Lesson 1 – CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM

Circulatory System

(Terminology and Definition)

1. Human circulatory system - consists of a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, with
the heart pumping blood through it. Its primary role is to provide essential nutrients, minerals,
and hormones to various parts of the body.
2. Heart - muscular organ located in the chest cavity, right between the lungs. It is positioned
slightly towards the left in the thoracic region and is enveloped by the pericardium. The
human heart is separated into four chambers; namely, two upper chambers called atria
(singular: atrium), and two lower chambers called ventricles.
3. Blood - body’s fluid connective tissue, and it forms a vital part of the human circulatory
system. Its main function is to circulate nutrients, hormones, minerals and other
essential components to different parts of the body. 
4. Plasma – fluid part of the blood and is composed of 90% of water.
5. Red blood cells - are mainly involved in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and other substances
to various parts of the body. These blood cells also remove waste from the body
6. White blood cells - specialized cells, which function as a body’s defense system. They
provide immunity by fending off pathogens and harmful microorganisms.
7. Platelets -cells that help to form clots and stop bleeding. They act on the site of an injury or
a wound.
8. Blood vessels - network of pathways through which blood travels throughout the body. 
Arteries and veins are the two primary types of blood vessels in the circulatory system of the
body.
9. Arteries - blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of
the body. They are thick, elastic and are divided into a small network of blood vessels called
capillaries. The only exception to this is the pulmonary arteries, which carries deoxygenated
blood to the lungs.
10. Veins -blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart from various
parts of the body.  They are thin, elastic and are present closer to the surface of the skin.
 However, pulmonary and umbilical veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood in the
entire body.
11. Double Circulation - blood circulates through the heart twice.

12. Systemic circulation- It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the
body through a complex system of arteries and capillaries. It also carries deoxygenated blood
from these organs back to the heart through veins.
13. Pulmonary circulation- after the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from
different parts of the body, it pumps those to the lungs for expelling the carbon dioxide and
other impurities and collect oxygen, after which the oxygenated blood is sent back to the heart
for systemic circulation.
14. Capillaries– Arteries break down into a minuscule network of capillaries, which are the
smallest blood vessels and present in the lungs and muscles.
15. Open circulatory system -blood flows from lacunae, large open spaces and through
sinuses among the tissues. Blood comprises very low pressure in this system.
16.  Closed Circulatory System - efficient as the volume of blood can be regulated by
the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels.
17. Lymphatic Ducts or Vessels - they are present in various parts of the body. They
consist of all the three layers namely tunica internal, tunica media and tunica external. These
vessels are like veins.
18. Lymph - defined as blood minus RBC’s. It is a yellowish fluid present in the lymph
vessels.
19. Lymph capillaries- Small, thin, lined by endothelium resting on a basement
membrane. One end unites to form lymphatic ducts and one end is blind.
20. Left ventricle -located in the bottom left portion of the heart below the left atrium,
separated by the mitral valve.
21. Right ventricle -the right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible
for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. 
22. Aorta -main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of
the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries.
23. Inferior Vena Cava - large vein that carries blood from the torso and lower body to
the right side of the heart.
24. Valves - are tissues that prevent blood back flow.
25. Right atrium - one of the two atria of the heart, which function as receiving chambers
for blood entering the heart.
 Respiratory System
(Terminology and Definition)

1. Respiratory system - network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes
your airways, lungs and blood vessels.
2. Nasal cavity -cavity within your nose filled with mucus membranes and hairs.
3. Pharynx - funnel of muscle that extends from the respiratory openings to the esophagus
and larynx.
4.  Larynx - acts as a defense mechanism. If any food passes into the esophagus when
swallowing, the larynx produces a strong cough reflex.
5. Trachea -tube made of cartilage rings that are lined with pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium.
6.  Bronchi connect the wind pipe to the lungs, allowing air from external respiratory
openings to pass efficiently into the lungs.
7. Bronchioles - lead to alveolar sacs, which are sacs containing alveoli.
8. Alveoli -hollow, individual cavities that are found within alveolar sacs.
9. Diaphragm - contracts to expand the space inside the thoracic cavity, whilst moving a few
inches inferiorly into the abdominal cavity.
10. Oxygen- a gaseous substance needed for cell processes which is inhaled through the
lungs and delivered by blood.
11. Mucus - a sticky substance produced by the nose to moisten inhaled air and trap dust
and bacteria and other foreign materials to the body
12. Epiglottis -  flap that covers the trachea while food is swallowed which helps to
prevent choking.
13. Carbon Dioxide - a gaseous waste product of respiration brought to the lungs by the
blood and exhaled through the lungs.
14. Allergen- substances that may cause allergic reactions.
15. Cilia - microscopic hair like structures that help to move mucus and other substances in
the respiratory system
16. Respiration - process by which producers and consumers release stored energy from
food molecules through chemical reactions.
17. Pulmonary Ventilation-  respiratory system aids in breathing. n pulmonary
ventilation, air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth). It
moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Then air is exhaled, flowing
back through the same pathway.
18. External intercostal -muscles of the thorax that extend from the tubercles of the ribs
behind to the cartilages of the ribs in front.
19. Internal intercostal -muscles of the thorax that extend from the sternum to the
vertebral column. 
20.  Normal inhalation- the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and the
ribcage elevates. As the volume of the lungs increases, air pressure drops and air rushes
in.
21. Forced exhalation - the internal intercostal, transversus thoracic, and abdominal
muscles contract.
22. Vocal folds -also called the true vocal cords, extend across the cavity of the larynx,
the uppermost air passage of the lower respiratory system.
23. Tracheal cartilages - stacked horizontally and separated by narrow intervals. The
number of cartilages varies from 16 to 20; each forms an incomplete, crescent-shaped ring
around the frontal (anterior) two-thirds of the tube.
24.  Lungs - responsible for gas exchange between the air we breathe and our bodies. 
25.  Pleurae - delicate, double-layered serous membranes that cover the lungs.
 Diseases of Circulatory System

Disease Cause Symptoms Treatment

Stroke  A clot may form in  Starts suddenly and  For these
an artery that is may be severe drugs to
already very  Occurs when lying flat work, a
narrow. This is  Wakes you up from person must
called a thrombus. sleep be seen and
If it completely  Gets worse when you treatment
blocks the artery, it change positions or must begin
is called a when you bend, within 3
thrombotic stroke. strain, or cough hours of
 A clot may break when the
off from symptoms
somewhere in the first started.
body and travel up A CT scan
to the brain to must be
block a smaller done to see
artery. This is whether the
called an embolism. stroke is
It causes an from a clot or
embolic stroke. from
bleeding.
 If the stroke
is caused by
bleeding
rather than
clotting, clot-
busting drugs
(thrombolytic
s) can cause
more
bleeding.

High Blood  How much water  Chest pain  Alpha

and salt you have  Confusion blockers
Pressure
in your body  Ear noise or buzzing  Angiotensin-
 The condition of  Irregular heartbeat converting
your kidneys,  Nosebleed enzyme
nervous system, or  Tiredness (ACE)
blood vessels  Vision changes inhibitors
 The levels of  Angiotensin
different body receptor
hormones blockers
  Adrenal gland (ARBs)
tumor  Beta-blockers
 Alcohol abuse  Calcium
 Anxiety and stress channel
 Arteriosclerosis blockers
 Birth control pill

Coronary Heart  Men in their 40s  It may feel heavy or  LDL

have a higher risk like someone is cholesterol
Disease
of CHD than squeezing your heart. level less
women. But as You feel it under your than or equal
women get older breast bone to 100 mg/dL
(especially after (sternum), but also in  Glycosylated
they reach your neck, arms, hemoglobin
menopause), their stomach, or upper (HbA1c)
risk increases to back. levels less
almost equal that  The pain usually than or equal
of a man's risk. occurs with activity or to 7%
See: Heart disease emotion, and goes  Blood
and women away with rest or a pressure less
 Bad genes medicine called than or equal
(heredity) can nitroglycerin. to 120/80
increase your risk.  Other symptoms mmHg
You are more likely include shortness of
to develop the breath and fatigue
condition if with activity
someone in your (exertion).
family has had a
history of heart
disease --
especially if they
had it before age
50. Your risk for
CHD goes up the
older you get.
 Diabetes is a
strong risk factor
for heart disease.
 High blood
pressure increases
your risk of
coronary artery
disease and heart
failure.
 Abnormal
cholesterol

Heart Failure  Right-sided heart  Shortness of breath  Take

 failure means the with activity, or after your medicati
right ventricle of lying down for a while ons as
the heart loses its  Cough directed.
pumping function.  Swelling of feet and Carry a list of
 Left-sided heart ankles medications
failure means the  Swelling of the with you
heart's ability to abdomen wherever you
pump blood  Weight gain go.
forward from the  Irregular or rapid  Limit salt
left side of the pulse intake.
heart is decreased.  Don’t smoke.
The left side of the  Stay active.
heart normally For example,
receives blood rich walk or ride
in oxygen from the a stationary
lungs and pumps it bicycle. Your
to the remainder of doctor can
the body. provide a
safe and
effective
exercise plan
based on
your degree
of heart
failure and
how well you
do on tests
that check
the strength
and function
of your
heart. DO
NOT exercise
on days that
your weight
has gone up
from fluid
retention or
you are not
feeling well.

Atherosclerosis  High cholesterol  Arrhythmia, an  Angiograph

 High blood pressure unusual heartbeat y and
 Inflammation, like  Pain or pressure in stenting: 
from arthritis or lup your upper body,  Bypass
us including your chest, surgery
 Obesity or diabetes arms, neck, or jaw.  Endarterect
 Smoking This is known omy: 
as angina.  Fibrinolytic
  Shortness of breath therapy

myocardial  Physical exertion  Neck or jaw pain  Angioten

sin-
ischemia 
 Emotional stress  Shoulder or arm pain converting
enzyme
 Cold temperatures  A fast heartbeat (ACE)
inhibitors,
 Cocaine use  Shortness of breath
which relax
when you are physically the blood
 Eating a heavy or
active vessels and
large meal
lower blood
 Nausea and vomiting
 Sexual intercourse pressure
 Sweating  Angioten
sin receptor
 Fatigue blockers
(ARBs),
which lower
blood
pressure
 Anti-
ischemic
agents
such as
ranolazine
(Ranexa)

Arrhythmia  Heart disease  A “fluttering”  Electrophysio

 Electrolyte sensation in your logy
imbalances in your chest procedures
blood (EP study,
 A racing heartbeat
 Structural mapping,
(tachycardia)
abnormalities of ablation)
the heart  A slow heartbeat
(bradycardia)  Cardioversion
 Infection
 Abnormal electrical  Chest pain  Implantable
pathways Cardioverter
 Shortness of breath
Defibrillator
  Lightheadedness (ICD)
 Dizziness  Medical
 Fainting (syncope) or Management
near fainting  Pacemaker
 Fatigue Implantation
 Transesopha
geal

Peripheral  Type 2 diabetes  In the first stages of
artery disease  Older age
(PAD)  High blood
pressure
 High cholesterol
 A family history of  In the second
PAD
 can have tiredness or
 In later stages of

 
Angina Angina occurs
when there is
pectoris resticted blood
supply to the heart
muscles. It is a
symptom of a heart
condition and not a
disease. Angina
caused due to
blockage of the
coronary arteries
( blood vessels
which supply blood
to the heart) can
be classified into
Echocardiogr
am
 Heart
Surgery
 Antiplatelet
agents
peripheral artery disease
 Cholesterol
(PAD), people might -lowering
have no symptoms. medication
s
 Cilostazol
stages of PAD, people
aching in the calves,
thighs, hips, or buttocks
when walking, especially
up hills. This symptom is
called claudication. 
PAD, people can have
pain and discoloration in
the legs and toes, even
while resting. They can
go on to develop open
wounds or gangrene of
the toes and feet.
Nitrates: Nitrates
Shortness of breath,
enable more blood
either on exertion or
at rest to stream into the
heart muscle.
 Unexplained sweating
 Dizziness
 Light-headedness Antiplatelet
 Weakness drugs: Medications
that help to prevent
 Vomiting blood clot
 Restlessness formation.
Beta blockers:
Medication that
 three types. blocks the effect of
 Stable Angina: the epinephrine
chest pain follow a hormone. As a
regular pattern in result, the heart
terms of frequency, beats slowly
intensity and resulting in reduced
duration and is blood pressure.
fairly predictable,
normally occurring
after physical and Statins: Drugs
mental exertion. used to bring down
blood cholesterol.
 Unstable angina:
Occurs usually due
to reduced blood Calcium channel
flow because of blockers:
fatty deposits Medication that
(plague) rupture or widens the blood
forms a clot in the vessels and
coronary arteries. increases blood flow
The symptoms in the heart.
worsens while in 
rest. It may be a
medical
emergency.

 Through your  Fatigue The type of

mouth – while  Aching joints endocarditis,
brushing your teeth  Fever infective or non-
or eating  Chills infective, can
 Night sweats determine
 Infection of
 Paleness treatment options.
another medical
 Persistent cough Typically antibiotics
condition – gum
 Blood in urine can be used to treat
disease, sexually
 Swelling of limbs and endocarditis. If a
transmitted disease
extremities person has non-
etc.
 Shortness of breath infective
 Catheters or endocarditis, anti-
needles coagulation
 Dental procedures. drugs, such as
warfarin or
heparin, are used
for treatment. It’s
important to note
that treatment of
non-infective
endocarditis
using
anticoagulation
drugs, which help
 stop blood clots,
does require further
study and trials.
Surgery may also
be an option for
endocarditis. A
surgeon might elect
to replace the
damaged heart
valve or treat any
lingering infection
that may be
present.


 Disease of Respiratory System

Diseases Causes Symptoms Treatments

Asthma  Allergens like dust The child typically
mites, animal  Reliever: an inhaler
dander, pollen, presents with a used to dilate the
molds, cigarette
smoke, chemical wheeze (a musical airways
pollutants, and cold  Preventer: an
air
sound when inhaler used to
 Sinusitis
breathing out). suppress the hyper-
 Extreme emotional
responses and reactive process
physical exercise This sound is and inflammation.
 Medications like
produced because
aspirin, beta-
blockers or NSAIDs
the airway is
 Gastro esophageal
reflux disease constricted while
air is breathed out.
This may be
associated with
other symptoms
such as difficulty
in breathing,
feeling tired and
fatigued.
Chronic  Most cases of  occasional  you have bluish or gray
COPD are caused fingernails or lips, as this
obstructive shortness of indicates low oxygen levels
by inhaling
breath, in your blood
pollutants; that
pulmonary especially  you have trouble catching
includes tobacco your breath or can’t talk
disease smoking (cigarettes, after exercise  you feel confused,
pipes, cigars, etc.), muddled, or faint
 mild but
and second-hand  your heart is racing
smoke.
recurrent
 Fumes, cough
chemicals and dust  needing to
found in many work
 environments are clear your
contributing factors throat often,
for many individuals
especially
who develop
COPD. first thing in
 Genetics can the morning
also play a role in
an individual’s
development of
COPD

Bronchitis Cigarette smoke is the main As the name suggests,

chronic bronchitis never
the main cause of symptom of
completely
chronic bronchitis. chronic bronchitis disappears and it often
intermittently returns for
Inhaling smoke is a cough that lasts
long periods of time.
irritates the lungs a long time and Treatment for chronic
bronchitis can help
and can cause large doesn’t go away
relieve the symptoms but
amounts of mucus. for several months. it does not cure them. The
medications can help
Chronic bronchitis The cough is quite
clear the airways and get
can also affect often a chesty rid of mucous. Oxygen
therapy is also
people who have cough, which is
recommended in some
been exposed to associated with cases, this kind of
pulmonary rehabilitation
chemical vapours, wheezing and
can relieve symptoms and
dust, and other trouble breathing. ensure a better quality of
life.   
airborne
substances. 
Lung Cancer There are benefits to
 Genetic  Persistent using a combination of
condition. cough. different treatments, such
 Environmenta  Coughing as surgical,
l factors. with blood or chemotherapeutic, and
blood- radiotherapeutic
 Active and streaked treatments. Quite often
passive sputum. treatment will
 involve chemotherapy an
smoking.  Chest d radiotherapy but avoid
pain that surgery.  
worsens
when
breathing Early diagnosis is
deeply, important for a better
coughing, or prognosis, when the
laughing. cancer is only a few
centimetres big. In these
 Tiredness or cases, the tumour can be
exhaustion. removed and survival and
prognosis significantly
 Hoarseness.
improve.           
 Weight loss.

Common The cold virus can

 Cough  Drink plenty of
Cold enter your body fluids to keep your
 Sore throat body hydrated
through your nose,
 Sneezing and  Get lots of bed rest
mouth or eyes. It is a running so the immune
spread when an nose system can fight off
infected person  Nasal the virus
congestion  Take pain relievers
sneezes or coughs
 Mild such as aspirin,
in your close ibuprofen and
headache
environment. It can paracetamol
 Hoarse voice
also be spread by  Purchase
 Mild fever decongestant nasal
hand-to-hand sprays to help
contact with relieve a blocked
nose
someone who has a
 Buy over-the-
cold or by sharing
counter cough
contaminated syrups to relieve a
cough, especially if
objects.
it is preventing a
good night’s sleep
Tuberculosis The main cause of The ultimate goal of the
 breathing
pulmonary difficulties treatment is to cure the
tuberculosis is  chest pain disease, and different
through inhaling  coughing up medicines are used over a
tiny droplets of mucous or long period of time. The
blood
saliva from an medical tests performed
 excessive
infected person. sweating, when the disease was first
These particles especially at detected will determine
night
reach the deepest what type of medication
 fatigue
parts of a healthy should be taken.
 fever
person's lungs and
cause infection.  weight loss
 wheezing

Tonsillitis Tonsillitis is caused

 A sore throat  Throat lozenges
by a viruses or
 A fever  Rest
bacterial infection. (temperature
of 38C or  Staying hydrated
Streptococcal
over)  Avoiding caffeine
tonsillitis is the
 A headache  Gargling with salt
most common
 Fatigue water
cause. The tonsils
 Nausea  Using painkillers to
are vulnerable to manage discomfort
 Difficulty
infection because
swallowing
they are one of the
 Earache
body’s first lines of
 White pus-
defence in the filled spots
immune system. on the tonsils
  Swollen
glands in the
neck

Influenza The flu is a  Sudden  Rest.

onset of  Drink lots of
(Flu) respiratory
moderate to fluids.
infection caused high fever.  Eat a light diet.
 Dry cough.  Stay at home.
by a virus (germ).
 Headache.  Take
Influenza occurs  Sore throat. acetaminophen
 Chills. (such as
most often during
 Runny Tylenol®) to
the winter and nose. reduce fever and
relieve muscle
easily spreads  Loss of
aches
appetite.
from person to
 Muscle
person.  aches.
 Tiredness.

Pharyngitis  Viral Infections  Sore or scratchy  Antibiotics: If it is caused

such as common throat by bacterial infection, the
cold, chicken pox,  Fever / chills doctor suggests antibiotics.
flu  Difficulty in 
 Bacterial Infections swallowing
such as  Swollen lymph  Analgesics: To reduce
Streptococcus, glands pain and fever.
Diphtheria  Loss of appetite
infections  Head ache
 The risk factors  Joint pain, body
include: aches
 Age  Cough
 Smoking  Sneezing
 Allergies such as  Skin rashes
pollen, dust, pet  Hoarse or muffled
dander, mold etc voice
 Frequent sinus  Fatigue
infections
 Being around an
infected person -
the person can
cause the
virus/bacteria to
spread by
Sneezing or
coughing
 Exposure to certain
 chemicals

Pleurisy  Collection of  Severe chest pain  Anti-inflammatory drugs:

excess fluid, air, or that worsens with To reduce pain and
blood in the space breathing inflammation.
Pneumonia between two layers  Cough 
of the pleura  Shortness of
 Infection of the breath  Cough syrup: To treat
pleura by bacteria,  Tenderness in the cough.
virus, or parasites chest 
 Inhaling toxic  Fever and/or
chemicals or chills, particularly  Corticosteroids:
substances in case of Recommended for patients
 Tumor or cancer of infections with tuberculosis.
lungs

 Pulmonary
embolism or blood
clot in the blood  Antibiotics: To treat
vessels of lungs bacterial infections.
 Trauma or injury to
chest or ribs
 Certain drugs, such
as hydralazine