you’ll need to pay attention to
which port the multitester is connected to. Match the port up with the value being
measured.

3. Adjustment Screw: This part which is also known as the dial or infinity knob allows
you to adjust the pointer to the zero position of the scale. This is usually accompanied
with the help of a flat head screwdriver. It is good to know that the name ‘infinity knob’
comes from the fact that at 0 voltage, you have ‘infinite resistance’.

4. Zero-Ohm Adjustment Knob: The zero-ohm adjustment knob is used to calibrate the

multitester when you want to measure the resistance of an object. To make sure the
multitester is calibrated correctly you have to turn on the multitester, then connect the
metal tips of the two probes and finally use the zero-ohm adjustment knob to adjust the
needle to point to ‘0 ohms’ on the scale.

That’s it! Since you’re not putting anything between the two metal tips, you would expect
the multitester to read a resistance value of zero. If that’s not the case – then you need
to use the zero-ohm adjustment knob to calibrate the multitester to… zero ohms!

5. Range Selector Knob: This part is also known as a selector switch. A range selector
knob allows you to adjust the settings of the multitester (range selector knobs are also
present on the best insulation resistance testers). Using this you can change what the
multitester is measuring (e.g. voltage, current, or resistance), as well as the range of the
measurement (e.g. volts or millivolts). The range selector knob can be auto ranging, or
manual ranging.

Auto ranging is much easier to work with. You simply adjust the dial to the symbol
corresponding the electrical parameter you want to measure. You connect the test
probes and you have your measurement.

Manual ranging, on the other hand, is a little bit trickier. With manual ranging, you need
adjust the dial so that the value it is set to is higher than the maximum value you expect
from your circuit.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 27

6. Ports: The holes at the front of the multimeter are known as ports. You need to plug
your test probes into the appropriate ports to allow the multimeter to measure the
parameter that you’re interested in.

7. Test Probes: A test probe or a test lead is an instrument used to connect a multimeter
to a Device Under Test which is known as DUT. Test probes are flexible, insulated wires.
They are able to establish an electrical connection between a multimeter and the DUT
without exposing electrical workers to live conductive parts. Red test probes connect to
the positive terminal, and black test probes connect to the negative terminal.

V. DISCUSSION BOARD

1. What is electricity?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
2. what is the different between the alternating current and the direct current?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
3. what is resistors? What are the main rule of resistors in electronic circuit?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
4. What is a capacitor used for?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
5. What are the parts of multimeter and its function?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________

VI.
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION
POST-COMPETENCY Page 28
CHECKLIST
ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following question bellow. Choice the letter of correct answer
1. which of the following is the best example of an electric insulator?
a. tires
b. metal
c. PVC pipe
d. none of the above
2. an electric current is the
a. flow of electrons
b. opposition to electrons
b. storage of charge
d. ionization of atom
3. electric pressure is also called
a. resistance
b. power
c. voltage
d. energy
4. what does a capacitor store?
a. current
b. charge
c. voltage
d. power
5. a capacitor block the charge of.
a. DC
b. AC
c. both AC and DC
d. none of the above

ACTIVITY 2
Name the different parts of multi tester.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 29

 WEEK 10-
11
FAMILIARIZING DIFFERENT TOOLS TO BE USED IN
CHAPTER
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING.

INTRODUCTION

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 30

 The different tools and equipment are most needed in refrigeration and air-conditioning.
The different tools have a different functions for their purpose this tools are different in
the other tools.

PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

LEARNING RESOURCES

https://automationforum.co/manifold-gauges-air-conditioning-gauges/#:~:text=A%20manifold
%20gauge%20is%20chamber,a%20problem%20with%20the%20system.

https://www.wilhelmsen.com/marine-products/welding--surface-preparation/gas-welding--
acetylene-vs-propane/

EXPLORE
COPPER TUBE
The tubing that carries the refrigerant to various component is considered to be a vital parts of the
refrigeration system. Copper tubing is the most common material in a refrigeration piping circuit. It is
used to connect the major parts of the refrigeration system such as the evaporator coil, the
compressor, the condenser coil, and the expansion valve. Most copper tubing is a available from
1/8 inch to ¾ inch of diameter.
TUBE CUTTER
To ensure a accurate ‘’squire’’ cut, a tube cutter is the most frequently used tool. On some type of
tubing, it is advisable to used hacksaw and vice clamp, such as in stainless steel, heavy wall or
thickness tube, and large diameter tube.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 31

FLARING TOOL
When connecting tubing to fittings, it is common practice to flare the end tube and use fittings
designed to grip the flare for vapor tight seal.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 32

SWAGING TOOLS
Swaging is the joining of two piece of copper tubing of the same diameter by expanding or
stretching the end of one piece to fit over the other so the joint may be soldered of brazed. As a
general rule, the length of the joint that fits over the other is equal to the approximate outside
diameter of the tubing.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 33

2 TYPES OF TUBE BENDER
LEVER TYPE BENDER

SPRING TYPE BENDER

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 34

GUAGE MANIFOLD
A manifold gauge is chamber device that is used to control the flows of pressure or gases. The manifold
gauge set and interpret the pressures of the air-conditioning system as it operates. These pressures tell the
technician if the system is operating correctly or if there is a problem with the system.

VACUUM PUMP
The purpose of vacuum pumps is to remove molecules of air and other gases from a vacuum
chamber. However, as the pressure within the chamber decreases, the process of eliminating the
molecules becomes more difficult. For that reason, many manufacturers rely on industrial vacuum
pumps.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 35

MAP GAS
What is MAPP gas? MAPP gas is an abbreviation of Methyl Acetylene propadiene propane. It contains
propyne, propane, and propadiene. It is widely used for welding and many other industrial purposes.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 36

 1 Copper tube cutter
2 Deburring tools
3 Flaring tool (other types are available)
4 Pipe calibration tools (internal/external
5 Ruler, pen & pencil
6 Adjustable wrench
7 Torque wrench
8 Tube expander tool & expander heads
9 Vernier calliper
10 Oil can calibrated leak test
11 Torch igniter
12 Rubber mallet
13 Safety glasses & insulating gloves
14 Refrigeration ratchet
15 Spray bottle (for leak detection)
16 Manifold gauge
17 HOSE
18 Weighing scale
19 Tool kit for press fittings (Lokring)
20 Non-metallic abrasive pad
21 Phosphorus brazing alloy, silver
22 brazing alloy & flux Pipe bending tools
23 Engineer’s square
24 Recovery and recycling unit
25 Vacuum gauge
26 Vacuum pump
27 Oxy-acetylene torch set
28 Electronic leak detecto

Refrigeration tools are used in performing preventive maintenance and repair on air conditioners,
refrigerators, freezers, and automotive air conditioner.

They are as follows:

• Tube Cutter – is a refrigeration tool use to cut copper tubing from sizes 1/8” to 1/2” outside
diameter. A larger tube cutter is also available for large tube diameters. Tubes are mark first before
cutting. Slight pressure is applied to the copper tube during cutting. The burr inside the tube is cleaned
with blade reamer.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 37

• Flaring Tool – is a refrigeration tool use to spread the copper end outward until a flare is formed. File
and ream the copper tube before flaring. The copper tube is inserted into the flaring block with 30% of
its diameter protruding. Turn the flaring yoke slowly until the flare is completed. Remove copper tube
and inspect for defects.

• Swagging Tool – is a refrigeration tool use to expand the inside diameter of a copper tube so that the
resulting diameter is the same as the outside diameter. It is used to join two copper tubes of the same
diameter. Clamp the copper tube by the flaring block so that an 'equal to the outside diameter' of the
copper tube length is to be swagged.

• Brazing Torch – is a refrigeration tool use in soldering the joints of two copper tubes together. 800
degrees Fahrenheit is required to solder copper tubing. Map gas is generally used in these application,
although oxygen-acetylene is also popular except they are bulky and heavy. It can reach a temperature
of 3600 degrees Fahrenheit. When brazing copper tube joints, do it in a well ventilated area. Prolong

inhalation can cause cancer.

• Copper Tube Bender – is a copper tube bending refrigeration tool. It has a three-size molded half-
round wheels. The most common sizes are from 1/4 of an inch diameter, to 5/16, then 3/8. Copper
tubes are bent beautifully using this professional bending tool.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 38

• Adjustable wrench – is a wrench with an adjustable jaw. A six inch adjustable wrench is very useful
in the field of refrigeration repair. It can accommodate nuts and bolts' sizes from 1/8 of an inch to 1
inch. It can fit into the tool box easily.

• Flat Edge Screw Driver – is a screw driver with a flat driving end. An 8 inch screw driver with a
blade width of 1/4" is the most useful size. It is always a good idea to have a 1/8" blade and a 3/16"
blade around with you.

• Philip Screw Driver – is a screw driver with a cross driving end. It is a good idea to have three sizes
of this type also. Buy only good quality philip screw driver because the teeth easily become blunt very
slippery.

• Allen Wrench – is an angle hexagonal driving wrench. They are made of hardened steel. You will
need allen key when removing the squirrel caged fan of a window type air conditioner. The circular fan
of an indoor unit is fastened with an allen screw.

• Long Nose Plier – is a plier with a long pointed nose. A 7 inch long nose plier is very useful and is a
good addition to your tool box. You will find the many uses of a long nose plier; from hard to-reach
areas like removing a clip from a fan or holding the copper tube when brazing alone.

• Slip Joint Plier – is a mechanical plier with a slip joint in order to adjust the size. Either for fastening
a 1/2" pipe to loosening a 1" water pipe, it is a very handy tool to have. I have with me a 10" slip joint
plier all the time.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 39

• Electrical Plier – Insulated plier use by electrician. An 8 inch electrical plier is a must have in your
tool box. There are time when it is necessary to remove a live fuse from a fuse box. Or arranging the
stranded wires.

• Pipe Wrench – is a wrench for fastening tubes and pipes. A 12 in pipe wrench must be in your tool
box as well. Sometimes we have to remove a rounded hex nut.

• Socket Wrench set – wrench with driving socket. We have the 1/2" drive and the 3/8" drive and the
1/4" drive. I carry all of them when I am on the field. You will need a socket wrench to remove a remote
hex nut or bolt where you have to add extension just to remove it. The set come with a ratchet which is
also a very handy tool.

• Nut Drivers – Hand held driver to drive or remove hex nuts or bolts. Mostly applicable to deep down
places where our hand is not able to reach. Straight hand grip type and the T-type drivers are available
for you to choose.

• Box Wrench – Hand held box type wrenches. They came in from 1/4 of an inch to 1-1/4 inch size.
Usually they are in combination as far as the size is concern. A practical tool for assembling and
disassembling home air conditioner and automotive air conditioner compressors.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 40

• Open Wrench – Open end hand held wrench. Their sizes are from 1/8 of an inch to 1-1/4 of an inch.
It is most useful when you are removing a machine bolt where access is only 50 to 75 percent, or the
area is restricted that the wrench can make only one half turn.

• Flat File – flat hardened steel with cutting ridges. Used for filing a newly cut copper tube ends to
square it. Or to remove burrs from steel brackets. File surface joints so that they can fit squarely.

• Round File – round long hardened steel with cutting ridges. Round file is very useful in enlarging a
hole by filing. Cleaning a rusty steel tube, removing a clogged from a drain hole. Enlarging a flat washer
hole to fit the larger bolt. Or to shape a certain parts through filing. Making prototype spare parts for
hard-to-find spare.

• Half Round Files – Half round shaped long hardened steel with cutting ridges. When it is necessary to
make a hole larger where the application of a round file is not practical. The half round side can finish a
curve surface, and the flat side for the flat surface.

• Carpenter’s Saw – a hand tool with tooth blade used to cut wood. Fabricating wooden frame for a
window type air conditioner, cutting wooden sticks to be used to elevate an air conditioner unit.
Fabricating elevated stand for a split type stand alone indoor unit.

• Tape measure – steel tape measuring device. Put one in your pocket whenever you are going out
into the field. Either you are going to make measurement for the length of the copper tubing you will
need for a certain project, or measuring the volume of a room.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 41

• Hack Saw – a hand tool with tooth blade used to cut iron pipes or iron bars, maybe you need to
shorten the length of a certain PVC pipe, or fabricating a bracket for a new air conditioner. Making a new
home air conditioner installation. Cutting the window frame so that the new air conditioner will fit.

• Electric Drill Gun – is also a good refrigeration tool a refrigeration mechanic should have. We
measure the size of a drill gun by the size of the chuck. I have with me a 1/2 inch chuck, and it is all I
need in doing different things, like installing a new compressor and I need to make new holes for the
anchor bolts.

• Bench Vise – a refrigeration tool with two jaws for holding works. Most of the time we need a vise to
hold the copper tube so that we can braze the joints correctly. Or we must clamp the machine bolt so
that we can remove the hex nut. Or simply clamp a piece of steel bar so that we can cut it into the size
we need.

• Yoke Vise – a pipe vise. It is good to have a yoke vise in your working bench. Yoke vise is a common
refrigeration tool a mechanic should have. Either you are lengthening your water pipes or removing
electrical conduit pipes, a yoke vise clamps the tubing without deforming them.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 42

• Gauge Manifold – refrigeration tool pressure gauges. Whenever you are reprocessing a refrigerator,
or replacing a new compressor for a freezer, or charging refrigerant to your automotive air conditioner,
you need a gauge manifold to tell you if you are doing it right.

DISCUSSION BOARD

1. what is the importace of tools and equipment as a mechanical technology? And what way be the
purpose that they creat a special tools that you can used in refrigeration and air-conditioning?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. why we need to know the different function of such tools?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

3. why we need to learn on how to operate the different testing equipment?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 43

 WEEK
12 ASSESSMENT 2

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 44

 WEEK 13-
14 VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM
CHAPTER

II. INTRODUCTION

The prime purpose of refrigeration is to produce the desired temperature within a specific area by
transferring heat to a location where it is not wanted. To understand how these processes are
carried on, one must understand the system to accurately diagnose any trouble.
Refrigeration system is divided into two section- the mechanical section and electrical section. The
mechanical section includes the compressor pumping system, the vapor , the condenser,
strainersion valve, and other miscellaneous parts like the accumulator, strainer drier or receiver.
The electrical section includes the compressor motor, the overload protector, relay, cabinet bulb
and switch, the thermostat, and the heaters.

III. PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

EXPLORE

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 45

DISCUSSION BOARD

THE MECHANICAL SECTION

Four stage of refrigeration system
1. evaporator
2. Compressor
3. Condenser
4. Expansion valve
two pressure side of refrigeration system
1. low pressure side
2. High pressure side
Six principal components of vapor-compression system
1. evaporator
2. Accumulator
3. Compressor
4. Condenser
5. Capillary tube
6. Strainer – drier

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 46

 POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 47

 WEEK 15-
17 PARTS AND FUNCTION OF REFRIGERATION AND
CHAPTER AIR-CONDITION

INTRODUCTION

IV. PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

EXPLORE

DISCUSSION BOARD

POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITION Page 48