EE 181

Alternating Current(AC) Circuits : Lecture 4

Saddam H. Razo
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

August 28, 2017

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance

Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive

and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting
in a purely resistive impedance. Series circuit containing R, L, and
C is in resonance when the resultant reactance is zero.

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance

IXL = IXC or XL = XC
2π fL = 1/2π fC
1
m=
f √
2π LC
where fm is called the Resonant Frequency The current is always
given by :
V V V
I = =p =q
2 )2 1 2
Z R + ( XL − XC R
2 + (2π fL − 2π fC )

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance

Voltage across the resistor:

VR
V R = IR = q
1 2
R
2 + (2π fL − 2π fC )

Voltage across the inductor:

V 2π fL
V L = IXL = q
1 2
R
2 + (2π fL − 2π fC )

Voltage across the capacitor:

V (1/2π fC )
V C = IXC = q
1 2
R
2 + (2π fL − 2π fC )
Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance : Varying Resistance

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance : Varying Inductance

X L = 2π fL
C = 1/2π fC
X Saddam H. Razo, CUET

V 6 / 22
Series Resonance : Varying Inductance

Value of Inductance at maximum V : L

Dierentiating VL w.r.t XL :
VL
=0
XL

R
2 + XC2
X L=
X C
L = C (R + XC2 )
2

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Problem

As L varied to produce resonance in a series circuit containing

R = 100 ohms, XC = 200 ohms and f = 60 cycles, nd the

voltage drop across L at resonance and also when the drop

across L is a maximum if 1000 volts are impressed.

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance : Varying Capacitance

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series Resonance : Varying Frequency

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Problem

(a) What is the resonant frequency of a series circuit consisting of

2 ohms resistance, 150 microhenrys, and 200 p/if capacitance?(b)
What is the resonant frequency if R = 3 ohms, L = 300
microhenrys, and C = 100µµf ? (c) What is the impedance of
each of the combinations at 1000 kilocycles ?

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Series RLC circuit as a Selector

Even though the RLC circuit

passes all waves of nite
frequency to some extent, it has
been shown to have the lowest Saddam H. Razo, CUET

impedance for the resonant 12 / 22

Series RLC circuit as a Selector

V
I =p
R
2 + (ω L − 1/ω C )2
The maximum current (V /R ) and the maximum power V 2 /R
occur at the resonant frequency, ωm = √1LC .
Let ωx be the angular velocities at which I = √V2R [Half-power
points].
V V
√ =p
2R + (ωx L − 1/ωx C )2
R
2

⇒R = ±(ωx L − 1/ωx C )
o
Phase angle 45 and power factor 0.707
Solving for ωx gives
2 1
r
R R
ωx = ± ± +
2L 4L2
Saddam H. Razo, CUET

LC
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Series RLC circuit as a Selector

Neglecting R /2L as R /2L << 1/LC

1
r
R R
ωx = ± ± = ± ± ωm
2L LC 2L
Considering only positive values of ωx
R
ωx = ωm ±
2L
Let
R
ω1 = ωm −
2L
and
R
ω2 = ωm +
2L
Pass-band, M ω = ω2 − ω1 = RL radians per second or
M f = f2 − f1 = R /2π L Hz Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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The Q of a Series Circuit.

The degree of selectivity of a circuit,that is the narrowness of the

band width is usually expressed in terms of the symbol Q .
ωm ωm fm
Q = = =
ω2 − ω1 Mω Mf
In case of Series RLC circuit:
1
r
ωm L
Qs = =
Mω Rs C

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Resonance in Parallel Branches

Parallel branches containing inductance and capacitance are in

resonance when the reactive current in the inductive branch is equal
to the reactive current in the capacitive branch. The resultant
reactive current for the circuit as a whole is therefore zero For
resonance:

V V
=( ) = =( )
L
Z Z C
1
2π fL 2π fC
⇒ =
R + (2π fL)
2 2 2 1 2
L R
C + ( 2πfC ) Saddam H. Razo, CUET

 2 1/2 16 / 22
Resonance in Parallel Branches

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Duality in Series and Parallel Resonance

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

a. Reactive components of volt- a. Reactive components of current

age combine to equal zero combine to equal zero

b. Voltage source constant in b. Current source constant in
maximum magnitude maximum magnitude
c. Current maximum for constant c. Voltage maximum for constant

resistance resistance
d. Impedance at minimum value d. Admittance at minimum value
e. Inductive and capacitive reac- e. Inductive and capacitive sus-
tances equal in magnitude ceptances equal in magnitude

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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A Singular case of Parallel Resonance

For some values of the parameters RL , RC , L, and C , the circuit is

in resonance for all frequencies. This may be shown as follows:
ωL 1/ω C
=
C + 1/ω C
2 2 2 2 2 2
R
L +ω +L R

1 1
RL2
= 1 2 2
2 C + ω CRC
L +ω L
To be independent of frequency, 2 conditions must be satised:
Condition #1: RLL = C1
2

Condition #2: CRC2 = L Hence for resonance at all frequencies :

r
L
R L = RC =
C
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The Q of Parallel Circuits

Self-study

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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Impedance Matching and Maximum Power Transfer

R1 = sum of all internal resistance

X1 = sum of all internal reactance
Eg
I =p
(R1 + Rr ) + (X1 + Xr )2
2

2
2 g Rr
E
P r = I Rr =
(R1 + Rr ) + (X1 + Xr )2
2

Let Xr /Rr = k or Xr = kRr

2
E g Rr
P r =
(R1 + Rr ) + (X1 + kRr )2
2
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Impedance Matching and Maximum Power Transfer

2
g E
max =
P √
2Z1 1 + k + 2(R1 + kX1 )
2
m
This gives the max power for any given k = Xr /Rr . To nd the
value of k that yields maximum power, set dPmax /dk = 0 and solve
for k , which gives :
X1
k =±
R1

So, the maximum maximum(!!) power is given by:

2 2
E g Eg
Pmax max = =
4R1 + R21 (X12 ± +X12 ) 4R1
Rr cannot be negative in a dissipative network, Xr must be minus

to make k negative. Hence, Xr is capacitive if X1 is inductive, vice

versa. Also, for this condition: Saddam H. Razo, CUET

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