JI]H_IE ]_ID[NDR@ FI_@IDHJHLN

]_ID[NDR@ N
@RJI DB_GI, ]RECID BFBD, KIE JI@I DB_GI HOI[
IEIJLB[ND ]IKI ]B@OB_NIE ]B_ H_IJ KIE
NE[_I]B_N[HEBIJ

KNSRSRE HJBA 7 DBJH@]HD ; (FI_@ISN L)

LAISSIEN SAIO_NEI ]R[_N ?=919=;9=39939>

KNIGBEL \NEKNAIS@NBLI ]. ?=919=;9=3993?=

ENSIN^IA \IANKI[RJ @. ?=919=;9=3993?9

I@I_I FBO_N^IE[N ]. ?=919=;9=3993?3

SID[N OILISDI_I ?=919=;9=3993?;

FN_WIEENKI ?=919=;9=3993?2

OBJI SBJV^IEI KBI ]. ?=919=;9=3993?6

KBVN NEKIA ]. ?=919=;9=3993?1

GR_RSIE FI_@ISN
FIDRJ[IS NJ@R DBSBAI[IE
RENVB_SN[IS @RAI@@IKN^IA @IJIEL
?=9>/?=?=
 

DI[I ]BELIE[I_ 

Issiji`u„ijindu` \r. \o.

]ugnn syudu
]ug syudurr dbaikn
dbaiknrit
rit Ijjia
Ijjia Swt.,
Swt., yiel
yiel tbj
tbjia
ia `bjn`p
`bjn`piad
iadie
ie ria`it
ria`it,, tiufnd
tiufnd,, sbrti
sbrti
ankiyia-Eyi dbpiki dnti sbanelli pbeujnsie jiphrie nen kipit tbrsbjbsindie, kbelie gukuj
‚@uji Dbrgi, ]uecid Bfbd, kie Ji`i Dbrgi Hoit Ieijlbtnd piki ]b`obrnie ]br Hrij kie
Netripbrnthebij‐.
Kiji` dbsb`pitie nen, pbeyusue `belucipdie tbrn`i disna dbpiki 7
9. Nou
Nou Fn
Fnri
rist
stnn Il
Ilue
uel
l E. S., @. Onh
Onhtbca
tbca.,
., Ipt.
Ipt. kie
kie tn`
tn` sb
sbji
jidu
du Khsb
Khsbe
e @iti
@iti Dujn
Dujnia
ia
]ridtndu` Fir`idhjhln yiel tbjia `b`obrndie khrhelie `hrnj uetud `bjidsieidie
 pridtndu` kie pbeujnsie jiphrie.
?. Didid-
Didid-did
didid
id isnstb
isnstbe
e jiohri
jiohrithr
thrnu`
nu` yiel
yiel tbji
tbjia
a `b`on`
`b`on`one
onel
l pbeyu
pbeyusue
sue kiji`
kiji` pbeujn
pbeujnsie
sie
jiphrie.
3. Dbkui
Dbkui hrie
hriel
l tui
tui pbeyu
pbeyusue
sue yiel
yiel tbjia
tbjia `b`obr
`b`obrndi
ndie
e khrhe
khrhelie
lie `hrnj
`hrnj kie
kie `itb
`itbrnij
rnij..
;. Sb
Sb`u
`uii pnai
pnaid
d yie
yie turu
turutt `b`o
`b`obr
brnn sb
sb`i
`iel
elit
it pb
pbey
eyus
usue
ue kiji`
kiji` pb
pbeu
eujn
jnsi
sie
e ji
jiph
phri
rie
e yi
yiel
el
tnkid kipit pbeyusue sboutdie situ pbrsitu.
]beyusue `beyikirn oiawi pbeujnsie jiphrie nen `isna giua kirn dbsb`pureiie. Hjba
dirbei
dirbei ntu,
ntu, pbeyu
pbeyusue
sue obrsbk
obrsbkni
ni `bebrn`
`bebrn`ii drntnd
drntnd kie sirie
sirie kirn
kirn pb`oic
pb`oicii luei
luei pbroin
pbroindie
die
jiphrie kn `isi yiel idie kitiel.

@ijiel, Sbptb`obr ?=93

]beyusue

n
 

KIF[I_ NSN

DI[I ]BELIE[I_........................................................................................................................................n
]BELIE[I_........................................................................................................................................n

KIF[I_ NSN...................................................................................................................................................nn
NSN...................................................................................................................................................nn

N. Gukuj ]ridtdu`
]ridtdu`.......
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
.................................
..............................9
....9

NN. [uguie
[uguie Nesrudsnhei
Nesrudsnheijj Dausu
Dausus......
s.............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
........................
..............................
.................9
....9

NNN. Kisir [bhrn........................................

[bhrn............................................................................
.......................................................................
..........................................................
.............................9

NV. Iji kie Oiaie.....................................................................

Oiaie................................. ........................................................................
...........................................................
.............................2

V. Oilie ]rhsbkur Dbrgi..................................

Dbrgi......................................................................
........................................................................
.................................................
.................6
....6

VN. ]branuelie..........................................
]branuelie..............................................................................
......................................................................
.........................................
.............
.............
.............<

VNN. [iobj ]beli`iie..............................................

]beli`iie..................................................................................
............................................................
...............................
.............
..........
........>
....>

VNNN. ]b`oiaisie......................................................................................................................................9=
]b`oiaisie......................................................................................................................................9=

NQ. Dbsn`pujie............................................
Dbsn`pujie................................................................................
...................................................................
.....................................
.............
.............
..........
......99
..99

Q. Oiaie Knsdusn........................................................................
Knsdusn.................................... ........................................................................
.....................................................
.......................
........9?
..9?

QN. Kifir ]usidi.........................................

]usidi............................................................................
.......................................................................
......................................................
....................9;
..9;

nn
 

N. Gukuj ]ridtndu`

@uji dbrgi, puecid bfbd, kie ji`i dbrgi hoit ieijlbtnd piki pb`obrnie pbr hrij
kie netripbrnthebij.

NN.
NN. [ugu
[uguie
ie Ne
Nest
stru
ruds
dsnh
nhei
eijj Dau
Dausu
suss
@b`obkidie `uji dbrgi (hesbt hf ictnhe),
ictnhe), puecid bfbd (pbid bffbct),
bffbct), kie ji`i
dbrgi hoit (kuritnhe hf ictnhe) hoit
ictnhe) hoit ieijlbtnd piki pb`obrnie pbr hrij kie
netripbrnthebij.

NNN. Kisir [bhrn

Bfbd fir`idhjhlnd hoit `brupidie fuelsn kirn dhesbetrisn hoit kntb`pit dbrgi

hoit. Iki 3 fisb yiel knkipitdie kirn auouelie widtu kie bfbd hoit, yintu 7 (9) @uji
dbrgi (hesbt hf ictnhe), (?) ]uecid bfbd (pbid bffbct), kie (3) Ji`i dbrgi hoit (kuritnhe
hf ictnhe) sbpbrtn tbrjnait piki li`oir. Dbtnli fisb kntbetudie hjba dbcbpitie ioshrosn,
knstrnousn, `btiohjns`b
kie bdsdrbsn hoit.

9
 

@uji dbrgi hoit ikijia widtu yiel knpbrjudie ietiri siit hoit knobrndie kie siit
 pbrti`i dijn knkipitdie tieki hoit obrbsphe. Fisb nen jbona
jb ona kntbetudie hjba dbcbpitie
ioshrosn kie knstrnousn kirnpiki dbcbpitie bdsdrbsn. [btipn piki prhkrul, dbcbpitie
`btiohjns`b guli obrpbelirua obsir piki fisb nen.

]uecid
]uecid dbrgi
dbrgi hoit
hoit ikijia
ikijia widtu
widtu yiel
yiel knpbrju
knpbrjudie
die `becip
`becipin
in netbes
netbesnti
ntiss bfbd 
`idsn`ij hoit, kn`iei piki sboilnie obsir hoit idie knkipitdie dbtndi dhesbetrisn
hoit kntb`pit dbrgi hoit `becipin dhesbetrisn `idsn`ij. \idtu yiel knpbrjudie uetud 
`becipin fisb nen kntbetudie hjba dbsbn`oielie ietiri prhsbs yiel obrpbrie piki
si`pineyi hoit piki tb`pit dbrgi hoit (dbcbpitie ioshros kie knstrnousn) kie piki
 prhsbs hoit `benellijdie tb`pit dbrgi kie tuoua (nditie kbelie rbsbpthr kie
dbcbpitie bdsdrbsn).

Ji`i dbrgi hoit ikijia gieldi widtu kirn `uji dbrgi hoit anelli rbsphe hoit

tbridanr. Fisb nen jbona kntbetudie hjba dbcbpitie bd

bdsdrbsn
sdrbsn hoit, `bsdnpue fisb nen guli
kipit knpbeliruan hjba ikieyi ioshros hoit yiel tbrus obrjielsuel.

Ciri pb`obrnie hoit `brupidie sijia situ fidthr yiel `b`pbeliruan ioshrosn
hoit. ]brobkiie kiji` aij dbcbpitie ioshros kie obroilin ciri pb`obrnie tbrsbout
yiel
yiel sbjiegu
sbjiegutey
teyii idie
idie obrpbe
obrpbelir
lirua
ua tbraiki
tbraikip
p bfbd
bfbd itiu idtnvn
idtnvntis
tis fir`idh
fir`idhjhl
jhlney
neyi.
i.
]b`obrnie pbr hrij `brupidie ciri pb`obrnie hoit yiel jbona oieyid dnti gu`pin kirn
 piki pb`obrnie pirbetrij dirbei jbona i`ie, eyi`ie kie `uria. [btipn obrobki
kbelie ciri pb`obrnie pirbetrij, piki pbr hrij knkipitdie dbuendie kiji` ioshros

hoitt idnoit
hoi idnoit pbelir
pbeliruaa
uaa systb` LN[ kie ikiey
ikieyii prb snstb`
snstb`nd
nd bjb`nei
bjb`neisn
sn (Fnrst
(Fnrst ]iss
]iss

?
 

Bjb`neitnhe itiu Fnrst ]iss Bffbct). ]iki pridtndu` nen idie objigir pbelirua ciri
 pb`obrnie (pbr hrij kie netripbrnthebij) hoit ieijlbtnd piki `uji dbrgi, puecid bfbd 
kie ji`i dbrgi hoit kntndus.

Retud `becipin bfbd fir`idhjhln (bfbd snstb`nd) sbpbrtn yiel knnelnedie, hoit

kipi
kipitt knob
knobrn
rndi
die
e kbel
kbelie
ie obro
obroil
ilin
in ciri
ciri,, kn
knie
ieti
tiri
riey
eyii `bji
`bjiju
junn hr
hrij
ij,, su
suo
o cu
cuti
tie,
e,
netri`uscujir, netrivbei, netripbrnthebij kie rbctij. @isnel-`isnel ciri pb`obrnie nen
`b`njndn dbuetuelie kie `iefiit tbrtbetu. Suitu sbeyiwi itiu hoit `ueldne bfbdtnf 
 gndi knobrndie `bjijun sijia situ ciri pb`obrnie tbtipn tnkid itiu duriel bfbdtnf gndi
knobrndie `bjijun ciri jine.

Fisb yiel knpbrhjba kirn antuelie widtu kie bfbd hoit, yintu 7

I. ]b
]bid
id bf
bffb
fbct
ct (p
(pue
ueci
cid
d bf
bfbd
bd)) ik
ikij
ijia
ia widt
widtu
u kn
kn`i
`iei
ei ho
hoit
it `bec
`becip
ipin
in dh
dhes
esbe
betr
tris
isnn
tbrtnelln, knkiji` pjis`i sbtbjia tuoua `beybrip sb`idne oieyid hoit `idi
dhesbetrisneyi knkiji` tuoua sb`idne `beneldit sbanelli `becipin dhesbetrisn
 puecid rbsphe.
O. Hesbt
Hesbt hf ictn
ictnhe
he (`uji
(`uji dbrgi
dbrgi hoit
hoit)) ikijia
ikijia widt
widtu
u yiel
yiel knoutu
knoutuadi
adie
e suitu
suitu hoit
hoit uetu
uetud 
d 
`b`pbe
`b`pbelir
liruan
uan tuoua
tuoua (Fikaj
(Fikajnn kdd.
kdd. ?=
?=96)
96).. Hesbt
Hesbt ikijia
ikijia widtu
widtu kie siit
siit hoit
hoit
knobrndie anelli hoit tbrisi dbrgieyi. \idtu hesbt nen sielit tbrlietuel piki
rutb pb`obrnie kie fir`idhdnebtnd hoit (Ehvnien & @urjniwitn, ?=9<).
C. Kuritn
Kuritnhe
he hf
hf ictnhe
ictnhe (kur
(kurisn
isn dbrgi
dbrgi hoit
hoit)) ikijia
ikijia ji`i
ji`i widtu
widtu hoit
hoit `belai
`belaisnj
snjdie
die suit
suitu
u
bfbd tbripn itiu bfbd fir`idhjhlns (Ehvnien & @urjniwitn, ?=9<).

]b`obrnie ]br Hrij

Dboieyidie hoit knobrndie `bjijun hrij dirbei `ukia kie eyi`ie. ]b`obrnie
 pbr hrij kntugudie uetud bfbd snstb`nd. ]br`isijiaieeyi ikijia prhsbs si`pineyi hoit
 piki pjis`i kiria obrjielsuel ji`oit ficthr sbpbrtn pbelhshelie ji`ouel kie
bezn`itus yiel obrpbrie idie `b`pbeliruan si`pineyi hoit piki snstb`nd.

]b`obrnie Netripbrnthebij

3
 

_helli pbrnthebij `b`pueyin pbr`udiie knstrnousn yiel sielit juis sbanelli

hoit kipit `isud db snrdujisn snstb`nj sbciri tbpit. Ioshrosn pbrnthebij jbona cbpit
ki
kirn
rnpi
piki
ki pb
pb`o
`obrn
brnie
ie pb
pbrr hr
hrij
ij sbane
sbanell
llii di
diki
kirr ho
hoit
it yi
yiel
el `bec
`becip
ipin
in snstb
snstb`n
`nd
d on
onsi
si
`becipin 9==%. Ei`ue dbdurielieeyi ikijia dheti`neisn oidtbrn jbona riwie. Gndi
tbrgikn dbjbonaie khsns idie sudir knitisn sbrti pbellueiieeyi tnkid sb`ukia pbr hrij

(air
(airus
us kb
kbel
elie
ie oi
oiet
etui
uiee tbei
tbeili
li `bkn
`bkns)
s) (Jio
(Jio.. Fi
Fir`
r`id
idhj
hjhl
hlnn Fi
Fidu
dujt
jtis
is Dbkh
Dbkhdt
dtbri
brie
e
Renvbrsntis Srnwngiyi, Cititie Dujnia Fir`idhjhln, Oilnie N, 9>>?).

]b`obrnie Netri`uscujir 

Negbdsn netri`uscujir knobrndie giua db kiji` hoit rieldi, wireieyi piki hoit
 pnelluj itiu pnelliel. [b`pit `beyuetnddie knpnjna yiel oiaiyi pbrusidie tbraikip
sirif itiu pb`oujua kiriaeyi dbcnj. Jirutie inr `neyid itiu suspbesb kipit knlueidie
sbciri netri`uscujir kbelie bfbd yiel cbpit itiu sboilin kbpht yiel knpnjna uetud 
`b`beuan dboutuaie pisnbe (Iesbj (9>1> 7 >6 – 9=2)).

Ioshrosn ikijia prhsbs kn`iei hoit `isud db kiji` tuoua (snrdutisn) kirn tb`pit
ni knobrndie. Bfnsnbesn ioshrosn obrlietuel piki ciri pb`obrnie. Ioshrpsn guli sielit
`b`beliruan onhivinjionjntis hoit. Sboilin chetha, pb`obrnie hoit sbciri netrivbei
 onhivinjionjntiseyi idie jbona obsir kirnpiki pb`obrnie hoit sbciri hrij, dirbei
sbjurua khsns hoit idie `becipin snrdujisn snstb`nd tiepi `bjijun fnrst piss bjn`neitnhe
(@iry G. @ycbd, Fir`idhjhln Rjisie Obrli`oir, ?==9).

Knstrno
Knstrnousn
usn ikijia
ikijia ikijia
ikijia prhsbs
prhsbs kn`iei
kn`iei `hjbdu
`hjbdujj hoit
hoit yiel
yiel kniosh
knioshrosn
rosn `ujin
`ujin
`benellijd
`benellijdie
ie tb`pit
tb`pit yiel knioshrosn,
knioshrosn, `isud snrdujisn snstb`nd, obrsi`i ijnrie kiria
`beugu db sbjurua tuoua `bjbwitn obroilin oirnbr uetud `becipin tb`pit dbrgieyi
 piki girnelie itiu hrlie tirlbt sbanelli tbrcipin bfbd tbripn. Knstrnousn hoit
knpbeliruan hjba ijnrie kiria, ifnentis (dbduitie pbelliouelie) tbraikip girnelie, kie
bfbd pbelnditie tbraikip prhtbne (Ghycb J. Dbb & Bvbjye _. Aiybs, Fir`idhjhln
]bekbditie ]rhsbs Dbpbriwitie, 9>>6).

@btiohjns`b ikijia prhsbs kn`iei bezn` `belditijnsisn pbruoiaie dn`ni hoit

`begikn jbona phjir (`btiohjnt) sbanelli `ukia knbdsdrbsndie. Aitn `brupidie tb`pit

;
 

uti`i `btiohjns`b. ]beyidnt-pbeyidnt aitn sbpbrtn snrhsns kie abpitntns, `b`pbeliruan

`btiohjns`b
`btiohjns`b hoit (Ghycb J. Dbb & Bvbjye
Bvbjye _. Aiybs, Fir`idhjhl
Fir`idhjhlnn ]bekbditie
]bekbditie ]rhsbs
Dbpbriwitie, 9>>6).

Sbtbjia kn`btiohjns`b, hoit idie knbdsdrbsndie kiji` urne itiu ukiri `bjjiun

bdspnrisn, kjj (Gi`bs Hjsbe, ?==3). Bdsdrbsn `b`njndn rutb uetud bjb`neisn hoit ikijia
`bjijun lnegij, rutb-rutb jine `bjnputn b`pbku, fbsbs, piru-piru, sijnvi, dbrnelit, kie
isn. Hoit obois yiel tnkid obrnditie yiel jirut kiji` inr kie hoit-hoit yiel tnkid 
knuoia knfnjtrisn hjba lnegij.

 Eybrn ikijia `bdiens`b prhtbdtnf yiel obr`idsuk uetud `beyikirdie sbsbhriel

idie ikieyi dbrusidie girnelie (Sabrwhhk, ?=9?). Eybrn `brupidie suitu pbrisiie
suogbdtnf prnoikn kie i`oiel thjbriesn eybrn obrobki-obki oiln sbtnip hriel ([giy kdd,
?==<). Eybrn yiel knsboiodie hjba rielsielie `bdiens, dn`niwn, itiu fnsnsn (dijhr,
jnstrnd)) kipit `ben`oujdie
jnstrnd `ben`oujdie dbrusidie
dbrusidie piki girnelie.
girnelie. _ielsielie
_ielsielie tbrsbout `b`ncu
 pbjbpisie zit-zit tbrtbetu yiel knsbout `bknithr eybrn, ietiri jine7 ansti`neb,
 orikndnene, jbudhtrnbeb, kie prhstiljiekne ([giy kie _iairkgi, ?==<)

Gbens
Gbens ho
hoit
it yi
yiel
el knlu
knluei
eidi
die
e ue
uetu
tud
d `bel
`belur
urie
ieln
ln ne
netb
tbes
esnt
ntis
is ey
eybr
brnn ik
ikij
ijia
ia ho
hoit
it
ieijlbtnd. Ieijlbtnd ikijia sbeyiwi yiel kiji` khsns tbripbutnd kipit `brneliedie
itiu
itiu `beb
`bebdi
die
e risi
risi ey
eybr
brn,
n, tiep
tiepii `b`n
`b`njn
jndn
dn db
dbrg
rgii ie
ieist
istbsn
bsn u`u`
u`u`/`
/`be
bela
lanj
njie
ield
ldie
ie
dbsikirie (@utscajbr, 9>>9) (Shb`irkgh, ?==>). Hoit ieijlbtnd tbrknrn kirn kirn hoit
ieijlbtnd
ieijlbtnd eirdhtnd/h
eirdhtnd/hpnhnk
pnhnk/sbetri
/sbetrijj kie hoit ieijlbtnd
ieijlbtnd ehe-eirdh
ehe-eirdhtnd/p
tnd/pbrnfbr
brnfbr ([ie kie
_iai
_iairk
rkgi
gi,, ?=
?==?
=?).
). Ieij
Ieijlb
lbtn
tnd
d ei
eird
rdht
htnd
nd `b`n
`b`njn
jndn
dn snf
snfit
it-sn
-snfi
fitt sbpbr
sbpbrtn
tn hp
hpnu
nu`/
`/`h
`hrfn
rfne,
e,
knluei
knlueidie
die uetud
uetud `brbki
`brbkidie
die risi eybrn
eybrn piki
piki fridtu
fridturr itiu diedbr
diedbr,, sbpbrtn
sbpbrtn `btikh
`btikhe,
e,
fbetieyj, kie dhkbne. Ieijlbtnd ehe-eirdhtnd tnkid obrsnfit eirdhtnd, sbanelli kipit
`brn
`brnel
elie
iedi
die
e risi
risi eybr
eybrnn ti
tiep
epii obrp
obrpbe
beli
liru
rua
a db snst
snstb`
b` si
siri
riff pu
pusi
sitt ki
kie
e tnki
tnkid 
d 
`beyboiodie ikndsn piki pbellueieyi (Shriyi _iteiwujie, ?=9<).

Ietijl
Ietijlne
ne (`bti`
(`bti`pnr
pnrhe
he)) ikijia
ikijia kbrnvi
kbrnvitb
tb `bties
`btiesujf
ujfhei
heitt kirn
kirn i`nkhp
i`nkhpnrn
nrnei
ei yiel
yiel
 obdbrgi tbraikip susueie sirif pusit yintu `belurieln sbesntnvntis rbsbpthr risi eybrn
kie `b`pbeliruan pusit pbelitur suau tuoua.

2
 

Ietijlne
Ietijlne obdbrgi
obdbrgi sboilin
sboilin ieijlbsnc.
ieijlbsnc. Ietijlne
Ietijlne knioshrosn
knioshrosn kirn sijurie pbecbreiie
pbecbreiie
kie `b`pue
`b`pueyin
yin widtu
widtu pirua
pirua 9-; gi`.
gi`. @bdien
@bdiens`b
s`b dbrgi
dbrgi ietijl
ietijlne
ne ikijia
ikijia kbelie
kbelie
`belai`oit sbciri rbvbrsnojb bezn` sndjhhdsnlbeisb 9 kie ? yiel `belidnoitdie
 pbeurueie pb`obetudie prbcurshr prhstiljiekne (CHQ 9 kie ?). Ietijlne idie
`bel
`belur
urie
ieln
ln pr
prhk
hkud
udsn
sn `bkn
`bknit
ithr
hr sbpbrt
sbpbrtnn pr
prhs
hsti
tilj
ljie
iekn
kne
e yi
yiel
el ki
kipi
pitt `bey
`beybo
boio
iodi
die
e

nefji`isn, kb`i`, kie eybrn piki tuoua. [nli bfbd uti`i ietijlne ikijia sboilin
ieijlbsnc, ietnpnrbtnd kie ietn-nefji`isn (Oneir Ijdbs. ?=92).

Ietrine
Ietrine (`bti`nzhjb
(`bti`nzhjb shknu`)
shknu`) ikijia kbrnvitb `btie
`btiesujfhe
sujfheit
it kirn i`nkhpnrnei
i`nkhpnrnei
yiel knlueidie uetud `brneliedie risi sidnt/dhjnd kie risi eybrn sbtbjia hpbrisn.
Sbjine ntu, ietrine guli kipit `beuruedie kb`i` tnelln, kns`behrb, sidnt dbpiji, sidnt
lnln
lnln,, kjj.
kjj. Ietri
Ietrine
ne tbr`i
tbr`isu
sud
d ho
hoit
it db
dbri
ris.
s. @bti
@bti`n
`nzh
zhjb
jb shkn
shknu`
u` pi
piki
ki ie
ietr
trin
ine
e id
idie
ie
`belai`oi
`belai`oitt rielsielie
rielsielie eybrn piki susueie sirif pusit kie pbrnfbr.
pbrnfbr. @bti`nzhjb
@bti`nzhjb itiu
knpnrh
knpnrhe
e `brupi
`brupidie
die ieijlb
ieijlbsnd
snd i`pnrh
i`pnrhe
e sujfhe
sujfheit
it (pbrbk
(pbrbkii ey
eybrn)
brn),, ietnsp
ietnspis`
is`bb (pbrbk
(pbrbkii

spis`b) kie ietnpnrbtnd (pbrbki kb`i`), kbelie bfbd ietn-nefji`isn (ietn pbrikielie)
yiel `nen`ij.

NV. Ijit kie Oiaie

I. Ijit
9. Ieijlbsn`btb
btbr oboie lbsb
sbr 
r 
?. Spunt 9 `j
3. Shekb
;. Sthpwitca
O. Oiaie
9. [ndus
?. Hoit
Hoit iei
ieijl
jlbsn
bsncc 7 Iet
Ietrin
rine
e (2
(2==
== `l/`
`l/`jj `bti
`bti`n
`nzh
zhjb
jb shk
shknu
nu`)
`)
Khsns yiel knlueidie 2= `l/?== l OO tndus.
3. Ieti
Ietijl
jlne
ne tio
tiojb
jbtt (2==
(2== `l/t
`l/tio
io)) knpu
knpuyb
ybrr + C@C
C@C + inr
inr ik ?= `j
Khsns yiel knlueidie 2= `l/?== l OO tndus.

6
 

V. Oilie ]rhsbkur Dbrgi

I. @beb
@bebet
etud
udie
ie i`oi
i`oiel
el oiti
oitiss eyb
eybrn
rn tnd
tndus
us

Snipdie ieijlbsn`btbr 

↓ phsnsn tbrdbcnj
Itur oboie piki
↓
]bliel tndus
|
↓ ↓
[ielie dnrn [ielie dieie
↓ ↓
@bebdie girn piki ijit @b`bliel tndus
 pbebdie
| |
↓
Gijiedie oboie kbelie `bellbsbr, dbcbpitie stionj (`bebetudie i`oiel eybrn)
↓
_bsphe eybrn kbelie `beirnd didn
↓
Jbpisdie oboie
↓
Citit i`oiel eybrn (kiji` lri`)

O. ]b`o
]b`obr
brnie
nie ie
ieij
ijlb
lbsn
snd
d tndus
tndus N kie
kie tnd
tndus
us NN
NN sbrti
sbrti pbe
pbeli
li`i
`iti
tie
e

[ndus N kie tndus NN

|
↓ ↓
Ieijlbtnd netripbrnthebij Ieijlbtnd hrij
[ndus N [ndus NN
↓
@b`phsnsndie sbji-sbji girn tndus piki ijit pbebdie ieijlbsn`btbr 
↓
Knobrndie oboie kui dijn dhetrhj i`oiel eybrn ehr`ij
↓
Knjidudie sbjiel widtu 2 `bent anelli `bent db 6= (9?x pbrchoiie)
↓
Citit aisnj pbeli`itie

<
 

VN. ]brantuelie

I`oiel eybrn tndus

9. [ndus N (OO
(OO tn
tndus 0 9<1 lri
ri`
`)
- I`oiel eybrn N 0 <,1 c` 0 <1 lri`
- I`oiel eybrn NN 0 6,6 c` 0 66 lri`
- I`oiel eybrn NNN 0 6,; c` 0 6; lri`
<1 lri` + 66 lri` + 6; lri`
- Oboie dhetrhj 0  0 6>,3 lri`
3

?. [ndus NN
NN ((O
OO tn
tndus 0 9?9 lr
lri`)
- I`oiel eybrn N 0 3,2 c` 0 32 lri`
- I`oiel eybrn NN 0 ;,2 c` 0 ;2 lri`

- I`oiel eybrn NNN 0 3,6 c` 0 36 lri`

32 lri` + ;2 lri` + 36 lri`

Obo
boiie dhetrhj 0  0 31,6 lri`
3

Khsns

9. [ndu
[nduss N (_ut
(_utbb netr
netrip
ipbr
brnth
ntheb
ebij
ij (N]
(N]),
), OO tndu
tnduss 0 9<1
9<1 lr
lri`
i`))
- Khsns hoit 0 2= `l/?== l OO tndus
- Khsns sbkniie 0 9 l/? `j
↟ 2= `l   x
0
?== l 9<1 l

  2= `l x 9<1 l
x 0
?== l

x 0 ;;,2 `l

↟ ? `j   x
0
9=== `l ;;,2 `l

  ;;,2 `l x ? `j
x 0 9=== `l

1
 

x 0 =,=1> `j ~ =,=> `j

- Sbkniie yiel kni`onj 0 =,

=,=> `j

>
 

?. [ndu
[nduss NN (_
(_ut
utbb pbr
pbr hr
hrij
ij,, OO
OO tnd
tndus
us 0 9?9
9?9 lr
lri`
i`))
- Khsn
Khsnss hoit
hoit 0 2= `l/?
`l/?==
== l OO tndu
tnduss
- Khs
hsns
ns sb
sbkn
knii
iie
e 0 ?2 `l/
l/9
9 `j
↟ 2= `l   x
0
?== l 9?9 l
  2= `l x 9?9 l
x 0
?== l

x 0 3=,?2 `l

↟ 9 `j   x
0
?2 `l 3=,?2 `l

  9 `j x 3=,?2 `l
x 0
?2 `l

x 0 9,?9 `j

- Sbkniie yiel kni`onj 0 9,?9 `j

9=
 

VNN.
VNN. [iob
[iobjj ]beli
]beli`i
`iti
tie
e
2= 22
2„ 9=„ 92„ ?=„ ?2„ 3=„ 32„ ;=„ ;2„ 6=„
„ „
Netripbrnthebij

Dbjh`phd N + + + + + + - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd NN - - + + + + - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd NNN - - + + - - - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd NV - - - - + + + - - - - -

Dbjh`phd V - - - + + + - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd VN - - - + + + + + - - - -

]br Hrij

Dbjh`phd N - - - + + - - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd NN - - - + + - - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd NNN - - - - - + - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd NV - + + + + + + - - - - -

Dbjh`phd V - - - + - - - - - - - -

Dbjh`phd VN - - - - - + + + + - - -

99
 

VNNN.. ]b`oiais
VNNN ]b`oiaisie
ie

Obrkisirdie pridtndu` yiel di`n jidudie, `b`oudtndie oiawi ciri/rutb

 pb`obrnie hoit `bebetudie dbcbpitie ioshrosn itiu gu`jia kie bfbd yiel kntbrn`i
hjba tuoua. ]b`obrnie hoit ieijlbtnd piki tndus knobrndie `bjijun ? ciri, yintu pbr hrij
kie netripbrnthebij. [brgikn pbruoiaie i`oiel eybrn piki tndus ietiri sbobju` kie
sbsukia pb`obrnie hoit ieijlbtnd.

[ndus N

Kiji` pridtndu` nen, tndus N knobrndie hoit ieijlbtnd `bjijun netripbrnthebij.

Hoit yiel knobrndie sboieyid =,=> `j kie knsuetnddie kbelie spunt. Sbtbjia hoit
knsuetnddie, tndus knobrn rielsielie eybrn kbelie ijit ieijlbsn`btbr kbelie ?x oboie
dhetrh
dhetrhj.
j. ]iki
]iki `bent
`bent db-2
db-2 anelli
anelli `bent
`bent db ?=, tndus `isna
`isna `brisid
`brisidie
ie ey
eybrn
brn yiel
yiel
kntiekin kbelie rbsphe `begbrnt kie `beirnd didneyi kirn ieijlbsn`btbr. ]iki `bent
db-?2, bfbd hoit ieijlbtnd `ujin obdbrgi. [ndus tnkid `brisi dbsidntie, tnkid `begbrnt,
kie tnkid `beirnd didneyi kirn ieijlbsn`btbr sbji`i ¹6 kbtnd. ]iki `bent db-?2 nen
ikijia fisb `uji dbrgi hoit (hesbt hf ictnhe), kn`iei hoit `ujin `b`obrndie bfbd 
tbripn kie rbsphe tbraikip tuoua tndus. Sbjieguteyi, piki `bent db-3=, tndus guli tnkid 
`brisi dbsidntie,
dbsidntie, tnkid `begbrnt,
`begbrnt, kie tnkid `beirnd
`beirnd didneyi
didneyi kirn ieijlbsn`btbr
ieijlbsn`btbr kiji`
widtu yiel jbona ji`i, ¹9= kbtnd. ]iki `bent db-3= nen ikijia fisb puecid bfbd (pbid 
bffbct), kn`iei dikir hoit kiji` kiria `idsn`ij kie bfbd tbripn yiel knaisnjdie guli
`idsn`ij. ]iki `bent db-32, tndus `isna tnkid `brisidie sidnt, tnkid `begbrnt, kie
tnkid
tnkid `beirn
`beirnd
d didney
didneyii kirn
kirn ieijlb
ieijlbsn`
sn`btbr
btbr kiji`
kiji` widtu
widtu ¹; kbtnd.
kbtnd. Sbjieg
Sbjiegute
uteyi
yi piki
piki
`bent db-;= anelli `bent db-6=, tndus db`oijn `brisi dbsidntie dirbei hoit tnkid jiln
`b`obrndie bfbd tbripn. Sbanelli kipit knsn`pujdie, piki pb`obrnie hoit ieijlbtnd 
sbciri netripbrnthebij piki tndus N, widtu `uji dbrgi hoit (hesbt hf ictnhe) kn`ujin kirn
`bent db-?2. ]uecid bfbd (pbid bffbct) hoit kn`ujin kirn `bent db-3=, kie sbjieguteyi
dbrgi hoit `ujin `beurue. Sbkieldie ji`i dbrgi hoit (kuritnhe hf ictnhe) ikijia
sbji`i 92 `bent, kn`ujin kirn `bent db-?2 anelli `bent db-32, kn`iei sbtbjia jbwit
`bent db-32 tndus db`oijn `b`obrndie tieki-tieki dbsidntie.

9?
 

[ndus NN

Kiji` pridtndu` nen, tndus NN knobrndie hoit ieijlbtnd `bjijun hrij. Hoit yiel
knobrndie sboieyid 9,?9 `j kie knsuetnddie kbelie shekb. Sbtbjia hoit knsuetnddie,
tndus knobrn rielsielie eybrn kbelie ijit ieijlbsn`btbr kbelie oboie ?x kirn oboie

i`oiel eybrn. ]iki `bent db-2 hoit `isna obju` `b`obrndie bfbd tbripn kie tndus
`isna `brisi dbsidntie. ]iki `bent db-9=, tndus `ujin tnkid `brisi dbsidntie, ei`ue
aieyi kiji` widtu ¹3 kbtnd. ]iki `bent db-9= nen ikijia fisb `uji dbrgi hoit (hesbt hf 
ictnhe), kn`iei hoit `ujin obdbrgi kie `b`obrndie bfbd tbripn db tuoua tndus. ]iki
`bent db-92, tndus guli tnkid `b`obrndie tieki-tieki dbsidntie anelli piki `bent db-
32. Kiji` rbetiel widtu `bent db-92 anelli `bent db-32, tndus `i`pu `beiaie ?x
 oboie chetrhj. Ei`ue, widtu tndus kipit `beiaie oboie kie tnkid `b`obrndie tieki-
tieki dbsidntie pijnel ji`i tbrgikn piki `bent db-?2, yintu sbdntir ¹1-> kbtnd. ]iki
`ben
`bentt db
db-?
-?2
2 ne
nenn ik
ikij
ijia
ia fisb
fisb pu
puec
ecid
id bf
bfbd
bd (p
(pbid
bid bf
bffbc
fbct)
t),, kn
kn`i
`iei
ei ho
hoit
it `bec
`becip
ipit
it

dh
dhes
esbe
betr
trisn
isn `ids
`idsn`
n`u`
u` ki
kiji`
ji` ki
kiri
ria,
a, sbane
sbanell
llii bf
bfbd
bd tb
tbrip
ripnn yi
yiel
el kn
knai
aisnj
snjdi
die
e gu
guli
li
`idsn`ij, yiel kipit knjnait kirn rbsphe tndus yiel tnkid `b`obrndie tieki-tieki
dbsidntie kiji` widtu yiel ji`i. ]iki `bent db-;= anelli `bent db-6=, tndus db`oijn
`brisi
`brisi dbsidn
dbsidntie
tie dirbei
dirbei ho
hoit
it tnkid
tnkid jiln
jiln `b`obr
`b`obrndi
ndie
e bfbd tbripn
tbripn.. Sbanel
Sbanelli
li kipit
kipit
knsn`pujdie, piki pb`obrnie hoit ieijlbtnd sbciri pbr hrij piki tndus NN, widtu `uji
dbrgi hoit (hesbt hf ictnhe) kn`ujin kirn `bent db-9=. ]uecid bfbd (pbid bffbct) hoit
kn`ujin kirn `bent db-?2, kie sbjieguteyi dbrgi hoit `ujin `beurue. Sbkieldie ji`i
dbrgi hoit (kuritnhe hf ictnhe) ikijia sbji`i 3= `bent, kn`ujin kirn `bent db-9= anelli
`bent db-;=, kn`iei sbtbjia jbwit `bent db-;= tndus db`oijn `b`obrndie tieki-tieki

dbsidntie.

NQ. Dbsn`pujie

Dbsn`pujie kirn pridtndu` yiel knjidudie ikijia pb`obrnie hoit sbciri pbr hrij
kie netripbrnthebij `b`njndn pbrobkiie yiel sielit snlenfndie. ]b`obrnie hoit sbciri
 pbr hrij `b`njndn kurisn widtu bfbd fir`idhjhlnd hoit (`uji dbrgi (hesbt hf ictnhe),
 puecid dbrgi (pbid bffbct), kie ji`i dbrgi hoit (kuritnhe hf ictnhe)) jbona cbpit
kirnpiki pb`obrnie hoit sbciri netripbrnthebij.

93
 

 Ei`ue sbciri tbhrntns, sbairuseyi pb`obrnie hoit sbciri netripbrnthebij idie

jbon
jbona
a cb
cbpi
pitt `b`o
`b`obrn
brndi
die
e bfbd
bfbd ki
kirn
rnpi
piri
ri pb
pb`o
`obrn
brnie
ie ho
hoit
it sbciri
sbciri pb
pbrr hr
hrij
ij.. Aij
Aij ne
nenn
knsbo
knsboio
iodi
die
e di
dirb
rbei
ei pi
piki
ki pb
pb`o
`obrn
brnie
ie sbcir
sbcirii pb
pbrr hr
hrij
ij ho
hoit
it id
idie
ie `bel
`belij
iji`
i`nn pr
prhs
hsbs
bs
iosh
ioshro
rosn
sn,, knst
knstrn
rnou
ousn
sn,, `b
`bti
tioh
ohjn
jns`
s`b,
b, kie
kie bd
bdsd
sdrb
rbsn
sn.. ]r
]rh
hsb
sbs-
s-pr
prhs
hsbs
bs ntuj
ntujia
ia yi
yiel
el
`b`pbrpieg
`b`pbrpiegiel
iel kurisn widtu bfbd fir`idhjhln
fir`idhjhlnd
d hoit. Sboijndeyi,
Sboijndeyi, pb`obrnie
pb`obrnie hoit

sbciri netrip
sbciri netripbrnt
brntheb
hebij
ij aieyi
aieyi idie
idie `belij
`beliji`n
i`n prhsbs
prhsbs knstrno
knstrnousn
usn,, `btioh
`btiohjns`
jns`b,
b, kie
bdsdrbsn sbrti jielsuel `isud db kiji` snrdujisn snstb`nd jiju knknstrnousndie `beugu
 girnelie-girnelie, sbanelli hoit idie `b`obrndie bfbd tbripn piki tuoua
tuoua jbona cbpit.

]brobk
]brobkiie
iie ietiri
ietiri aisnj
aisnj pridtn
pridtndu`
du` kbelie
kbelie tbhrn
tbhrn tbrsbou
tbrsboutt knsboi
knsboiodi
odie
e dirbei
dirbei
 obobripi dbsijiaie, kn ietirieyi7

9. Duriel
Duriel tbpit
tbpit siit `bebetud
`bebetudie
ie i`oiel
i`oiel eybrn tndus,
tndus, girid ietir
ietir i`oiel
i`oiel eybrn
eybrn
sbrneldijn tbrjiju giua, sbanelli oboie chetrhj tnkid idurit
?. [nkid
[nkid tbjntn
tbjntn dbtndi
dbtndi `belug
`belugnn tndus
tndus kbel
kbelie
ie ?x oboie chetrh
chetrhj,
j, dirbei
dirbei onsi
onsi sigi
sbjiput didn tndus obju` tbrdbei ijit pbebdie, sbanelli knkipitdie rbsphe
eblitnvb
3. Jhdisn
Jhdisn pb`obr
pb`obrnie
nie hoit netrip
netripbrnt
brnthe
hebij
bij tnkid tbpit,
tbpit, iki obrcid kiria
kiria kn pbrut
pbrut
tndus, sbanelli db`ueldneie hoit yiel `isud jbona sbkndnt
;. Dbtn
Dbtnki
kids
dsnl
nlip
ipie
ie pr
prid
idtn
tndi
die
e ki
kiji`
ji` `b`b
`b`bli
liel
el tndu
tndus,
s, sbane
sbanell
llii tndu
tnduss str
strbss
bss
dirbei tbrusnd 

Q. Oiaie Knsdusn

9. @belip
@belipii `uji
`uji dbrgi
dbrgi hoit
hoit piki
piki pb`o
pb`obrn
brnie
ie pbr
pbr hrij
hrij jbona
jbona ji`oit
ji`oit kirn
kirn piki
piki
 pb`obrnie netripbrnthebij8 Gbjisdie!
@uji dbrgi hoit piki pb`obrnie pbr hrij jbona ji`oit kirnpiki pb`obrnie
netripbrnthebij knsboiodie dirbei7
- ]br`
]br`o
obr
brni
nie
e pbr
pbr hr
hrij
ij `b`nj
`b`njnd
ndnn oie
iey
yid fidth
fidthrr yie
iel
l ki
kip
pit `b`pb
`b`pbe
eli
liru
rua
an
 onhivinjionjntiseyi, sbanelli widtu hesbt hoit yiel knkipit
knkipit cudup ji`i.
- ]iki pb`obrnie pbr hrij, hoit idie kn`btiohjns`b piki jnetisie
 pbrti`ieyi `bjijun hrlie-hrlie tbrtbetu (fnrst piss `btiohjns`) kn sijurie
cbrei.

9;
 

Sbkieldie, pb`obrnie netripbrnthebij cudup bfbdtnf kirnpiki pb`obrnie pbr 

hrij dirbei hoit tnkid `beliji`n tiaip ioshrosn kie `btiohjns` jnetis pbrti`i,
dikir hoit kiji` kiria knpbrhjba sbciri cbpit sbanelli widtu hesbt hoit `begikn
jbona cbpit.

?. Sboutd
Sboutdie
ie ciri
ciri pb`ob
pb`obrnie
rnie pirbet
pirbetbrij
brij sbji
sbjine
ne netrip
netripbrnt
brntheb
hebij
ij sbrti
sbrti dbuet
dbuetuel
uelie
ie kie
kie
dbjbonaie `isnel-`isnel!
i. ]b`o
]b`obr
brni
nie
e hoit
oit sb
sbci
ciri
ri su
suod
odut
utie
ie
@brupidie pb`obrnie hoit `bjijun pbeyuetndie kn oiwia dujnt itiu
iokh`be (Syirnf, I`nr kdd., ?==<).
 Dbuetueli
Dbuetuelie
e 7 Knpbrjudie
Knpbrjudie jitnaie
jitnaie sbkbraiei
sbkbraiei kie
kie `becblia
`becblia dbrusidi
dbrusidie
e
sbdntir sijurie cbrei, ioshrosn cbpit, hoit jirut kiji` inr.
 Dbru
Dbruln
lnie
ie 7 _isi
_isi sid
sidnt
nt kie
kie dbr
dbrus
usid
idie
ie du
dujn
jnt,
t, tnk
tnkid
id kip
kipit
it knp
knpid
idin
in gnd
gndii
vhju`b hoit obsir, onhivinjionjntiseyi obrvirnisn sbsuin jhdisn.
 o. ]b`obrnie hoit sbciri netri`uscujir 
Hoit kn`isuddie db kiji` htht sbdntir ljutbus `ixn`us itiu db
kiji` htht piai kirn didn objidiel, sbanelli knpbrhjba kurisn widtu hesbt
3 `bent, widtu yiel rbjitnvb cbpit sbtbjia pb`obrnie netrivbei (Syirnf,
I`nr kdd., ?==<).
 Dbuetueli
Dbuetuelie
e 7 [nkid knpbrjudi
knpbrjudie
e dbiajnie
dbiajnie dausus,
dausus, kipit knpidin
knpidin uetud 
uetud 
 pb`obrnie hoit jirut kiji` `neyid, ioshrosn cbpit, hoit jirut kiji`
inr.
 Dbru
Dbruln
lnie
ie 7 _isi
_isi sid
sidnt
nt,, tnki
tnkid
d kipi
kipitt knpi
knpidi
dinn piki
piki lie
liell
llui
uie
e obd
obdui
uie
e
kiria. Onhivinjionjntis obrvirnisn, hoit kipit `bellu`pij piki jhdisn
 pbeyuetndie.
c. ]b`obrn
rniie sbci
cirri netrivbei
]beyuetndie knjidudie piki kibria knstij bdhr. Hoit tnkid `beliji`n
ioshrosn, tbtipn jielsuel db pb`oujua kiria, sbanelli bfbd hoit sielit
cbpit, sbdntir ? `bent sbtbjia `becnt tnkur (Syirnf, I`nr kdd., ?==<).
 Dbuetueli
Dbuetuelie
e 7 Cbpit `becipin
`becipin dhesbetrisn
dhesbetrisn `idsn`u`,
`idsn`u`, khsns
khsns tbpit,
tbpit,
kie `ukia `bentrisn khsns.
 Dbru
Dbruln
lnie
ie 7 Dhes
Dhesbe
betr
trisn
isn iwij
iwij tne
tnell
lln,
n, thd
thdsn
snd
d kie
kie nevi
nevisnv
snvb,
b, tbrk
tbrkip
ipit
it
rnsndh nefbdsn, kie `b`brjudie tbeili `bkns yiel iajn.

92
 

3. Ouitjia durv
rvii wid
widttu vs
vs dik
dikiir 

96
 

QN..
QN Kift
iftir ]ustid
stidi
i

9. Oudu ]iekuie ]ridtndu` Fir`idhjhln ]ridtndu` N

?. @iry G. @ycbd, kdd. ?==9. Fir`idhjhln Rjisie Obrli`oir 
3. Ghycb J. Dbb kie Bvbjye _. Airns. 9>>6. Fir`idhjhln ]bekbditie ]rhsbs
Dbpbriwitie
;. @nti, Shriyi _. ?==<. ]b`obrnie ]b`iai`ie @belbein
@b elbein ]bellueiie Hoit
Ieijlbsnd Sbciri _isnheij piki @isyiridit kn Irgisirn Dioupitbe Oiekuel. Gureij
Ipjndisn Nptbds uetud @isyiridit Vhj. 6 Eh. 3
2. Aipsirn, Netie I. ?=96. ]belirua ]b`obrnie Ieijlbsnd Dh`oneisn ]irisbti`hj kie
[ri`ikhj [braikip Dikir Rrbu` Sbru` [ndus \nstir. Gureij Dbkhdtbrie
Knpheblhrh Vhj 2 Eh. ;
6. Sifwie, kdd. ?=96. Idtnvntis Ieijlbtnd Bdstrid Btiehj Kiue @bjnegh (Lebtu`
leb`he) piki @becnt ]utna (@us `uscujus J.) Gietie. Gureij Nj`nia Noeu Snei. <?
(9) 7 <9-<1
<. Iesbj, C. Ahwirk. 9>1>. ]belietir Obetud Sbkniie Fir`isn. Gidirti7 ]bebront
Renvbrsntis Nekhebsni

9<