You are on page 1of 7

&,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$  ·

WENTYLACJA · KLIMATYZACJA

ZZZFLHSORZHQWSO
ISSN 0137-3676

$QDOL]DZSá\ZXZ\GDMQRĞFLQDZLHZXZV\VWHPDFK
RGG\PLDQLDNODWHNVFKRGRZ\FKQDSRGQLHVLHQLH
HIHNW\ZQRĞFLLQVWDODFML
3HUIRUPDQFH$QDO\VLVRIWKH0HFKDQLFDOO\3URYLGHG$LU6XSSO\LQ6PRNH([WUDFWLRQ6\VWHPV
IRU6WDLUFDVHVRQ,QFUHDVLQJWKH(I¿FLHQF\RIWKH,QVWDOODWLRQ
'2,

720$6=%85'=<
*5=(*25=.8%,&.,

6áRZDNOXF]RZH RGG\PLDQLHZHQW\ODFMDSRĪDURZDRGG\PLD- .H\ZRUGV ¿UH YHQWLODWLRQ VPRNH H[WUDFWLRQ RI VWDLUFDVHV


nie klatek schodowych, klatka schodowa, doprowadzenie powie- staircase, compensation of fresh air, supply air
WU]DNRPSHQVDF\MQHJRQDZLHZNRPSHQVDF\MQ\QDSRZLHWU]DQLH
$EVWUDFW
6WUHV]F]HQLH 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULVWRGHVFULEHWKHUHVXOWVRIVWXGLHVSHU
3U]HGVWDZLRQRZ\QLNLEDGDĔRUD]ZQLRVNLDXWRUyZQDWHPDWPRĪOL IRUPHGE\WKHDXWKRUVDERXWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILQFUHDVLQJHIIHF
ZRĞFL]ZLĊNV]HQLDHIHNW\ZQRĞFLV\VWHPXRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGR WLYHQHVVRIVPRNHH[WUDFWLRQIURPVWDLUFDVHVE\XVLQJPHFKDQLFDO
ZHMSU]\]DVWRVRZDQLXQDZLHZXPHFKDQLF]QHJRR]PLHQQHMZ\GDM VXSSO\ZLWKYDULDEOHYROXPH$QDO\]HVRISRVVLEOHFRQVHTXHQFHV
QRĞFL DQDOL]DPRĪOLZ\FK]GDU]HĔLNU\WHULyZSURMHNWRZ\FK  7KH DUWLFOH LOXVWUDWH WKH HIIHFWV RI XVLQJ PHFKDQLFDO DLU VXSSO\
3U]HGVWDZLRQRHIHNW\]DVWRVRZDQLDREOLF]RQHJR]JRGQLH]Z\W\F] ZLWK YDULDEOH YROXPH FDOFXODWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR JXLGHOLQHV >@ LV
Q\PL>@QDZLHZXPHFKDQLF]QHJRR]PLHQQHMZ\GDMQRĞFLZLQVWD VXHGE\6FLHQWL¿FDQG5HVHDUFK&HQWUHIRU)LUH3URWHFWLRQ1D
ODFMDFK RGG\PLDQLD NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK :\GDQH SU]H] &HQWUXP WLRQDO 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH *XLGHOLQHV : 6PRNH H[
1DXNRZR%DGDZF]H2FKURQ\3U]HFLZSRĪDURZHMLP-7XOLV]NRZ WUDFWLRQ V\VWHPV IRU VWDLUFDVHV ± WKLV LV WKH ¿UVW RQH ZKLFK GH
VNLHJR 3DĔVWZRZ\ ,QVW\WXW %DGDZF]\ :\W\F]QH : VFULEHVGHVLJQPHWKRGIRUWKLVNLQGRIV\VWHPV7KH3UREOHPZLWK
6\VWHP\ RGG\PLDQLD NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK MDNR SLHUZV]H Z NUDMX VXSSO\QJ IUHVK DLU WR VWDLUFDVHV KDSSHQV PDLQO\ IRU VWDLUFDVHV
RSUDFRZDQLHRSLVXMHSRGVWDZĊSURMHNWRZąGODWHJRW\SXV\VWHPyZ ZLWKRXWDQ\FRQQHFWLRQWRH[WHUQDODWPRVSKHUHRQWKHOHYHORIHQ
3UREOHP ] GRVWDUF]HQLHP SRZLHWU]D NRPSHQVDF\MQHJR SRMDZLDá WHULQJWKHEXLOGLQJ7KHUHZDVDQHHGWRLPSOHPHQWDQHZVROXWLRQ
VLĊ]D]Z\F]DMZSU]\SDGNXNODWHNEH]EH]SRĞUHGQLHJRGRVWĊSXGR IRUVWDLUFDVHVZKHUHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRI31%>@
SU]HVWU]HQLDWPRVIHU\]HZQĊWU]QHMQDSR]LRPLHZ\MĞFLD]EXG\QNX FDQQRWEHXVHG7KHLGHDZDVWRXVHPHFKDQLFDOVXSSO\DVFRP
3RV]XNLZDQRZLĊFVNXWHF]QHJRUR]ZLą]DQLDWHJRSUREOHPXZSU]\ SHQVDWLRQ7KHSUREOHPZDVYHU\LPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLWFRQFHUQHG
SDGNX NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK FR GR NWyU\FK QLH PRĪQD E\áR ZSURVW PRVWRIEXLOGLQJVEXLOWLQ3RODQGZKLFKZDVWKH=/FDWHJRU\RI
]DVWRVRZDü]DOHFHĔQRUP\31%>@5R]ZLą]DQLHWR GDQJHUIRUGZHOOHUV7KH&RQWURYHUVLHVDUHPDLQO\DERXWKRZWKH
PLDáRSROHJDüQDRGG\PLDQLXWDNLFKNODWHNVFKRGRZ\FKSU]\Z\NR YROXPHRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOVXSSO\VKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGDQGKRZ
U]\VWDQLX QDZLHZX PHFKDQLF]QHJR MDNR GRSURZDG]HQLD SRZLHWU]D LWVKRXOGEHFRQWUROOHG WKHYROXPHRIPHFKDQLFDOVXSSO\FDQEH
NRPSHQVDF\MQHJR 7HPDW E\á LVWRWQ\ SRQLHZDĪ RSLVDQ\ SUREOHP FRQVWDQWRUYDULDEOH 7KH$UWLFOHLQWURGXFHVDQH[DPSOHRISRV
GRW\F]\áQDMF]ĊĞFLHMEXG\QNyZZ]QRV]RQ\FKZ3ROVFHF]\OLWDNLFK VLEOHFRQVHTXHQFHVDQGHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIXVLQJGLIIHUHQWYROXPHV
NWyUHVWDQRZLąNDWHJRULĊ]DJURĪHQLDOXG]L=/.RQWURZHUVMHGRW\ RIDLUVXSSO\IRUW\SLFDOVWDLUFDVHDQGIRUWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVVPRNH
F]ąJáyZQLHZ\]QDF]HQLDZ\VWDUF]DMąFHMZ\GDMQRĞFLQDZLHZXPH H[WUDFWLRQDQGLPSURYHPHQWRIFRQGLWLRQVIRUHYDFXDWLRQ ,QWKLV
FKDQLF]QHJRQDNODWNĊVFKRGRZąRUD]VSRVREXMHMUHJXODFML QDZLHZ SDSHUDUHLQWURGXFHGWKHUHVXOWVRIWHVWVDQGWKHRWKHUFRQFOXVLRQV
R Z\GDMQRĞFL VWDáHM OXE UHJXORZDQHM  : DUW\NXOH SU]HGVWDZLRQR DERXWVPRNHH[WUDFWLRQV\VWHPVZKLFKDUHGHVFULEHGWKHFRQGXFW
SU]\NáDGRZąDQDOL]ĊVNXWNyZG]LDáDQLDUyĪQ\FKZDULDQWyZQDZLH HG &)' DQDO\VHV DQG KRW VPRNH WHVWV &RQGXFWHG DQDO\]HV DQG
ZXNRPSHQVDF\MQHJRZW\SRZHMNODWFHVFKRGRZHMQDVNXWHF]QRĞü WHVWVVKRZVWKDWVXSSO\ORFDWHGLQWKHERWWRPRIDQ\VWDLUFDVHLV
RGG\PLDQLDLSRSUDZĊZDUXQNyZHZDNXDFML DJRRGDOWHUQDWLYHIRUVHFXULW\RIVWDLUFDVHVWKDWDUHQRWFRQQHFWHG
3RQDGWR SU]HGVWDZLRQR Z\QLNL EDGDĔ RUD] ZQLRVNL DXWRUyZ GRW\ WR H[WHUQDO DWPRVSKHUH DQG GRHVQ¶W KDYH JUDYLW\ FRPSHQVDWLRQ
F]ąFHV\VWHPyZRGG\PLDQLDNODWHNVFKRGRZ\FKVIRUPXáRZDQHQD 'LIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVWRWKHYROXPHRIDLUVXSSO\DQGWKHFRQWURO
SRGVWDZLHSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FKDQDOL]&)'RUD]SUyEG]LDáDQLDLQVWD OLQJWKLVYROXPHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRQGLWLRQVLQVWDLUFDVHVLQÀX
ODFML ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP JRUąFHJR G\PX 3U]HSURZDG]RQH DQDOL]\ HQFH WKH VDIHW\ RI WKH V\VWHP LQ PDQ\ KDSSHQV WKDW PD\ RFFXU
LWHVW\ZVND]XMąĪHQDZLHZ]ORNDOL]RZDQ\QDGROHNODWNLVFKRGR GXULQJHYDFXDWLRQDQGRU¿UHEULJDGHDFWLRQ
ZHMMHVWVNXWHF]Q\PVSRVREHP]DEH]SLHF]HQLDNODWHNVFKRGRZ\FK
NWyUHQLHPDMąGRVWĊSXGRJUDZLWDF\MQLHGRSURZDG]DQHJRSRZLHWU]D ‹:\GDZQLFWZR6,*0$1276S]RR
NRPSHQVDF\MQHJR5yĪQHSRGHMĞFLDGRNZHVWLLZDUWRĞFLZ\GDMQRĞFL $OOULJKWUHVHUYHG
QDZLHZXPHFKDQLF]QHJRRUD]]PLHQQRĞFLWHMZ\GDMQRĞFLZ]JOĊGHP
ZDUXQNyZSDQXMąF\FKZSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKRGRZHMZSá\ZDMąQD
]ZLĊNV]HQLHOXE]PQLHMV]HQLHSR]LRPXEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDVDPHJRV\V
WHPXZUyĪQ\FKPRĪOLZ\FK]GDU]HQLDFKPRJąF\FKZ\VWąSLüSRG
F]DVHZDNXDFMLLOXEDNFMLUDWRZQLF]RJDĞQLF]HM

PJULQĪ7RPDV]%XUG]\&1%233,%&HQWUXP1DXNRZR%DGDZF]H2FKURQ\3U]HFLZSRĪDURZHMLP-y]HID7XOLV]NRZVNLHJR3DĔVWZRZ\,QVW\WXW
%DGDZF]\$NDGHPLD*yUQLF]R+XWQLF]DLP6WDQLVáDZD6WDV]LFDZ.UDNRZLH
GULQĪ*U]HJRU].XELFNLRVREDGRNRQWDNWXJU]HJRU]NXELFNL#SZHGXSO:\G]LDá,QVWDODFML%XGRZODQ\FK+\GURWHFKQLNLL,QĪ\QLHULLĝURGRZLVND
3ROLWHFKQLNL:DUV]DZVNLHM

22 &,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/ 
:SURZDG]HQLH SU]HGVWDZLRQR QD U\V  ௅ ]DPLDVW Z SU]HVWU]HQL VDPHM
NODWNLVFKRGRZHMMDNSRGDQRZZ\W\F]Q\FK>@3RQDG
:DUXQNL RFKURQ\ SU]HFLZSRĪDURZHM VIRUPXáRZD WR SRPLHV]F]HQLH Z NWyU\P ]ORNDOL]RZDQR SRĪDU Z\
QH Z NUDMRZ\FK SU]HSLVDFK REOLJXMą GR ]DVWRVRZDQLD SRVDĪRQRZRNQRG]LĊNLNWyUHPXSU]HGVWDZLRQRZSá\Z
ZNODWNDFKVFKRGRZ\FKZLĊNV]RĞFLEXG\QNyZZLHORNRQ ]DVWRVRZDQLD]PLHQQHMZ\GDMQRĞFLQDZLHZXZDVSHNFLH
G\JQDF\MQ\FK UR]ZLą]DĔ VáXĪąF\FK GR RGG\PLDQLD OXE ]ZLĊNV]HQLD Z\GDMQRĞFL Z FHOX Z\WZRU]HQLD SUĊGNRĞFL
]DSRELHJDQLD ]DG\PLHQLX 6NXWHF]QLHMV]H DOH ]QDF]QLH SRZLHWU]D Z ĞZLHWOH RWZDUW\FK GU]ZL ] NODWNL GR SR
GURĪV]HUR]ZLą]DQLD]DSRELHJDQLD]DG\PLHQLX V\VWHP\ PLHV]F]HQLDREMĊWHJRSRĪDUHP
UyĪQLFRZDQLD FLĞQLHQLD  PRĪQD SURMHNWRZDü QD SRGVWD 0RGHO NODWNL VFKRGRZHM Z\NRQDQR NLHUXMąF VLĊ REVHU
ZLH ]DVDG\ RSLVDQHM Z 31(1   >@ 1D ZDFMDPL W\SRZ\FK ĞUHGQLRZ\VRNLFK EXG\QNyZ PLHV]
WRPLDVWZ\W\F]QH&1%23>@VWDQRZLąSUyEĊNRPSOHN NDOQ\FK ZLHORURG]LQQ\FK 1D U\VXQNX  SU]HGVWDZLRQR
VRZHJR XSRU]ąGNRZDQLD RUD] Z\SHáQLHQLD OXNL Z RJyO PRGHO NODWNL VFKRGRZHM ZUD] ] SRPLHV]F]HQLHP JG]LH
QRGRVWĊSQHM ZLHG]\ QD WHPDW SURMHNWRZDQLD V\VWHPyZ ]ORNDOL]RZDQ\]RVWDáSRĪDUSURMHNWRZ\5\VXQHNZ\NRQD
ZPLHMVFDFKJG]LHMHV]F]HQLHWU]HEDVWRVRZDüUyĪQLFR QRZSRF]ąWNRZHMID]LHDQDOL]\&)'$QDOL]ĊZ\NRQDQR
ZDQLDFLĞQLHQLD>@DQLHPRĪQDMXĪVWRVRZDüRGG\PLD ZSURJUDPLH)'6
QLD ]JRGQLH ] >@ 3RQDGWR SRGDQR ZDUXQNL HIHNW\ZQH
JR G]LDáDQLD V\VWHPyZ RGG\PLDQLD NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK 2SLVPRGHOX
: DUW\NXOH SU]HGVWDZLRQR ZQLRVNL ] SU]HSURZDG]RQHM
DQDOL]\ QXPHU\F]QHM HIHNW\ZQRĞFL Z\EUDQ\FK SU]\SDG :\VRNRĞü NODWNL VFKRGRZHM WR  P Z F]ĊĞFL QDG
NyZLQVWDODFMLRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHM]DSURMHNWR ]LHPQHMRUD]PF]ĊĞFLSRG]LHPQHM.ODWNDPDNRQ
ZDQHM]JRGQLH]Z\W\F]Q\PL>@RUD]QDSRGVWDZLHGR G\JQDFML QDG]LHPQ\FK L MHGQą NRQG\JQDFMĊ SRG]LHPQą
ĞZLDGF]HĔ]>@RUD]>@ U\V   1D NRQG\JQDFML SRZ\ĪHM SDUWHUX ]ORNDOL]RZDQR
SRPLHV]F]HQLHNWyUHJRGU]ZLSURZDG]ąFHQDNODWNĊVFKR
0DWHULDá\LPHWRG\ GRZą SR]RVWDMą VWDOH RWZDUWH ]DáRĪHQLH EUDNX HOHPHQWX
VDPR]DP\NDMąFHJRGU]ZL 3U]\MĊWRPRGHOSRĪDUXSURMHN
: FHOX OHSV]HJR ]LOXVWURZDQLD ]DJDGQLHQLD RGG\PLD WRZHJR Z\WZDU]DMąFHJRG\P ]QDF]QLNRZ\QD SRGVWDZLH
QLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHMSU]HSURZDG]RQRNLONDDQDOL]&)' Z\W\F]Q\FK>@WMMDNRSDOLZRSU]\MĊWRHWDQRO&+2+
V\VWHPX GREUDQHJR QD SRGVWDZLH Z\W\F]Q\FK >@ RUD] R FLHSOH VSDODQLD  N-NJ F]ĊĞü PRF\ RGGDZDQHM
DUW\NXáX >@ : SU]HGVWDZLRQ\P SU]\NáDG]LH DQDOL]\ WH SU]H] SURPLHQLRZDQLH  FDáNRZLW\ VWUXPLHĔ FLHSáD
]RVWDá\ UR]V]HU]RQH R ZDUXQNL ]EOLĪRQH GR ZDUXQNyZ Z\]ZDODQ\]MHGQRVWNLSRZLHU]FKQLSRĪDUXSURMHNWRZHJR
U]HF]\ZLVW\FK WM SRĪDU SURMHNWRZ\ Z\WZDU]DMąF\ G\P N:PDZVSyáF]\QQLNG\PRWZyUF]RĞFLNJNJ
]QDF]QLNRZ\ NWyU\ ]ORNDOL]RZDQ\ ]RVWDá Z SRPLHV] 3RĪDU WHQ ]PRG\¿NRZDQR Z WDNL VSRVyE ĪH GZXNURWQLH
F]HQLX SU]\OHJá\P GR NODWNL VFKRGRZHM U\V  Z >@  ]ZLĊNV]RQRMHJRSRZLHU]FKQLĊD]DWHPLPRFZVWRVXQNX
/RNDOL]DFMĊ SRPLHV]F]HQLD MDN L SRĪDUX SURMHNWRZHJR GRZ\W\F]Q\FK>@WMSU]\MĊWRSRZLHU]FKQLĊRZ\PLDUDFK
PîP]DPLDVWPîPRUD]]ZLĊNV]RQR
PRF FDáNRZLWą SRĪDUX ]  N: QD  N: %\áR WR NR
QLHF]QH DE\ ]QLZHORZDü VWUDW\ HQHUJLL NWyUH Z\VWĊSXMą
SRGF]DVZ\Sá\ZXG\PX]SRPLHV]F]HQLDQDNODWNĊVFKR
GRZą3R]ZLĊNV]HQLXZ\PLDUyZ]DVWRVRZDQ\PRGHOSR
ĪDUXSURMHNWRZHJRZGDOV]\PFLąJXPDZ\áąF]QLHIXQNFMĊ
SURGXNFMLG\PX]QDF]QLNRZHJR
:LHONRĞü]DVWRVRZDQHMVLDWNLREOLF]HQLRZHMWRP
0RGHOPDNRPyUHN2EOLF]HQLDSU]HSURZDG]R
QRV]HĞFLRNURWQLH:HZV]\VWNLFKSU]\SDGNDFKHOHPHQWHP
RGG\PLDMąF\PE\áDWDNDVDPDNODSDG\PRZD]DPRQWRZD
QDZVWURSLHNODWNLVFKRGRZHMDQDZLHZSRZLHWU]DNRP

Ilość uwalnianego ciepła z pożaru projektowego


względem czasu HRR
140

120
Całkowita moc pożaru (kW)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Czas (s)

5\V3U]\MĊW\PRGHONODWNLVFKRGRZHM 5\V&DUDFWHULVWLFKDUDNWHU\VW\NDSU]\MĊWHJRSRĪDUXSURMHNWRZHJR
)LJ6WDLUFDVHPRGHOXVHG )LJ&KRIXVHGGHVLJQ¿UH

&,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/  23
SHQVDF\MQHJR ]ORNDOL]RZDQ\ E\á ]DZV]H Z W\P VDP\P :\QLNLV\PXODFML
PLHMVFX
3U]HSURZDG]RQDDQDOL]DREHMPRZDáDUyĪQHZDUXQNLNOL =H Z]JOĊGX QD RJUDQLF]RQą REMĊWRĞü DUW\NXáX DXWRU]\
PDW\F]QHWM ]GHF\GRZDOLVLąQDRSLVZ\QLNyZSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FKDQD
௅ RNUHV SU]HMĞFLRZ\ ZDUXQNL L]RWHUPLF]QH  SU]\MĊWR OL]SU]\PDNV\PDOQ\PRJUDQLF]HQLXSUH]HQWDFMLZL]XDOL]D
WHPSHUDWXUĊ RWRF]HQLD o& RUD] ZLOJRWQRĞü Z]JOĊGQą FMLZ\QLNyZV\PXODFML:\QLNLDQDOL]&)'SU]HGVWDZLRQR
7HPSHUDWXUDZHZQąWU]NODWNLVFKRGRZHMoC, ZSRVWDFLZLGRNXG\PX'RUD]ZLGRNX'ZLGRF]QRĞFL
௅ RNUHV ]LPRZ\ ௅ SU]\MĊWR WHPSHUDWXUĊ RWRF]HQLD SU]HJUyGEXGRZODQ\FKZG\PLHQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHZ\QLNR
±o&RUD]ZLOJRWQRĞüZ]JOĊGQą7HPSHUDWXUDZH ZHMSLRQRZHMSU]HFKRG]ąFHMSU]H]ĞURGHNNODWNLVFKRGR
ZQąWU]NODWNLVFKRGRZHMoC, ZHMD]DUD]HPSU]H]NODSĊG\PRZą
௅ RNUHV OHWQL ௅ SU]\MĊWR WHPSHUDWXUĊ RWRF]HQLD oC
RUD] ZLOJRWQRĞü Z]JOĊGQą  7HPSHUDWXUD ZHZQąWU] :\QLNLV\PXODFMLZRNUHVLHL]RWHUPLF]Q\P
NODWNLVFKRGRZHMo& SU]HMĞFLRZ\P L]LPRZ\P

:H ZV]\VWNLFK PRGHORZDQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK DQDOL]R :DUXQNL L]RWHUPLF]QH VWDQRZLą SXQNW RGQLHVLHQLD GR
ZDQD E\áD VNXWHF]QRĞü RGG\PLDQLD SU]\ QDVWĊSXMą IXQNFMRQRZDQLDLQVWDODFMLRGG\PLDQLDSRQLHZDĪQDHIHN
F\FKZDULDQWDFKQDZLHZXSRZLHWU]D W\ZQRĞüV\VWHPXSUDNW\F]QLHQLHZSá\ZD]MDZLVNRFLąJX
௅ V\VWHPRGG\PLDQLDMHVW]JRGQ\Z\W\F]Q\PL&1%23 WHUPLF]QHJR=NROHLG]LDáDQLHLQVWDODFMLRGG\PLDQLDZVSR
>@PDNV\PDOQDZ\GDMQRĞüQDZLHZXR]PLHQQHMZ\GDM PDJD]MDZLVNRQRUPDOQHJRFLąJXWHUPLF]QHJRZZDUXQ
QRĞFL]DVWRVRZDQDZPRGHOXWRPK NDFK]LPRZ\FK$QDOL]DIXQNFMRQRZDQLDLQVWDODFMLZW\FK
௅ QDZLHZVWDá\RZ\GDMQRĞFLPK>@ RNUHVDFKPRĪHE\üZLĊFWUDNWRZDQDMDNRRFHQDG]LDáDQLD
௅ QDZLHZVWDá\RZ\GDMQRĞFLPK>@ ZZDUXQNDFKQHXWUDOQ\FKLNRU]\VWQ\FK2WU]\PDQHZ\QL
NLV\PXODFMLVąZREXSU]\SDGNDFKEDUG]R]EOLĪRQH
2SLVDQH]PLDQ\ZPRGHOX&)'ZVWRVXQNXGRZ\W\F] 7XĪ SU]HG XUXFKRPLHQLHP NDĪGHJR ] UR]SDWU\ZDQ\FK
Q\FK>@]RVWDá\]DVWRVRZDQHZ\áąF]QLHQDSRWU]HE\DUW\ V\VWHPyZRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHMZRNUHVLHL]RWHU
NXáXRUD]XĪ\WHZHZV]\VWNLFKPRGHODFKREOLF]HQLRZ\FK PLF]Q\PRUD]]LPRZ\PG\P]SRPLHV]F]HQLDQDSá\ZDá
3U]HGVWDZLRQH REOLF]HQLD PRĪQD Z\NRQ\ZDü ORNDOL]XMąF QD NODWNĊ VFKRGRZą L VWRSQLRZR Z\SHáQLDá MHM NXEDWXUĊ
SRĪDUQDUyĪQ\FKNRQG\JQDFMDFK:WDNLPSU]\SDGNXSR RNQRZSRPLHV]F]HQLXSR]RVWDZDáR]DPNQLĊWH 
MDZLáE\ VLĊ GRGDWNRZ\ F]\QQLN ZSá\ZDMąF\ QD HIHNW\Z 3R XUXFKRPLHQLX LQVWDODFML L SU]\ ZFLąĪ ]DPNQLĊW\P
QRĞüRGG\PLDQLDQDMZ\ĪHM]ORNDOL]RZDQ\FKNRQG\JQDFML RNQLH Z SRPLHV]F]HQLX SU]\OHJá\P QLH]DOHĪQLH R Z\
ZSRVWDFLQDWXUDOQHJRFLąJXWHUPLF]QHJR-HGQDNDE\]LOX GDMQRĞFL LQVWDODFML V\WXDFMD QD NODWFH VFKRGRZHM Z\JOą
VWURZDüVDPąLGHĊLSRGHMĞFLHGRWDNLHMDQLHLQQHMVWUDWH GDáDSUDNW\F]QLHLGHQW\F]QLHZNDĪG\P]UR]SDWU\ZDQ\FK
JLLZHQW\ODFMLSRĪDURZHMVNRQFHQWURZDQRVLĊQDQDMSURVW SU]\SDGNyZ L RNUHVyZ '\P XWU]\P\ZDQ\ E\á Z NODWFH
V]\PSU]\SDGNX VFKRGRZHM QD Z\VRNRĞFL NRQG\JQDFML QD NWyUHM ]ORNDOL
]RZDQ\E\áSRĪDU
&KDUDNWHU\VW\NDPHWRG\&)'LSURJUDPX 5yĪQLFH Z HIHNW\ZQRĞFL RGG\PLDQLD ]DF]Ċá\ E\ü ZL
)'6 GRF]QHZFKZLOLNLHG\RWZDUWH]RVWDáRRNQRZSRPLHV]
F]HQLXSU]\OHJá\P']LDáDQLHV\VWHPX]DSURMHNWRZDQHJR
2EOLF]HQLD QXPHU\F]QH Z ZDUXQNDFK SRĪDUX UR]SU]H ]JRGQLH]Z\W\F]Q\PL&%233,%>@NWyUHJRZ\GDMQRĞü
VWU]HQLDQLDVLĊFLHSáDG\PXLJD]yZSRĪDURZ\FKZ\NRQD Z]URVáD GR  PK XPRĪOLZLáD SRPLPR VWDOH DN
QR]DSRPRFąSURJUDPX)LUH'\QDPLFV6LPXODWRU )'6  W\ZQHJR SRĪDUX Z\SFKQLHFLH G\PX SU]H] RWZDUWH RNQR
Z ZHUVML  >@ NWyU\ SRZVWDá Z 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH SU]\ UyZQROHJá\P VWRSQLRZ\P RF]\V]F]DQLX ] G\PX
RI 6WDQGDUG DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1,67 86 'HSDUWDPHQW RI NROHMQ\FK NRQG\JQDFML NODWNL VFKRGRZHM U\V  L  
&RPPHUFH SU]\ ZVSyáSUDF\ 977 7HFKQLFDO 5HVHDUFK
&HQWUHRI)LQODQG/WG>@
: G]LHG]LQLH LQĪ\QLHULL EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD SRĪDURZHJR
V]HURNLH ]DVWRVRZDQLH ]QDOD]á\ REOLF]HQLD QXPHU\F]QH
NRPSXWHURZHM PHFKDQLNL Sá\QyZ DQJ Computational
Fluid Dynamics±&)' 3URJUDP)'6>@MHVWREHFQLH
QDMF]ĊĞFLHMVWRVRZDQ\LVWZRU]RQ\GRREOLF]HĔPHFKDQLNL
Sá\QyZZZHQW\ODFMLSRĪDURZHM
'RDQDOL]SU]\MĊWR
௅ FLĞQLHQLHDWPRVIHU\F]QHK3D
௅ ZZDUXQNDFKL]RWHUPLF]Q\FKWHPSHUDWXUDRWRF]HQLD
ƒ&ZLOJRWQRĞüZ]JOĊGQD
௅ Z ZDUXQNDFK ]LPRZ\FK WHPSHUDWXUD RWRF]HQLD
ƒ&ZLOJRWQRĞüZ]JOĊGQD
௅ ZZDUXQNDFKOHWQLFKWHPSHUDWXUDRWRF]HQLDƒ&
ZLOJRWQRĞüZ]JOĊGQD
௅ SRGVWDZRZHPDWHULDá\XĪ\WHGREXGRZ\PRGHOXĪHO
EHW Sá\WNL FHUDPLF]QH Sá\W\ NDUWRQ JLSV VWDO V]NáR EX
GRZODQH
5\V6WDQ]DG\PLHQLDZSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKRGRZHMV±ZD
௅ PHWRGDREOLF]HQLRZDLarge Eddy Simulation /(6  UXQNL L]RWHUPLF]QH ']LDáDQLH V\VWHPX ]JRGQHJR ] Z\W\F]Q\PL
PHWRGDZLHONLFKZLUyZ &1%23>@
௅ PRGHOWXUEXOHQFMLDeardorffa, )LJ6PRNHFRQGLWLRQLQVWDLUFDVHLQV௅LVRWKHUPDOFRQGLWLRQV
௅ VLDWNDREOLF]HQLRZDPîPîP :RUNRIV\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWR&1%23JXLGHOLQHV>@

24 &,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/ 
5\V6WDQ]DG\PLHQLDZRNUHVLHOHWQLPZSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKR
5\V6WDQ]DG\PLHQLDZRNUHVLH]LPRZ\PZSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKR GRZHMVRGZ]QLHFHQLDSRĪDUXSURMHNWRZHJR
GRZHMV']LDáDQLHV\VWHPX]JRGQHJR]Z\W\F]Q\PL&1%23>@ )LJ  6PRNH FRQGLWLRQ GXULQJ VXPPHU LQ VWDLUFDVH LQ  V IURP
)LJ6PRNHFRQGLWLRQGXULQJZLQWHULQVWDLUFDVHLQV:RUNRI EHJLQQLQJRIGHVLJQHG¿UH
V\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWR&1%23JXLGHOLQHV>@

5\V  6WDQ ]DG\PLHQLD Z RNUHVLH OHWQLP Z SU]HVWU]HQL NODW


5\V  6WDQ ]DG\PLHQLD Z RNUHVLH ]LPRZ\P Z SU]HVWU]HQL NODWNL NL VFKRGRZHM  V ']LDáDQLH V\VWHPX ]JRGQHJR ] Z\W\F]Q\PL
VFKRGRZHMV']LDáDQLHV\VWHPX]Z\GDMQRĞFLąP3K>@ &1%23>@
)LJ6PRNHFRQGLWLRQGXULQJZLQWHULQVWDLUFDVHLQV:RUNRI )LJ6PRNHFRQGLWLRQGXULQJVXPPHULQVWDLUFDVHLQV:RUNRI
V\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWRYROXPHP3K>@ V\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWR&1%23JXLGHOLQHV>@

3R RVLąJQLĊFLX GRFHORZHM Z\GDMQRĞFL V\VWHPX SRPLPR QDSá\ZDMąF\GRSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKRGRZHMPRĪHPLHü


VWDOHDNW\ZQHJRSRĪDUXZF]DVLHVRGRWZDUFLDRNQD VWRVXQNRZDQLHZLHONąWHPSHUDWXUĊ3RWZLHUG]DMąWRUyZ
X]\VNLZDQR FDáNRZLWH RF]\V]F]HQLD NODWNL VFKRGRZHM QLHĪ Z\QLNL V\PXODFML 3U]HG XUXFKRPLHQLHP NDĪGHJR
]G\PX(IHNWXWHJROHSLHMZLGRF]QHJRZW\PRNUHVLHQLH ]UR]SDWU\ZDQ\FKV\VWHPyZQDSRZLHWU]DQLDG\PQDSá\
]DREVHUZRZDQRZĪDGQ\P]SR]RVWDá\FKDQDOL]RZDQ\FK ZDMąF\GRNODWNLVFKRGRZHMXQRVLáVLĊ]QDF]QLHZROQLHM
SU]\SDGNyZ QSU\V  QLĪZRSLVDQ\FKSRZ\ĪHMSU]\SDGNDFKLPLDáWHQGHQFMĊ
.ROHMQD UyĪQLFD ]ZLą]DQD ] Z\GDMQRĞFLą QDZLHZX ZL GRRSDGDQLDSRQLĪHMNRQG\JQDFMLQDNWyUHM]ORNDOL]RZD
GRF]QD MHVW Z V]\ENRĞFL RF]\V]F]DQLD NODWNL VFKRGRZHM Q\E\áSRĪDU U\V 
] G\PX SR GHDNW\ZDFML SRĪDUX : SU]\SDGNX LQVWDODFML 3R XUXFKRPLHQLX NDĪGHM ] UR]SDWU\ZDQ\FK LQVWDOD
G]LDáDMąFHM ]JRGQLH ] ]DáRĪHQLDPL Z\W\F]Q\FK &1%23 FMLDSU]HGRWZDUFLHPRNQDQDNRQG\JQDFMLSU]HSá\Z
F]DV WHQ QLH SU]HNUDF]D  V L MHVW SUDZLH GZXNURWQLH SU]H] NODWNĊ VFKRGRZD SR]ZDODá QD XWU]\PDQLH G\PX
NUyWV]\ QLĪ Z SU]\SDGNX VWDáHJR QDZLHZX R Z\GDMQRĞFL SRZ\ĪHMNRQG\JQDFMLQDNWyUHM]ORNDOL]RZDQ\E\áSR
PK ĪDU U\V 
3RGREQLHMDNZHZF]HĞQLHMRSLVDQ\FKDQDOL]DFKUyĪ
:\QLNLV\PXODFMLZRNUHVLHOHWQLP QLFH Z IXQNFMRQRZDQLX LQVWDODFML ]DF]Ċá\ E\ü ZLGRF]
QH SR RWZDUFLX RNQD Z SRPLHV]F]HQLX SU]\OHJá\P GR
2NUHVOHWQLFKDUDNWHU\]XMHVLĊZ\VWĊSRZDQLHPZNODW NODWNL VFKRGRZHM ']LDáDQLH V\VWHPX ]H ]PLHQQ\P
FH VFKRGRZHM RGZUyFRQHJR FLąJX WHUPLF]QHJR 6ą WR QDSá\ZHP SRZLHWU]D >@ NWyUHJR Z\GDMQRĞü Z]URVáD
QLHNRU]\VWQH ZDUXQNL GR IXQNFMRQRZDQLD V\VWHPX RG GR   PK XPRĪOLZLáD SRPLPR VWDOH DNW\ZQHJR
G\PLDQLDSRQLHZDĪSU]HGXUXFKRPLHQLHPQDZLHZXPH SRĪDUXQDZ\SFKQLHFLHG\PXSU]H]RWZDUWHRNQRSU]\
FKDQLF]QHJRSURFHVXQRV]HQLDG\PXQDVNXWHNVWUDW\¿ND UyZQROHJá\PVWRSQLRZ\PRF]\V]F]DQLX]G\PXNROHM
FMLWHUPLF]QHM]DEXU]RQ\MHVWSU]H]QLHNRU]\VWQ\UR]NáDG Q\FKNRQG\JQDFMLNODWNLVFKRGRZHM U\V :ZDUXQ
FLĞQLHQLDZNODWFHVFKRGRZHM-HVWWRV]F]HJyOQLHLVWRWQH NDFK OHWQLFK SU]\ VWDOH DNW\ZQ\P SRĪDU]H FDáNRZLWH
ZSRF]ąWNRZHMID]LHSRĪDUXNLHG\WUZDHZDNXDFMDDG\P RF]\V]F]HQLHNODWNLVFKRGRZHM]G\PXQDVWąSLáRMHGQDN

&,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/  
5\V6WDQ]DG\PLHQLDZRNUHVLHOHWQLPZSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKR 5\V6WDQ]DG\PLHQLDZRNUHVLHOHWQLPZSU]HVWU]HQLNODWNLVFKR
GRZHMV']LDáDQLHV\VWHPX]JRGQHJR]Z\W\F]Q\PL&1%23>@ GRZHMV']LDáDQLHV\VWHPX]Z\GDMQRĞFLąP3K>@
)LJ6PRNHFRQGLWLRQGXULQJVXPPHULQVWDLUFDVHLQV:RUNRI )LJ6PRNHFRQGLWLRQGXULQJVXPPHULQVWDLUFDVHLQV:RUNRI
V\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWR&1%23JXLGHOLQHV>@ V\VWHPZLWKYROXPHP3K>@

GRSLHUR SR  V ,QVWDODFMD VWDáHJR QDZLHZX QDZHW NL VFKRGRZHM GR SU]HVWU]HQL REMĊWHM SRĪDUHP OXE RNQR
R ]ZLĊNV]RQHM GR  PK Z\GDMQRĞFL HIHNWX WHJR Z SU]HVWU]HQL REMĊWHM SRĪDUHP D GR WHJR Z\VWĊSRZDü
QLH]DSHZQLáD U\V  EĊG]LHFLąJNRPLQRZ\Z\ZRáDQ\SU]HSá\ZHPJRUąF\FK
JD]yZSRĪDURZ\FKRUD]QDWXUDOQ\FLąJNRPLQRZ\DSR
0RĪOLZRĞüXNLHUXQNRZDQLDSU]HSá\ZXZĞZLHWOH QDGWRXZ]JOĊGQLP\MHV]F]HSUDZGRSRGREQ\ZSá\ZZLD
RWZDUW\FKGU]ZL WUXWRRNDĪHVLĊĪHVSHáQLHQLHNU\WHULXPSUĊGNRĞFLPV
MHVWQLH]Z\NOHWUXGQHGRX]\VNDQLD1DVXZDVLĊZQLRVHN
=ZLĊNV]HQLH HIHNW\ZQRĞFL LQVWDODFML RGG\PLDQLD PRĪH ĪHQDWXUDOQ\FLąJNRPLQRZ\NWyUHJRPDZDUWRĞFL]QDF]
QDVWąSLüMHĪHOLZ\GDMQRĞüQDZLHZX XPRĪOLZLXNLHUXQNR QLH SU]HNUDF]DMą  3D PRĪH VSRZRGRZDü Z ]DOHĪ
ZDQLH SU]HSá\ZX SRZLHWU]D Z ĞZLHWOH RWZDUW\FK GU]ZL QRĞFL RG ORNDOL]DFML SRĪDUX Z]JOĊGHP W]Z SáDV]F]\]Q\
RG NODWNL VFKRGRZHM GR SRPLHV]F]HQLD XĪ\WNRZHJR >@ RERMĊWQHMZFLąJDQLHG\PXGRNODWNLVFKRGRZHM
:DUXQHN ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD SU]HG Z\Sá\ZHP G\PX EĊG]LH :V\VWHPLH]JRGQ\P]Z\W\F]Q\PL>@QDGFLĞQLHQLHOXE
VSHáQLRQ\JG\ĞUHGQLDSUĊGNRĞüSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRSRZLH SRGFLĞQLHQLHZNODWFHVFKRGRZHMMHVWUyĪQHQDNDĪGHMMHM
WU]DZĞZLHWOHRWZDUW\FKGU]ZL]JRGQLH]GDQ\PL]OLWHUD NRQG\JQDFML RUD] GRGDWNRZR ]PLHQLD VLĊ Z LVWRWQ\ VSR
WXU\ZSRF]ąWNRZHMID]LHSRĪDUX]QDMG]LHVLĊZ]DNUHVLH VyE ZUD] ] XVXQLĊFLHP RNQD Z SU]HVWU]HQL REMĊWHM SRĪD
PVGRPV>@6ąWRPLQLPDOQHZDUWRĞFLNRQLHF] UHP U\VL 1DGFLĞQLHQLHOXESRGFLĞQLHQLHQLHMHVW
QH GR X]\VNDQLD SUĊGNRĞFL SU]HSá\ZX : U]HF]\ZLVW\P ZLĊNV]HRGW\FKNWyUHPRĪHVSRZRGRZDüQDWXUDOQ\FLąJ
RELHNFLH Z NWyU\P QD HIHNW\ZQRĞü V\VWHPX Z LVWRWQ\ NRPLQRZ\ D SRQDGWR SU]HVWDMH E\ü WR LVWRWQH JG\ G\P
VSRVyE RGG]LDáXMą VLá\ JUDZLWDF\MQH FLąJ NRPLQRZ\  ]RVWDQLH V]\ENR Z FDáRĞFL XVXQLĊW\ ] SU]HVWU]HQL NODWNL
SUĊGNRĞFL WH PRJą VLĊ ]QDF]QLH UyĪQLü Z ]DOHĪQRĞFL RG VFKRGRZHM2GSRZLHGQLRGREUDQ\V\VWHPEĊG]LHPLDáZ\
WHJRQDNWyUHMNRQG\JQDFMLVąPLHU]RQH=WHJRSRZRGX GDMQRĞüZ\VWDUF]DMąFąGRRVLąJQLĊFLDRGSRZLHGQLHMSUĊG
QS SRGF]DV UHJXODFML V\VWHPyZ UyĪQLFRZDQLD FLĞQLHQLD NRĞFLSU]HSá\ZXZĞZLHWOHRWZDUW\FKGU]ZL7UXGQRSRGDü
>@ F]ĊVWR ]ZLĊNV]D VLĊ ZDUWRĞFL SUĊGNRĞFL ZáDĞQLH ]H NRQNUHWQHZDUWRĞFLPVOXEPVOXEQSPVJG\Ī
Z]JOĊGXQD]PLHQQRĞüZDUXQNyZRWRF]HQLDZFLąJXURNX MDNZ\QLND]SU]HSURZDG]RQHMDQDOL]\G\P]DFKRZXMHVLĊ
OXE ZDUXQNyZ ZHZQĊWU]Q\FK SRGF]DV DGDSWDFML RELHNWX ZUyĪQ\VSRVyEZUyĪQ\FKZDUXQNDFKLSRUDFKURNXLQD
SU]H]XĪ\WNRZQLNyZ UyĪQ\FK NRQG\JQDFMDFK NODWNL VFKRGRZHM 'R RNUHĞOHQLD
6\VWHP\ RGG\PLDQLD NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK Vą ]QDF]QLH U]HF]\ZLVWHM HIHNW\ZQRĞFL V\VWHPX EDUG]LHM LVWRWQH MHVW
EDUG]LHMSRGDWQHQDRGG]LDá\ZDQLHF]\QQLNyZ]HZQĊWU] ZMDNLFKZDUXQNDFK ]ZLą]DQ\FKPLQ]SRUąURNX SUR
Q\FKZW\PHIHNWXFLąJXWHUPLF]QHJRLWRQDZHWWDNLH ZDG]RQHEĊGąSRPLDU\SU]HSá\ZyZ,VWRWQHMHVWDE\SR
JRNWyU\MHVWZUĊF]SRPLMDOQ\ZV\VWHPDFKUyĪQLFRZD SUDZQLH GREUDQ\ V\VWHP XZ]JOĊGQLDá ZV]\VWNLH ZDUXQNL
QLD FLĞQLHQLD :\ZRáDQLH XNLHUXQNRZDQHJR SU]HSá\ZX GDQHJRRELHNWXU]HF]\ZLVWHJR
R ĞUHGQLHM SUĊGNRĞFL  PV Z ĞZLHWOH RWZDUW\FK GU]ZL $E\]DSURMHNWRZDüV\VWHPZNWyU\PSUĊGNRĞüSRZLH
Z\PDJDZ\WZRU]HQLDUyĪQLF\FLĞQLHQLDRZDUWRĞFL WU]D Z ĞZLHWOH RWZDUW\FK GU]ZL EĊG]LH QLH PQLHMV]D QLĪ
3D >@ >@ >@ >@ -HVW WR ZDUWRĞü EDUG]R QLHZLHOND PVFRZZDUXQNDFKUR]ZLMDMąFHJRVLĊSRĪDUXSR]ZROL
ZSRUyZQDQLX]FLąJLHPNRPLQRZ\PNWyU\QDĞUHGQLR SRZVWU]\PDüSU]HSá\Z\G\PX]SU]HVWU]HQLXĪ\WNRZHMGR
Z\VRNLHM NODWFH VFKRGRZHM SRZRGXMH ]PLDQ\ FLĞQLHQLD NODWNLVFKRGRZHMLĪHE\VSHáQLüWRZ\PDJDQLHZZLĊNV]R
QD VNUDMQ\FK NRQG\JQDFMDFK R ZDUWRĞFL Z VWRVXQNX GR ĞFL]LPQ\FKZDUXQNyZRWRF]HQLDNRQLHF]Q\MHVWQDGGDWHN
FLĞQLHQLDDWPRVIHU\F]QHJRZ]DNUHVLHNLONXGRNLONXQD Z\GDMQRĞFLLSá\QQDUHJXODFMDQDZLHZX
VWX3DZVWRVXQNXGRFLĞQLHQLDDWPRVIHU\F]QHJR3RQDG 7U]HED UyZQLHĪ SRGNUHĞOLü ĪH GXĪD VWDáD Z\GDMQRĞü
WR GR X]\VNDQLD SU]HSá\ZX XNLHUXQNRZDQHJR Z FDá\P QDZLHZX SRZRGXMH SRZVWDQLH QDGFLĞQLHQLD QD NODWFH
SU]HNURMX GU]ZL NRQLHF]QH MHVW UR]V]F]HOQLHQLH SU]H VFKRGRZHM:F]DVLHRGG\PLDQLDSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\PQDG
VWU]HQLSU]\OHJáHMGRNODWNLQS>@>@ RWZDUWHOXEZ\ FLĞQLHQLX QD NODWFH VFKRGRZHM G\P EĊG]LH PLDá WHQGHQ
ELWHRNQRSU]H]XĪ\WNRZQLNyZSRPLHV]F]HQLDOXEHNLSĊ FMHGRZ\Sá\ZDQLDZV]HONLPLV]F]HOLQDPLGRSU]HVWU]HQL
VWUDĪ\SRĪDUQHM -HĪHOL]DáRĪ\P\ĪHQDNODWFHVFKRGRZHM SU]\OHJá\FKGRNODWNLVFKRGRZHM-HGQDNSU]\]DVWRVRZD
]RVWDQLH RWZDUWD NODSD G\PRZD RWZDUWH GU]ZL ] NODW QLX QDZLHZX R ]PLHQQHM Z\GDMQRĞFL PRĪOLZD MHVW NRQ

26 &,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/ 
5\V&LĞQLHQLHSDQXMąFHQDNODWFHVFKRGRZHMSRGF]DVG]LDáDQLDV\VWHPXRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHM]JRGQHJR]Z\W\F]Q\PL>@Z\GDMQRĞü
V\VWHPXP3K RNQR]DPNQLĊWH ZDUXQNLRGOHZHML]RWHUPLF]QH]LPRZHOHWQLH
)LJ3UHVVXUHLQVWDLUFDVHGXULQJZRUNLQJRIV\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWRJXLGHOLQHV>@

5\V&LĞQLHQLHSDQXMąFHQDNODWFHVFKRGRZHMSRGF]DVG]LDáDQLDV\VWHPXRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHM]JRGQHJR]Z\W\F]Q\PL>@௅ZDUXQNLRG
OHZHML]RWHUPLF]QH]LPRZHOHWQLHZ\GDMQRĞüV\VWHPXP3K
)LJ3UHVVXUHLQVWDLUFDVHGXULQJZRUNLQJRIV\VWHPDFFRUGLQJWRJXLGHOLQHV>@

WURODQDGFLĞQLHQLDLXWU]\PDQLHMHJRZDUWRĞFLQDSR]LRPLH GR NODWNL VFKRGRZHM 6\VWHP\ RGG\PLDQLD NODWHN VFKR


SRUyZQ\ZDOQ\P]QRUPDOQLHZ\VWĊSXMąF\PLZDUWRĞFLDPL GRZ\FK QLH VWDQRZLą ZLĊF Z DVSHNFLH SR]LRPX EH]SLH
FLĞQLHQLDZNODWFHVFKRGRZHMSRMDZLDMąF\PVLĊZZDUXQ F]HĔVWZD DOWHUQDW\Z\ GOD V\VWHPyZ ]DSRELHJDQLD ]DG\
NDFK UR]ZLQLĊWHJR SRĪDUX SU]\ RGG\PLDQLX JUDZLWDF\M PLHQLX UyĪQLFRZDQD FLĞQLHQLD  -HĪHOL MHGQDN SU]HSLV\
Q\P 1LH]Z\NOH ZDĪQH MHVW DE\ G\P QD NODWFH VFKRGR ]DZDUWHZ:DUXQNDFK7HFKQLF]Q\FK>@GRSXV]F]DMąMDNR
ZHM PLDá PRĪOLZLH QLVNLH VWĊĪHQLH VDG]\ RUD] DE\ NODWND DOWHUQDW\ZĊ VWRVRZDQLH WDNLFK UR]ZLą]DĔ Z RNUHĞORQ\FK
E\áDQDMV]\EFLHMMDNWRMHVWPRĪOLZHZGDQ\FKZDUXQNDFK SU]\SDGNDFK WR ZHGáXJ RFHQ\ DXWRUyZ SULRU\WHWHP SR
RF]\V]F]RQD]G\PX:DUXQNLWHVąPRĪOLZHGRVSHáQLHQLD ZLQQR E\ü ]EXGRZDQLH LQVWDODFML R PRĪOLZLH QDMZ\ĪV]HM
SU]\]DVWRVRZDQLXRGSRZLHGQLFKZ\GDMQRĞFLQDZLHZX HIHNW\ZQRĞFL ௅ Z QDMZLĊNV]HM OLF]ELH SU]\SDGNyZ MDNLH
PRJąVLĊZ\GDU]\üSRGF]DVHZDNXDFMLOXEDNFMLJDĞQLF]HM
'\VNXVMD Z NRQNUHWQ\P RELHNFLH 6\VWHP PXVL VSHáQLDü ZDUXQNL
IXQNFMRQDOQH SU]\NáDGRZR SU]\ VFHQDULXV]X V]F]HOQHM
6\VWHPRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHMR]ZLĊNV]DQHMZ\ NODWNLVFKRGRZHMLZSU]\SDGNXJG\NLHG\GU]ZLSURZD
GDMQRĞFL QDZLHZX Z\QLNDMąFHM ] PHWRG\ SRGDQHM Z Z\ G]ąFHGRWHMSU]HVWU]HQL]RVWDMąRWZDUWHRUD]JG\]PLHQLDMą
W\F]Q\FK>@XPRĪOLZLDQLHW\ONRXVXZDQLHG\PX]NODWNL VLĊSDUDPHWU\SRĪDUXF]\QQLNLDWPRVIHU\F]QHOXESR]LRP
VFKRGRZHM MDN V\VWHP\ ]DSURSRQRZDQH Z RSUDFRZD V]F]HOQRĞFLSRPLHV]F]HQLDZNWyU\P]ORNDOL]RZDQ\MHVW
QLDFK>@RUD]>@ DOHUyZQLHĪRJUDQLF]HQLH]DG\PLHQLD SRĪDUMDNWRPDPLHMVFHZVWDQGDUG]LHV\VWHPyZUyĪQLFR
WHMSU]HVWU]HQLZ GRGDWNRZ\FK DQDOLW\F]Q\FKPRĪOLZ\FK ZDQLDFLĞQLHQLD>@
]GDU]HQLDFKMDNLH]RVWDá\Z]LĊWHSRGXZDJĊZQLQLHMV]\P 6\VWHPRGG\PLDQLDNODWNLVFKRGRZHM]H]PLHQQ\PQD
DUW\NXOHMDNL Z Z\W\F]Q\FK>@ RUD] DUW\NXOH>@ ௅ SR ZLHZHP PHFKDQLF]Q\P MHVW V]F]HJyOQLH SU]H]QDF]RQ\
ĪDUZVWDOHRWZDUW\PQDNODWNĊVFKRGRZąSRPLHV]F]HQLX GR NODWHN QLHW\SRZ\FK QS SU]\ EUDNX EH]SRĞUHGQLHJR
ZNWyU\PQDVNXWHNSRĪDUX]RVWDáRXV]NRG]RQHRNQROXE GRVWĊSX GR Z\MĞFLD QD ]HZQąWU] EXG\QNX OXE SU]\ QLH
]RVWDáRRQRZ\ELWHSRGF]DVG]LDáDQLDMHGQRVWHN363 W\SRZ\P XNáDG]LH DUFKLWHNWXU\ WM WDNLFK GR NWyU\FK
6\VWHP\ SROHJDMąFH QD SU]HWáDF]DQLX G\PX SU]H] GUR QLH PRĪQD ]DVWRVRZDü VNXWHF]QLH V\VWHPX RGG\PLDQLD
JĊHZDNXDF\MQąNWyUąMHVWNODWNDVFKRGRZDEĊGąQLHGR Z SHáQL JUDZLWDF\MQHJR >@ OXE >@ .ODWNL VFKRGRZH
VNRQDáH ] VDPHJR ]DáRĪHQLD PRĪOLZRĞFL QDSá\ZX G\PX QLHW\SRZHDV]F]HJyOQLHQLHREXGRZDQH]XZDJLQDQDM

&,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/  27
ZLĊNV]H]DJURĪHQLHSRGF]DVSRĪDUXQSQLHNRQWURORZDQą UyZ ] RVWDWQLFK ODW VWUDWHJLD WDND QLH ]DZV]H RND]XMH VLĊ
PLJUDFMąG\PXWU]HED]DEH]SLHF]DüZVSRVyEV]F]HJyO VáXV]QD:DUWRPRĪHF]ĊĞFLHMZ\SRVDĪ\üNODWNĊVFKRGRZą
Q\:WDNLFKSU]\SDGNDFKLORĞüSRZLHWU]DQDZLHZDQHJR ZHIHNW\ZQ\V\VWHPRGG\PLDQLD]H]PLHQQ\PQDZLHZHP
GRWDNLHMQLHW\SRZHMNODWNLVFKRGRZHMSRZLQQDXZ]JOĊG PHFKDQLF]Q\P 5R]ZLą]DQLH WDNLH GRVWRVRZDQH GR NRQ
QLDüMDNQDMZLĊNV]ąOLF]EĊPRĪOLZ\FK]GDU]HĔPRJąF\FK NUHWQHJR RELHNWX L G]LDáDMąFH RG FKZLOL Z\NU\FLD SRĪDUX
Z\VWąSLü SRGF]DV HZDNXDFML LOXE DNFML UDWRZQLF]RJD GDMHPRĪOLZRĞFLHZDNXDFMLOXG]LRUD]]DVWĊSXMHZHQW\OD
ĞQLF]HM:\GDMQRĞü QDZLHZX SRZLQQD E\ü WDN GREUDQD WRU\339ZPLHMVFDFKJG]LHHNLS\UDWRZQLF]HQLHPRJą
DE\PRĪOLZHE\áRSRPLPRLQG\ZLGXODQ\FKQLHNRU]\VW LFKXĪ\ü
Q\FK F]\QQLNyZ VNXWHF]QLH RGSURZDG]Lü G\P L JRUąFH
SURGXNW\VSDODQLDZUyĪQ\FKSRUDFKURNXLSU]\UyĪQ\P /,7(5$785$
SR]LRPLH V]F]HOQRĞFL RELHNWX 1D SRGVWDZLH U]HF]\ZL
VW\FKEDGDĔZVNDOLQDWXUDOQHM NLONXSRĪDUyZWHVWRZ\FK  >@ :\W\F]QH&1%233,%:6\VWHP\RGG\PLDQLDNODWHN
VFKRGRZ\FK
>@ ZW\PVDP\PRELHNFLHSURZDG]RQ\FKSU]\UyĪQ\FK  >@ .XELFNL * 7 .LHáEDVD - :LFKH  Ä6\VWHP\ RGG\PLDQLD
ZDUXQNDFKDWPRVIHU\F]Q\FKZ\]QDF]RQRPHWRGĊSU]\M NODWHNVFKRGRZ\FK±]DOHW\LRJUDQLF]HQLDVWRVRZDQ\FKUR]ZLą]DĔ
PRZDQLDWDNLHMZ\GDMQRĞFLNWyUąSU]HGVWDZLRQRZZ\ WHFKQLF]Q\FK´%L739RO,VVXHSSGRL
ELWS
W\F]Q\FK&1%23>@  >@ 6PDUG] 3 :HQW\ODFMD SRĪDURZD NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK Z (XURSLH
-DNZ\QLND]RSUDFRZDQLD>@ZUyĪQ\FKHXURSHMVNLFK 2FKURQD3U]HFLZSRĪDURZDF]HUZLHF
NUDMDFK NODWNL VFKRGRZH R NRQVWUXNFML ]EOLĪRQHM GR RSL  >@ %U]H]LĔVND ' %DGDQLD ZHQW\ODFML SRĪDURZHM NODWHN VFKRGRZ\FK
2FKURQD3U]HFLZSRĪDURZDZU]HVLHĔ
VDQHMZDUW\NXOH]D]Z\F]DM]DEH]SLHF]DQHVą]DSRPRFą  >@ :QĊN:3.XELFD6%RURĔ6Ä$QDOL]DPRĪOLZRĞFL]DVWR
QDMSURVWV]\FK V\VWHPyZ JUDZLWDF\MQ\FK SU]H]QDF]RQ\FK VRZDQLD PHFKDQLF]QHJR QDZLHZX NRPSHQVDF\MQHJR Z V\VWHPDFK
JUDZLWDF\MQHJRXVXZDQLDG\PX]NODWHNVFKRGRZ\FK´=HV]\W\1D
Z ]DVDG]LH  Z\áąF]QLH GR ZVSRPDJDQLD G]LDáDĔ VWUDĪ\ XNRZH6*631UV
SRĪDUQHM=DVWRVRZDQLHWDNLFKV\VWHPyZPDZ]DáRĪHQLX  >@ 31% $]  2FKURQD SU]HFLZSRĪDURZD EX
XPRĪOLZLü HIHNW\ZQH XĪ\FLH SRGF]DV DNFML UDWRZQLF]R G\QNyZ,QVWDODFMHJUDZLWDF\MQHGRRGSURZDG]DQLDG\PXLFLHSáD
=DVDG\SURMHNWRZDQLD
JDĞQLF]\FK SU]HQRĞQ\FK ZHQW\ODWRUyZ 339 Positive  >@ 31(1   6\VWHP\ NRQWUROL UR]SU]HVWU]HQLDQLD G\PX
Pressure Ventilation :HQW\ODWRU\ WH XVWDZLDQH Vą SU]HG LFLHSáD±&]ĊĞü:\PDJDQLDWHFKQLF]QHGRW\F]ąFHV\VWHPyZUyĪ
RWZDUW\PL GU]ZLDPL NODWNL VFKRGRZHM GRVWDUF]DMąF SR QLFRZDQLDFLĞQLHQLD±=HVWDZ\XU]ąG]HĔ
 >@ 5R]SRU]ąG]HQLH 0LQLVWUD ,QIUDVWUXNWXU\ ] GQLD  NZLHWQLD 
ZLHWU]H NRPSHQVDF\MQH QLH]EĊGQH GR VNXWHF]QHJR ]D UZVSUDZLHZDUXQNyZWHFKQLF]Q\FKMDNLPSRZLQQ\RGSRZLDGDü
EH]SLHF]HQLD NODWNL 5R]ZLą]DQLH WDNLH WUXGQR MHGQDN EXG\QNLLLFKXV\WXRZDQLHZUD]]SyĨQLHMV]\PL]PLDQDPL ']8
]USR]  ']8]USR] 
]DVWRVRZDüZSU]\SDGNXNODWHNQLHW\SRZ\FKEH]EH]SR  >@ 6)3(+DQGERRNRI)LUH3URWHFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJIRXUWKHGLWLRQ
ĞUHGQLHJRGRVWĊSXGRSU]HVWU]HQL]HZQĊWU]QHM EH]GU]ZL >@ 2U]HFKRZVNL=-3U\ZHU5=DU]\FNLÄ0HFKDQLNDSá\QyZ
ZHMĞFLRZ\FK  3RQDGWR XSURV]F]RQ\ V\VWHP RGG\PLDQLD ZLQĪ\QLHULLĞURGRZLVND´ Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
>@ 0L]LHOLĔVNL%*.XELFNL:HQW\ODFMD3RĪDURZD2GG\PLD
SU]H]QDF]RQ\GRZVSRPDJDQLDG]LDáDĔVWUDĪDNyZ]DNáDGD QLHWydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
]H XĪ\WNRZQLF\ EXG\QNX GR FKZLOL SRGMĊFLD VNXWHF]QHM >@ 1,676SHFLDO3XEOLFDWLRQ6L[WK(GLWLRQ)LUH'\QDPLFV6LPX
DNFMLEĊGąEH]SLHF]QLZVZRLFKPLHV]NDQLDFK PRĪOLZRĞü ODWRU7HFKQLFDO5HIHUHQFH*XLGH9ROXPH0DWKHPDWLFDO0RGHO
SU]HWUZDQLDSRĪDUX -DNSRND]XMąWUDJLF]QHVNXWNLSRĪD

 &,(3à2:1,&7:22*5=(:1,&7:2:(17</$&-$50/ 

You might also like