EE 181

Alternating Current(AC) Circuits : Lecture 1

Md. Saddam Hossain

Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

July 7, 2017

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Introduction

Name : Md. Saddam Hossain

Cell Phone No.: +8801737520527
Email: saddam.hossain.raju.024@gmail.com, raju024@cuet.ac.bd

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Text Books & References

1 Alternating Current Circuits (4th edition)

- Russell M. Kerchner & George F. Corcoran

2 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

- Charles K. Alexander & Matthew N. O. Sadiku

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Introduction to AC Circuits

Denition of Alternating Current:

1. An alternating current, as the
name implies, goes through a series
of dierent values both positive and
negative in a period of time T, after
which it continuously repeats this
same series of values in a cyclic
manner.
2. An oscillating current is a current
which alternately increases and
decreases in magnitude with respect
to time according to some denite
law.
3. A periodic current is as oscillating
current the values of which recur at
equal intervals of time.
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Introduction to AC Circuits(Contd. . . )

Period:
The period of an alternating current
or voltage is the smallest value of
time which separates recurring
values of the alternating quantity.
he period of time which separates
these recurring values is shown here.
One complete set of positive and
negative values of an alternating
quantity is called a cycle.
Frequency:
Frequency is the number of cycles
per second. Unless otherwise stated,
the term cycles implies cycles per
second.
f = T1
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Introduction to AC Circuits(Contd. . . )

Angular Velocity or Angular

Frequency.:
Angular distance traveled per unit
time.

2π
ω= = 2π f
T

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Sinusoids

Alternating Voltages and Currents are Represented by Sine Waves.

Why?

Calculation easy

Easily expressed as Phasors

Many of the alternating waves met with in practice approximate a

sine wave very closely.

Even non-sinusoidal waves can be converted into sinusoidal waves

using Fourier Transforms.

Sinusoid functions : i) Sine Function ii) Cosine Functions

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Expressing AC waves as sinusoids

i = Im sin ωt
ωt in radians
i is the instantaneous value of
current
Im is the maximum value of the
sinusoidal variation.

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Phase

Phase:
Phase is the fractional part of a period through which time or the
associated time angle ωt has advanced from an arbitrary reference. In the
case of a simple sinusoidal variation, the origin is usually taken as the last
previous passage through zero from the negative to the positive direction.

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Phase Dierence

Question:
What is the phase dierence between v1 = 285sin(ω t + 36o ) and
v2 = 145cos (ω t − 62o )
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Impedance

Circuit elements:

Resistor

Inductor

Capacitor

Mathematically a particular type of function is required to relate voltage

and current and their phase relations in an a-c circuit. The one generally
employed is called the impedance function or simply the impedance of
the circuit.
Impedance must tell:

1 ratio of Vm to Im
2 phase angle between the waves of voltage and current
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R branch

Impedance:
ZR = R ∠0o
No phase dierence between voltage
across resistor and the currrent
through the resistor.

Power:
p = Vm2Im − Vm2Im cos 2ω t
Average positive value of
Vm Im
2
Double-frequency variation,
with respect to the frequency of
i or v .

At no time does the power

reach instantaneous negative
values. CUET
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L branch
For pure inductance:

di
vL =L = Vm sinω t
dt

Vm
i =− cos ω t + c1
ωL
Considering steady-state current symmetrical about
zero axis :

Vm
i = sin (ω t − 90o ) = IM sin (ω t − 90o )
ωt
Impedance:
ZR = VImM = ω L∠90o
ω L is called Inductive reactance
90
o phase dierence between voltage across
resistor and the currrent through the resistor.
Inductive reactance is can be expressed:
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XL = ω L = 2π fL 13 / 22
L branch (Contd. . . )
Power:

p = vi = [Vm sin ω t ] [Im sin (ω t − 90o )]

Vm Im
p =− sin 2ω t
2

Average power ZERO

Oscillating energy

Double-frequency variation,
with respect to the frequency of
i or v .

Energy:

Z T /2 2
Vm IM VM Im LIm
WL = − sin 2ω tdt = = [Vm = ω LIm ] CUET
T /4 2 2ω 2
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C branch

For pure capacitance:

q
vC = = Vm sinω t
C

dq VM o ) = I sin(ω t +90o ) = I ∠90o

i = = Vm ω C cos ω t = 1 sin(ω t +90 m M
dt
ωC

Impedance:
ZC = VImM = ω1L ∠ − 90o
1
ω C is called Capacitive reactance
90
o phase dierence between voltage across
resistor and the currrent through the resistor.
Capacitive reactance is can be expressed:
XC = ω1C = 1
2π fC

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C branch (Contd. . . )
Power:

p = vi = [Vm sin ω t ] [Im sin (ω t + 90o )]

Vm Im
p = sin 2ω t
2

Average power ZERO

Oscillating energy

Double-frequency variation,
with respect to the frequency of
i or v .

Energy:

Z T /4 2
Vm IM VM Im CVm
WC = sin 2ω tdt = = [Im = ω CVm ] CUET
0 2 2ω 2
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RL Branch

di
v = Ri + L = Vm sinω t
dt

Assume i = Im sin ωt

RIm sin ω t + ω LIm cos ω t = applied voltage , v

R 2 + (ω L)2 and simplify :

p
Divide both sides by

R 2 + (ω L)2 sin(ω t + θ)
p
v = Im

= Im Z sin(ω t + θ)
= Vm sin(ω t + θ)

Impedance:
ωL
R2 + (ω L)2 ∠tan−1
p
ZRL =
R
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RL Branch (Contd. . . )
Power:

Vm Im Vm Im
p = vi = [Vm sin(ω t + θ)] [Im sin(ω t )] = cos (θ) − [cos 2ω t ] cos θ
2 2
Vm Im
+ [sin2ω t ] sinθ
2

RT
pav = T1 0 Vm sin(ω t + θ) Im sin(ω t )dt =
Vm Im cos θ
2
Real Power: Instantaneous real power
refers to
Vm Im cos (θ) − Vm Im [cos 2ω t ] cos θ
2 2
power simply means m m cos (θ) and
Real
V I
2
has unit Watt
Reactive Power: Instantaneous reactive
power refers to
Vm Im [sin2ω t ] sinθ
2
simply means m m sin(θ)
Reactive power
V I
2
and has unit Vars CUET
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Volt-Ampere

Real power and Reactive power may be combined to yield Volt-Amperes

of the circuit.
s
2 2
Vm Im Vm Im Vm Im
 
cos θ + sinθ =
2 2 2

Real power can be measured by wattmeter

Volt-Ampere can be measured by varmeter

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RLC Branch

vR = Ri = RIm sinω t
vL
di = ω LI cos ω t
= L dt m
q idt −I m
R
vC = =
C C = ωC cos ω t
...
v = vR + vL + vC
v = RIm sinω t + ω LIm cos ω t − ωImC cos ω t =
Im Z sin(ω t + θ)
Impedance:

(ω L − ω1C )
r
1
ZRLC = R2 + (ω L − )2 ∠tan−1
ωC R

1
if ωL >
ω C , the circuit is called inductive
1
if ωL <
ω C , the circuit is called inductive
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RLC Branch (Contd. . . )
Power:

Vm Im Vm Im
p = vi = [Vm sin(ω t + θ)] [Im sin(ω t )] = cos (θ) − [cos 2ω t ] cos θ
2 2
Vm Im
+ [sin2ω t ] sinθ
2

RT
pav = T1 0 Vm sin(ω t + θ) Im sin(ω t )dt =
Vm Im cos θ
2
Real Power: Instantaneous real power
refers to
Vm Im cos (θ) − Vm Im [cos 2ω t ] cos θ
2 2
power simply means m m cos (θ) and
Real
V I
2
has unit Watt
Reactive Power: Instantaneous reactive
power refers to
Vm Im [sin2ω t ] sinθ
2
simply means m m sin(θ)
Reactive power
V I
2
and has unit Vars CUET
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Problems

A resistive element of 20 Ohms , an inductance coil of L = 300 mH and

RL = 10 ohms and a condenser of 50µf capacitance are connected in
series to form an RLC branch. A voltage v = 100 sin 157t volts is
applied to the RLC branch.

1 What is the numerical value of ZRLC ?

2 Write the expression for i , employing numerical coecients.
3 Write the expression for p, employing numerical coecients ?
4 What is the average value of power delivered to the branch ?
5 What us the maximum value of the reactive volt-amperes ?
6 Write the expression for the voltage drop across the 20-ohm resistor.
7 Write the equation for the instantaneous power delivered to the
20-ohm resistor.

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