CE 371: FORMULA SHEET

PIPE FLOW
f
1. Wall shear stress :  w = V 2
8
L V2
2. Darcy-Weissbach Equation: hf = f
D 2g
3. Reynolds Number: R e = VD

V2
4. Minor Losses: hm = K m
2g

5. Friction Factor:

Explicit (Swamee & Jain)

1.325 −6 
f= 2
; 10   10 − 2 , 5000  R e  108
   5.74  D
ln + 0.9 
  3 . 7D R e 

Pumps&Turbines:
6. PP = QHP / P 1 watt = 1 Nm/s

7. PT = T QHT 1 hp = 745.7 watt

8. Equivalent Pipe Equations:

1/ 2 1/ 2
 D 5eq  n Di5 
Pipes in parallel:   =  
 feqL eq   
i =1  fiL i 
 

Pipes in series: feqL eq =  n fL

i i
D5eq i =1Di
5
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
1. Wall shear stress :  w =  R S

V Q2T
2. Froude Number: Fr = , or Fr2 =
gD gA 3

3. Manning Equation: Q = A R 2 / 3 S
o
n
N
2
 ni Pi
Equivalent Manning Roughness: i =1
n eq =
N
 Pi
i =1
V2
4. Specific Energy: E=y+
2g

Q2
5. Specific Force: F = yA +
gA

6. Hydraulic Jump Equations for Rectangular channels:

y1 1
=
y2 2
(
1 + 8Fr22 - 1 )
7. Gradually varied flow:

E E( y + y ) − E( y )
x = =
So − Sfave So − Sfave

Sfave =
1
Sf ( y + y ) + Sf ( y )
2

8. Tractive force approach

sin 2 
K = 1−
sin 2 