CLL 331

FLUID PARTICLE MECHANICS

Lecture 4:RIGID PARTICLES IN FLUID

06-10-20
 Content
• Intro to Suspensions (Colloidal Suspension and
Particulate Suspensions)

~ 0.1nm ~ 1nm ~ 10nm ~ 100nm ~ 1um ~ 100um ~ 1000um

O

H H
Protein/polymer
Water Bacteria Sand
Virus
No dispersed
phase
Colloidal Particulate
Dispersed Phase
 Homework
For a particle undergoing Brownian motion, in 1D,

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4

Plot
<x^2>

t
 Summary
~ 1nm ~ 1um ~ 100um

No Brownian motion but

surface forces or colloidal
forces are important here

•Negligible Brownian
motion of particles
Homogeneous at Homogenous at • Surface forces are not
molecular scale Colloidal scale relevant

Colloidal Suspension Particulate Suspension

Solution
(Non-colloidal
suspension)
Stokes Flow/ Creeping Flow/ Low Re No Flow
R 
2
v~

Drag force

Valid only for

particle size
larger than a Buoyant force Acceleration, a = 0
micron or for
small enough D
Continuum Mechanics

•Negligible Brownian
motion of particles
Homogenous at • Surface forces are not
Colloidal scale relevant

Particulate Suspension
Colloidal Suspension
(Non-colloidal suspension)
Navier-Stokes Equation
 u 
  + u.u  = −p +  2u (Newtonian fluid)
 t 
Navier-Stokes Equation
 u 
  + u.u  = −p +  2u (Newtonian fluid)
 t 

Unknowns: u, p
Navier-Stokes Equation
 u 
  + u.u  = −p +  2u (Newtonian fluid)
 t 

.u = 0 (Continuity equation for

incompressible fluid)
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 u 
  + u.u  = −p +  2u
 t 

U 2
U
~ ~ 2
L L
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 u 
  + u.u  = −p +  2u
 t 

U 2
U 𝜌𝑈 2 𝜇𝑈
~ ~ 2
𝑅𝑒 =
𝐿
/ 2
𝐿
L L
 u ' 
Re + u '.u '  = −p '+ 2u '
 t ' 
Re  1 (Stokes Flow) Re  1 (Potential Flow)
Stokes Flow Potential Flow
u
 u = p
2
+ u.u = −p
t
.u = 0 .u = 0

Viscous Flow Inviscid Fluid

Examples: Low Re Number Flow
Small speed

Small size

dv
 1


Highly viscous
Governing Governing
equation for equation for
the continuous the rigid
phase particles
dv
 u = p
2
Viscous Flow m =  Fi
u dt
+ u.u = −p Inviscid Fluid
t Single Particle

.u = 0
 Consequences of Stokes Flow

▪ Instantaneous
0 = −p '+ 2u '
▪ Linear

▪ Reversible
 Instantaneous
u
t
- Negligible
• The flow responds immediately to forces – No acceleration

• The velocity can still depend on time as a parameter but not as an

independent variable.

• Pseudo Steady state.

 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?
Buoyant force
 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?

 u '  Buoyant force

Re Sr + u '.u '  = −p '+ 2u '
 t ' 
Lc
Sr ~
U c c
Sr- Strouhal Number
 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?

 u '  Buoyant force

Re Sr + u '.u '  = −p '+ 2u '
 t ' 
Lc
Sr ~
Sr- Strouhal Number U c c
ReXSr << O(1) – Stokes flow
Re<<O(1) and ReXSr ~ O(1) – Acceleration term is important.
 Instantaneous
Is Stokes Equation valid at
the instant when the particle Drag force
is placed in the liquid?

Acceleration, a = 0?
u Buoyant force
is not negligible when Re Sr ~ O(1)
t
Lc Lc
Sr ~  c 
U c c Uc
 HW Assignment
Q. Calculate the time scale over which a rigid spherical particle of diameter 10 micron
will reach terminal velocity in water. Assume the specific gravity of the particle to be
1.1.
 Consequences of Stokes Flow

▪ Instantaneous
0 = −p '+ 2u '
▪ Linear

▪ Reversible
 Linearity
 u 
  + u.u  = −p +  2u
 t 

Non linear term ?

Advantages of linearity ?
 Linearity

Freely rotating
stationary sphere in a
simple shear flow
 Linearity

+
Rotating sphere in
stationary fluid at
infinity

Freely rotating
stationary sphere in a
simple shear flow
 Linearity

+ +
Rotating sphere in
stationary fluid at
infinity

Freely rotating Stationary

sphere in
stationary sphere in a uniform flow
simple shear flow
 Linearity

+ +
Rotating sphere in
stationary fluid at Non-rotating
infinity sphere in simple
shear flow
Freely rotating Stationary
sphere in
stationary sphere in a uniform flow
simple shear flow
Lift force on the sphere?
 Consequences of Stokes Flow

▪ Instantaneous
0 = −p '+ 2u '
▪ Linear

▪ Reversible
 Reversible
 u = p
2

.u = 0

Drag = Da Drag = Db

u = 0 On the surface u = 0 On the surface

u = U at  u = −U at 
 Reversible

Drag = Da Drag = Db

Solution for the above problem is u, p Solution for the above problem is -u, -p

Da = |Db|
 Reversible

if (u; p) is a solution of the Stokes equations satisfying

appropriate no-slip conditions on bounding solid
surfaces, then (- u; -p) is a solution of the Stokes
equations with all external forces, and motion of all the
boundaries, reversed.'
Linearity and Reversible

Drag = Da Drag = Db

Da ?? Db