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Lecture 5
By
Engr. Muhammad Waseem
Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering
UET, Peshawar (Jalozai Campus)
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Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
One of the most fundamental design criteria for all highway
facilities is that a minimum sight distance equal to the safe
stopping distance must be provided at every point along the
roadway
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Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
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Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
Sight distance is measured along the arc of the roadway, using the
centerline of the inside travel lane
The middle ordinate, M, is taken as the distance from the centerline of the
inside lane to the nearest roadside sight blockage
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Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
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Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
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Example 1– SSD on Horizontal Curves
A 6º curve (measured at the centerline of the inside lane) is being
designed for a highway with a design speed of 70 mi/h. The grade
is level, and driver reaction time will be taken as 2.5 seconds, the
AASHTO standard for highway braking reaction. What is the
closest any roadside object may be placed to the centerline of the
inside lane of the roadway?
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Example 2 – SSD on Horizontal Curves
A horizontal curve on a two-lane highway (2 lanes per direction)
is designed with a 700m radius, 3.6-m lanes, and a 100 km/h
design speed. Determine the distance that must be cleared from the
middle of the inside lane to provide sufficient sight distance for
desirable and minimum SSD
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Vertical Alignment
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Vertical Alignment
The vertical alignment of a highway consists of straight sections
known as grades, (or tangents) connected by vertical curves
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Types of Vertical Curve
More (+) followed Less (-) followed
by less (+) by More (-)
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Vertical Curve Layout
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Length of Vertical Curve
Length of Crest Vertical Curves
Provision of a minimum stopping sight distance (SSD) is the only
criterion used for design of a crest vertical curve.
Length of Sag Vertical Curves
The selection of the minimum length of a sag vertical curve is controlled
by the following four criteria:
1. SSD provided by the headlight
2. Comfort while driving on the curve
3. General appearance of the curve
4. Adequate control of drainage at the low point of the curve
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Length of Crest Vertical Curves
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Length of Crest Vertical Curves
There are two possible scenarios that could control the design
length:
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Length of Crest Vertical Curves
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Example
A crest vertical curve is to be designed to join a +3% grade with a
-2% grade at a section of a two-lane highway. Determine the
minimum length of the curve if the design speed of the highway is
60 mi/h, SSD<L, and a perception-reaction time of 2.5 sec. The
deceleration rate for braking (a) is 11.2 ft /sec2.
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Length of Sag Vertical Curves
1-SSD provided by the headlight
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Length of Sag Vertical Curves
1- SSD provided by the headlight
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Length of Sag Vertical Curves
Minimum Length based on Comfort Criterion
The comfort criterion is based on the fact that when a vehicle travels on a sag
vertical curve, both the gravitational and centrifugal forces act in combination,
resulting in a greater effect than on a crest vertical curve where these forces act
in opposition to each other.
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Length of Sag Vertical Curves
Minimum Length of Curve based on Appearance Criterion
Lmin = 100A
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Length of Sag Vertical Curves
Minimum Length based on Drainage Criterion
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Minimum Length of a Sag Vertical Curve
Example
A sag vertical curve is to be designed to join a -5% grade to a +2%
grade. If the design speed is 40 mi/h, determine the minimum
length of the curve that will satisfy all criteria. Assume a = 11.2
ft/sec2 and perception-reaction time = 2.5 sec.
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Vertical Curve Layout
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Location of Highest/Lowest Point
The location of the high point (on a crest vertical curve) or the low
point (on a sag vertical curve) is given by:
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Example
A 600-ft long equal tangent sag vertical curve has the PVC at
station 170+00 and elevation 1,000 ft. The initial grade is -3.5%
and the final grade is +0.5%. Determine the stationing and
elevation of the PVI, the PVT and the lowest point on the curve
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Example
A vertical curve of 600 ft. (L = 6) connects a +4% grade to a -2%
grade. The elevation of the PVC is 1,250 ft. Find the elevation of
the PVI, PVT and the high point on the curve.
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Vertical Alignment - Grades
The longitudinal slope of a highway is called the grade. It is
generally stated as a percentage
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Vertical Alignment - Grades
Crawl Speed: It is the minimum constant speed that is maintained
by a loaded truck throughout the length of the curve.
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Crawl Speed
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1150 2300
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